Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 5: 3106 - 3116

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.267

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Different Roughage Source Diets on Growth Performance and Immune Organs Development of Weaned Yak Calves

  • XUE Guoliang ,
  • ZHOU Ya’nan ,
  • AN Lele ,
  • XU Yulin ,
  • YANG Deyu ,
  • LIU Shujie ,
  • CUI Zhanhong , *
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  • Key Laboratory of Plateau Grazing Animal Nutrition and Feed Science of Qinghai Province, Yak Engineering Technology Research Center of Qinghai Province, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage-Feed of Grazing Yak and Tibetan Sheep in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Qinghai Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences in Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-11-27

  Online published: 2024-05-15

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of different roughage source diets on growth performance and immune organs development of weaned yak calves. Twenty-one Datong yak calves (male) with similar genetic background, days of age (about 45 days of age) and body weight [(36.47±0.99) kg] were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups with 7 yak calves in each group. The alfalfa hay group (AT group) group was fed milk replacer and starter supplemented with alfalfa hay, the oat hay group (OT group) was fed milk replacer and starter supplemented with oat hay, and the alfalfa hay and oat hay group (AOT group) was fed milk replacer and starter supplemented with alfalfa hay+oat hay (alfalfa hay∶oat hay=1∶1). The pre-experimental period lasted for 21 days, and the experimental period lasted for 120 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with AT and OT groups, the final body weight of AOT group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with AT and OT groups, the AOT group had a clear boundary between red medulla and white medulla in spleen, and a larger radius of white medulla; and the contents of tuftsin, interferon-β and tumor necrosis factor-α in spleen were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with AT and OT groups, the AOT group had a larger cortical area in thymus; and the contents of thymosin β-4, prothymosin α, thymosin, immunoglobulin G and interleukin-1β in thymus were significantly increased (P<0.05). In summary, compared with single feeding of alfalfa hay or oat hay, the mixed feeding of alfalfa hay and oat hay is more conducive to improve the feed conversion rate and promoting the growth and development of weaned yak calves. Meanwhile, the mixed feeding of alfalfa hay and oat hay can promote the development of spleen and thymus organs and improve the immune function of weaned yak calves.

Key words： yak calves; alfalfa hay; oat hay; immune organs; growth performance; immune factors

Cite this article

XUE Guoliang , ZHOU Ya’nan , AN Lele , XU Yulin , YANG Deyu , LIU Shujie , CUI Zhanhong . Effects of Different Roughage Source Diets on Growth Performance and Immune Organs Development of Weaned Yak Calves[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(5) : 3106 -3116 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.267

牦牛是青藏高原地区特有的优势反刍家畜,具有抗病力强、耐寒性高的特点,能适应当地的恶劣环境,是当地牧民长久以来的重要经济来源[1-2]。由于青藏高原地区条件的限制,牦牛的饲养仍以自然放牧为主,导致牦牛养殖业效率低下[3]。犊牛是牦牛产业可持续发展的基础,犊牛的培育质量决定着成年牦牛的生产性能[4]。犊牛出生后,由于初生犊牛免疫系统尚未发育完善,易受外界不良因素影响而染病。同时,青藏高原地区枯草期时间长,冷季牧草的质量和产量不足以供应母牦牛泌乳和哺乳的需求,难以维持犊牛的营养需要,使其免疫功能降低,生长发育受阻[5]。胸腺和脾脏作为中枢和外周免疫器官,在免疫系统中发挥着重要作用。营养和免疫之间的相互作用是确保动物健康生长至关重要的决定性因素[6]。因此,采取合理的饲养方式,满足犊牛的营养需要,提高犊牛免疫功能,充分挖掘犊牛生长性能是犊牛培育的关键。
粗饲料是反刍动物及其他草食动物饲粮必不可缺少的组成部分,对维持反刍动物的反刍及唾液分泌、改善瘤胃环境和提高机体免疫功能等至关重要[7]。国内粗饲料种类繁多,如各类秸秆饲料、秕壳饲料、干草、树叶和其他饲用林产品等,不同种类之间品质差异较大[8]。如豆科牧草,其部分营养价值(粗蛋白质和矿物质含量)要远高于禾本科牧草[9],而不同品质的粗饲料会对反刍动物的生长和健康造成极大的影响。饲粮组成能调控动物机体的生理功能和免疫应答[10],饲粮中的几乎所有营养素在维持最佳免疫应答中发挥重要作用[11]。不同粗饲料来源饲粮所含有的纤维性营养物质不同。因此,针对牦牛犊牛早期培育的实际需要,选择适合的粗饲料来源饲粮,抓好犊牛生长发育的关键时期,有利于提高牦牛犊牛的生长性能和免疫功能。
本团队在前期研究中探讨了补饲开食料对牦牛犊牛免疫器官发育的影响,发现通过补饲开食料提高营养水平可以提高犊牛的免疫功能[12]。本试验在此基础上,选取豆科牧草和禾本科牧草中具有代表性的苜蓿干草和燕麦干草及两者组合作为粗饲料来源,通过探究不同粗饲料来源饲粮对哺乳期牦牛犊牛生长性能和免疫器官发育的影响,为早期牦牛犊牛高质量培育提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选取健康、日龄(45日龄左右)和体重[(36.47±0.99) kg]相近的21头大通牦牛犊牛(公牛)作为试验动物,随机分为3组,每组7头牛。苜蓿干草组(AT组)在饲喂代乳粉和开食料的基础上添加苜蓿干草,燕麦干草组(OT组)在饲喂代乳粉和开食料的基础上添加燕麦干草,苜蓿干草和燕麦干草组(AOT组)在饲喂代乳粉和开食料的基础上添加苜蓿干草和燕麦干草(苜蓿干草∶燕麦干草=1∶1)。3组代乳粉饲喂量相同,饲喂开食料+干草的干物质含量相同。所有牦牛犊牛自由采食,自由饮水。试验期为2021年8月至2021年12月,预试期21 d,正试期120 d。3组牦牛犊牛固体采食量于试验期第120天时达到1 kg/d,此时对犊牛进行断奶并从3组中各随机选取5头牦牛犊牛进行屠宰取样。
燕麦干草选自青海当地,苜蓿干草来自甘肃张掖,代乳粉、开食料均来自北京精准动物营养研究中心。开食料组成见表1,试验饲粮营养水平见表2。
表1 开食料组成(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition of the starter (DM basis) %

