1 材料与方法
1.1 试验设计
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 高粱替代玉米比例(1~21日龄) Proportion of sorghum instead of corn (1 to 21 days of age)/% | 高粱替代玉米比例(22~42日龄) Proportion of sorghum instead of corn (22 to 42 days of age)/% | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | ||||||||||||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 玉米Corm | 55.88 | 44.70 | 33.53 | 22.35 | 11.18 | 62.98 | 50.38 | 37.79 | 25.19 | 12.60 | |||||||||||||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 37.94 | 37.94 | 37.94 | 37.94 | 37.94 | 37.94 | 31.75 | 31.75 | 31.75 | 31.75 | 31.75 | 31.75 | |||||||||||||||
| 高粱Sorghum | 11.18 | 22.35 | 33.53 | 44.70 | 55.88 | 12.60 | 25.19 | 37.79 | 50.38 | 62.98 | |||||||||||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |||||||||||||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |||||||||||||||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.36 | |||||||||||||||
| 磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.87 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | 1.30 | |||||||||||||||
| 豆油Soybean oil | 2.23 | 2.23 | 2.23 | 2.23 | 2.23 | 2.23 | 1.82 | 1.82 | 1.82 | 1.82 | 1.82 | 1.82 | |||||||||||||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | |||||||||||||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | |||||||||||||||
| 氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (50%) | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | |||||||||||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||||||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 2.84 | 2.81 | 2.78 | 2.75 | 2.72 | 2.69 | 2.88 | 2.85 | 2.82 | 2.78 | 2.75 | 2.71 | |||||||||||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 21.40 | 21.53 | 21.67 | 21.80 | 21.93 | 22.07 | 19.13 | 19.28 | 19.43 | 19.58 | 19.73 | 19.88 | |||||||||||||||
| 粗脂肪EE | 4.62 | 4.65 | 4.69 | 4.72 | 4.75 | 4.79 | 4.31 | 4.35 | 4.39 | 4.42 | 4.46 | 4.50 | |||||||||||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.90 | |||||||||||||||
| 总磷TP | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.69 | |||||||||||||||
| 有效磷AP | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.38 | |||||||||||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.15 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.99 | 0.99 | |||||||||||||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | |||||||||||||||
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.66 | |||||||||||||||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 6 000 IU,VB2 5.5 mg,VD3 2 500 IU,VB1 1.75 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB12 0.017 5 mg,VE 25 mg,VK3 2.25 mg,生物素 biotin 0.14 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.9 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 34 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 12 mg,植酸酶 phytase 400 U,胆碱 chloride 300 mg,Fe 7 mg,Cu 7.5 mg,Zn 60 mg,Mn 60 mg,I 0.75 mg,Se 0.15 mg。 2)代谢能和有效磷为计算值,其余为实测值。ME and AP were calculated values, while the others were measured values. |
表2 高粱主要营养成分及单宁含量(风干基础)Table 2 Contents of major nutrients and tannins of sorghum (air-dry basis) |
| 项目 Item | 粗蛋白质 CP/% | 粗脂肪 EE/% | 粗纤维 CF/% | 粗灰分 Ash/% | 干物质 DM/% | 总能 GE/(MJ/kg) | 单宁 Tannins/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 高粱Sorghum | 9.02 | 3.65 | 2.45 | 2.01 | 87.76 | 16.12 | 1.15 |
表中数据均为实测值。 | |
All data in the table were measured values. |
1.2 试验饲粮制粒
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 测定指标和方法
1.4.1 常规营养成分和单宁含量
1.4.2 颗粒饲料质量
加入筛格试样颗粒饲料总质量)×100。
1.4.3 生长性能
(肉鸡只数×试验天数);
各组原存栏肉鸡数量)×100。
1.4.4 屠宰性能
1.4.5 肉色
1.4.6 营养物质表观消化率
1.5 数据统计及分析
2 结果
2.1 高粱替代玉米对颗粒饲料质量的影响
表3 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡颗粒饲料质量的影响Table 3 Effects of sorghum instead of corn on pellet feed quality |