原料Ingredients 含量Content
玉米Corn 46.5
豆粕Soybean meal 27.0
麸皮Bran 9.5
膨化大豆Expanded soybean 8.0
乳清粉Dried whey powder 5.0
细石粉Fine limestone 1.6
预混料Premix 1.0
脂肪粉Fat powder 0.5
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.5
食盐NaCl 0.4
合计Total 100.0

每千克预混料含 One kg premix contained the following:Fe 22.1 g,Mn 9.82 g,Cu 2.25 g,Zn 27.0 g,Se 0.19 g,I 0.54 g,Co 0.09 g,VA 30 000 IU,VD 30 000 IU,VE 4 000 IU。

表2 试验饲粮营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) %

项目Items 代乳粉MR 苜蓿干草AH 燕麦干草OH 精料SC
粗蛋白质CP 26.24 12.50 3.92 20.00
粗脂肪EE 27.90 0.90 3.11 4.70
中性洗涤纤维NDF 46.65 57.27 10.90
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 35.70 31.57 4.10
钙Ca 2.50 0.98 0.48 0.80
磷P 1.40 0.18 0.51 0.45

营养水平均为实测值。

Nutrient levels were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

牦牛犊牛饲养试验在青海省海北州海晏县高原现代生态畜牧业科技试验示范园进行。牦牛犊牛单栏饲养,代乳粉早、晚各饲喂1次,饲喂时间为每日08:30、16:30,预试期为减少牦牛犊牛应激,采用牦牛奶与代乳粉混合饲喂,且代乳粉比例逐渐升高,直至犊牛适应代乳粉后,不再添加牦牛奶。饲喂方法与周亚楠等[12]一致。预试期开始时,开食料和干草分开进行饲喂,控制精粗比为3∶7。犊牛自由饮水,圈舍光源充足,可在室内外自由活动,每周定期对圈舍进行消毒处理,并定时清理粪便。

1.3 样品采集及指标测定

1.3.1 饲粮营养水平

粗蛋白质含量测定参照《饲料中粗蛋白的测定 凯氏定氮法》(GB/T 6432—2018),粗脂肪(EE)含量测定参照《饲料中粗脂肪的测定》(GB/T 6433—2006),中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量测定分别参照GB/T 20806—2022《饲料中中性洗涤纤维的测定》和GB/T 20806—2006《饲料中中性洗涤纤维的测定》,钙(Ca)和磷(P)含量测定分别参照《饲料中钙的测定》(GB/T 6436—2018)和《饲料中总磷的测定 分光光度法》(GB/T 6437—2018)。

1.3.2 生长性能

正试期第1天和屠宰前1天晨饲前称量牦牛犊牛体重,每日记录牦牛犊牛的采食量,计算平均日增重和料重比。

1.3.3 脾脏和胸腺组织形态

饲养试验结束时,3组各屠宰5头牦牛犊牛,采取脾脏和胸腺,用滤纸吸干脏器表面的血液,将脾脏和胸腺组织修剪成2 cm×2 cm×2 cm,浸泡于4%多聚甲醛,用于制作组织切片;另取一部分脾脏和胸腺组织于5 mL冻存管中,放入-80 ℃冰箱,待测激素和免疫因子含量。
采用常规石蜡切片,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,进行组织学形态观察。采用光学显微镜(日本奥林巴斯公司)观察3组牦牛犊牛胸腺和脾脏组织形态。