| 项目 Items | 高粱替代玉米比例Proportion of sorghum instead of corn/% | P值 P-value | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | ||||||||||
| 成型率 Forming rate/% | 97.91 ±0.86 | 97.95 ±0.08 | 98.06 ±0.22 | 98.25 ±0.15 | 98.11 ±0.06 | 98.53 ±0.04 | 0.405 | ||||||||
| 颗粒耐久性 PDI/% | 94.25 ±0.26b | 93.51 ±0.11c | 92.80 ±0.15d | 93.68 ±0.23c | 94.22 ±0.17b | 94.64 ±0.18a | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 硬度 Hardness/g | 3 719.50 ±701.93a | 3 613.35 ±601.86ab | 3 438.76 ±489.59ab | 3 366.69 ±556.42abc | 3 245.86 ±440.11bc | 2 951.77 ±368.34c | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 淀粉糊化度 Starch gelatinization/% | 34.44 ±0.17a | 32.42 ±0.37b | 30.63 ±0.15c | 28.15 ±0.19d | 26.64 ±0.25e | 24.18 ±0.23f | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 色泽Color | |||||||||||||||
| 亮度L* | 74.16 ±0.87a | 71.79 ±0.63b | 71.25 ±1.26b | 68.21 ±1.23c | 67.95 ±0.68c | 67.92 ±1.49c | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 红度a* | 4.68 ±0.42a | 4.04 ±0.29ab | 3.76 ±0.64bc | 3.18 ±0.29c | 3.17 ±0.31c | 3.19 ±0.22c | 0.002 | ||||||||
| 黄度b* | 11.57 ±1.38a | 10.75 ±0.54ab | 9.88 ±0.67b | 7.08 ±0.74c | 6.91 ±0.74c | 6.66 ±1.17c | <0.001 | ||||||||
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡生长性能的影响
表4 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of sorghum instead of corn on growth performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 高粱替代玉米比例Proportion of sorghum instead of corn/% | P值 P-value | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | ||||||||||
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | |||||||||||||||
| 末重FBW/g | 0.96 ±0.05a | 0.92 ±0.04ab | 0.90 ±0.04b | 0.83 ±0.05c | 0.81 ±0.03c | 0.74 ±0.03d | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 43.22 ±2.42a | 41.65 ±1.86ab | 40.68 ±1.70b | 37.44 ±2.59c | 36.44 ±1.34c | 33.09 ±1.30d | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 57.24 ±1.97a | 54.28 ±3.19a | 55.64 ±2.39a | 50.97 ±2.35b | 48.55 ±2.50bc | 47.17 ±2.09c | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 料重比F/G | 1.30 ±0.04c | 1.33 ±0.04bc | 1.35 ±0.01b | 1.36 ±0.05b | 1.37 ±0.03b | 1.43 ±0.02a | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age | |||||||||||||||
| 末重FBW/g | 2.75 ±0.10a | 2.71 ±0.11ab | 2.62 ±0.13b | 2.61 ±0.10bc | 2.48 ±0.08cd | 2.47 ±0.07d | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 85.67 ±3.70a | 85.03 ±3.74a | 84.39 ±3.03a | 82.30 ±3.09ab | 81.61 ±4.85ab | 79.47 ±3.77b | 0.016 | ||||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 153.25 ±6.37 | 151.57 ±7.85 | 150.41 ±7.09 | 150.11 ±6.13 | 149.78 ±5.61 | 146.71 ±4.10 | 0.153 | ||||||||
| 料重比F/G | 1.77 ±0.03b | 1.78 ±0.04b | 1.80 ±0.04b | 1.81 ±0.05b | 1.82 ±0.03b | 1.89 ±0.12a | 0.006 | ||||||||
| 1~42日龄1 to 42 days of age | |||||||||||||||
| 平均日增重ADG/g | 64.44 ±2.40a | 63.34 ±2.57ab | 61.15 ±2.98b | 60.92 ±2.49bc | 57.96 ±1.84cd | 57.69 ±1.71d | <0.001 | ||||||||
| 1~42日龄1 to 42 days of age | |||||||||||||||
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | 104.25 ±3.73a | 103.93 ±4.85ab | 101.03 ±4.41abc | 101.54 ±4.16abc | 99.17 ±3.63bc | 96.94 ±2.65c | 0.005 | ||||||||
| 料重比F/G | 1.62 ±0.02c | 1.64 ±0.03bc | 1.65 ±0.03bc | 1.67 ±0.02abc | 1.68 ±0.02ab | 1.71 ±0.08a | 0.001 | ||||||||
| 死淘率Mortality/% | 5.26 ±3.98 | 3.29 ±3.92 | 3.29 ±3.92 | 2.63 ±3.98 | 2.63 ±2.81 | 1.97 ±2.72 | 0.560 | ||||||||
2.3 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡屠宰性能和肠道指数的影响
表5 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响Table 5 Effects of sorghum instead of corn on slaughter performance of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 高粱替代玉米比例Proportion of sorghum instead of corn/% | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | ||
| 屠宰率 Dressing percentage/% | 93.72±1.39 | 93.10±1.23 | 92.08±1.41 | 92.94±1.44 | 93.05±1.16 | 92.24±1.67 | 0.208 |
| 全净膛率 Eviscerated yield percentage/% | 81.33±2.55 | 81.44±2.04 | 82.29±2.93 | 82.76±0.86 | 82.10±1.95 | 82.33±1.15 | 0.713 |
| 胸肌率 percentage of breast muscle yield/% | 28.31±2.04 | 28.42±3.21 | 27.46±1.81 | 27.37±2.18 | 26.34±1.53 | 27.55±2.48 | 0.503 |
| 腿肌率 percentage of leg muscle yield/% | 27.59±1.65 | 27.92±1.97 | 27.68±1.59 | 29.41±1.12 | 28.25±1.62 | 28.37±1.08 | 0.211 |
| 肝脏指数 Liver index/% | 2.18±0.12 | 2.20±0.35 | 1.98±0.17 | 2.04±0.47 | 2.26±0.23 | 2.13±0.26 | 0.434 |
| 腺胃指数 Proventriculus index/% | 0.65±0.20 | 0.59±0.19 | 0.56±0.23 | 0.49±0.11 | 0.56±0.12 | 0.60±0.08 | 0.478 |
| 肌胃指数 Gizzard index/% | 0.80±0.16 | 0.72±0.12 | 0.74±0.09 | 0.74±0.08 | 0.77±0.09 | 0.72±0.11 | 0.707 |
表6 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡肠道指数的影响Table 6 Effects of sorghum instead of corn on intestinal indices of broilers |
| 项目 Items | 高粱替代玉米比例Proportion of sorghum instead of corn/% | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | ||
| 十二指肠Duodenum | |||||||
| 相对长度 Relative length/ (cm/kg) | 9.77±1.21 | 9.79±1.09 | 9.92±0.90 | 10.43±0.50 | 10.37±1.13 | 11.09±1.64 | 0.174 |
| 相对重量 Relative weight/ (g/kg) | 4.12±0.65 | 3.85±0.79 | 3.79±0.49 | 4.16±0.47 | 4.36±0.54 | 4.30±0.70 | 0.361 |
| 空肠Jejunum | |||||||
| 相对长度 Relative length/ (cm/kg) | 24.75±1.93 | 25.09±2.35 | 26.07±2.86 | 25.21±1.17 | 26.30±2.51 | 25.68±5.29 | 0.893 |
| 相对重量 Relative weight/ (g/kg) | 7.14±0.96 | 7.27±1.32 | 7.38±0.89 | 7.37±0.99 | 8.43±1.00 | 8.16±1.75 | 0.178 |
| 回肠Ileum | |||||||
| 相对长度 Relative length/ (cm/kg) | 26.68±3.10 | 27.18±2.61 | 26.32±3.96 | 27.96±1.75 | 27.90±3.50 | 28.47±1.89 | 0.666 |
| 相对重量 Relative weight/ (g/kg) | 5.45±0.56 | 5.76±0.72 | 5.90±1.14 | 6.08±0.85 | 6.56±0.82 | 6.32±0.81 | 0.113 |
2.4 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡胸肌和腿肌肉色的影响
表7 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡胸肌和腿肌肉色的影响Table 7 Effects of sorghum instead of corn on color of breast and leg muscles of broiler |
| 项目 Items | 高粱替代玉米比例Proportion of sorghum instead of corn/% | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | ||
| 腿肌Leg muscle | |||||||
| 亮度L* | 64.38±1.53 | 64.92±1.27 | 64.32±0.97 | 64.65±1.70 | 64.17±1.24 | 65.11±0.65 | 0.651 |
| 红度a* | 1.35±0.47 | 1.30±0.32 | 1.43±0.22 | 1.43±0.40 | 1.23±0.30 | 1.39±0.14 | 0.804 |
| 黄度b* | 0.06±0.65a | -0.09±0.32a | -0.15±0.21a | -0.36±0.66ab | -0.75±0.25b | -0.75±0.31b | 0.001 |
| 胸肌Breast muscle | |||||||
| 亮度L* | 61.82±0.63 | 61.97±0.27 | 62.33±0.55 | 61.88±0.60 | 61.92±0.69 | 62.11±0.66 | 0.540 |
| 红度a* | 1.13±0.20 | 1.08±0.38 | 1.06±0.31 | 0.88±0.30 | 0.87±0.22 | 0.96±0.31 | 0.344 |
| 黄度b* | 0.17±0.34a | -0.02±0.21a | 0.08±0.22a | -0.36±0.25b | -0.44±0.24b | -0.41±0.48b | <0.001 |
2.5 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡营养物质表观消化率的影响
表8 高粱替代玉米对肉鸡营养物质表观消化率的影响Table 8 Effects of sorghum instead of corn on nutrient apparent digestibility of broilers % |
| 项目 Items | 高粱替代玉米比例Proportion of sorghum instead of corn/% | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 | ||
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | |||||||
| 粗蛋白质表观消化率 Crude protein apparent digestibility | 85.74±0.29a | 75.56±1.03b | 72.31±1.51c | 66.34±1.23d | 62.78±0.81e | 34.89±0.58f | <0.001 |
| 干物质表观消化率 Dry matter apparent digestibility | 86.58±0.16a | 78.69±0.52b | 76.70±0.81c | 73.03±0.42d | 70.48±0.71e | 52.05±0.64f | <0.001 |
| 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age | |||||||
| 粗蛋白质表观消化率 Crude protein apparent digestibility | 70.51±1.49a | 68.21±0.79a | 63.50±1.46b | 42.38±2.31c | 36.12±2.01d | 33.93±3.73d | <0.001 |
| 干物质表观消化率 Dry matter apparent digestibility | 77.92±1.54a | 76.09±0.24a | 71.57±0.72b | 62.09±2.01c | 58.86±1.54d | 58.46±0.36d | <0.001 |