1.3.4 激素和免疫因子含量

从-80 ℃冰箱中取出样品,称取0.2 g脾脏和胸腺组织进行磨碎,加入9倍体积的生理盐水,冰浴匀浆,4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心15 min,取上清液,分装待测。
采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)测定脾脏中促吞噬素含量,胸腺中前胸腺素α、胸腺肽和胸腺素β-4含量,胸腺和脾脏中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、干扰素-β(IFN-β)、干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量。试剂盒均购自江苏酶标生物科技有限公司。

1.4 数据处理与统计分析

试验数据经Excel 2019初步处理后,再利用SPSS 26.0分析数据,采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)比较数据差异性,Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结果用“平均值±标准差”表示,以P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与AT组和OT组相比,AOT组的终末体重显著升高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。
表3 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of different roughage source diets on growth performance of weaned yak calves

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
AT OT AOT
初始体重Initial body weight/kg 36.00±1.58 35.80±0.84 37.60±0.55 0.053
终末体重Final body weight/kg 71.20±1.79b 70.60±0.55b 74.80±3.11a 0.017
平均日增重Average daily gain/(g/d) 293.33±3.12 290.00±3.12 310.00±10.00 0.095
料重比Feed/gain 2.68±0.03a 2.69±0.01a 2.55±0.05b 0.018
干物质采食量Dry matter intake/(kg/d) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.000

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛脾脏发育的影响

2.2.1 对脾脏组织形态的影响

由图1可知,脾脏中脾小结、红髓和白髓界限明显,AOT组的脾脏中脾小结相较AT组和OT组多且大。
图1 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对牦牛犊牛脾脏组织形态的影响

A:AT组;B:OT组;C:AOT组;a:白髓;b:红髓;c:脾小结。

Fig.1 Effects of different roughage source diets on spleen histomorphology of weaned yak calves (40×)

A: AT group; B: OT group; C: AOT group; a: white marrow; b: red marrow; c: splenic corpuscle.

2.2.2 对脾脏中激素促吞噬素含量的影响

由表4可知,与AT组和OT组相比,AOT组的脾脏中促吞噬素含量显著升高(P<0.05)。
表4 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛脾脏中促吞噬素含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of different roughage source diets on spleen tuftsin content of weaned yak calves ng/mL

项目
Item		 组别Groups P值
P-value
AT OT AOT
促吞噬素Tuftsin 97.89±2.08b 98.93±0.70b 107.78±1.34a 0.023

2.2.3 对脾脏中免疫因子含量的影响

由表5可知,AT组的脾脏中IFN-γ含量显著高于OT组和AOT组(P<0.05)。AOT组的脾脏中IgM、IL-1β、IL-2含量显著高于AT组(P<0.05),但与OT组差异不显著(P>0.05);AOT组的脾脏中IFN-β、TNF-α含量显著高于AT组和OT组(P<0.05)。
表5 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛脾脏中免疫因子含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of different roughage source diets on spleen immune factor contents of weaned yak calves

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
AT OT AOT
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(mg/mL) 3.23±0.08 3.17±0.07 2.97±0.08 0.051
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 8.29±0.23 8.27±0.27 8.31±0.26 0.992
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) 1.86±0.05b 2.00±0.03a 1.97±0.02a 0.025
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/mL) 0.51±0.01b 0.61±0.01a 0.61±0.01a <0.001
白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(ng/mL) 1.33±0.03b 1.52±0.02a 1.52±0.04a <0.001
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) 89.58±1.40 93.02±1.99 93.12±1.15 0.210
干扰素-β IFN-β/(pg/mL) 69.64±0.46b 70.35±1.68b 74.72±1.43a 0.024
干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(ng/mL) 1.82±0.03a 1.70±0.04b 1.69±0.02b 0.008
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) 227.28±2.43c 242.66±3.68b 261.90±4.33a <0.001

2.3 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛胸腺发育的影响

2.3.1 对胸腺组织形态的影响

由图2可知,胸腺中皮质和髓质界限明显,AOT组的胸腺中皮质面积相较于AT组和OT组大。
图2 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对牦牛犊牛胸腺组织形态的影响

A:AT组;B:OT组;C:AOT组;a:皮质;b:髓质。

Fig.2 Effects of different roughage source diets on thymus tissue morphology of weaned yak calves (40×)

A: AT group; B: OT group; C: AOT group; a: cortical; b: medullary.

2.3.2 对胸腺中激素含量的影响

由表6可知,与AT组和OT组相比,AOT组的胸腺中胸腺素β-4、前胸腺素α和胸腺肽含量显著升高(P<0.05)。
表6 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对牦牛犊牛胸腺中激素含量的影响

Table 6 Effects of different roughage source diets on thymic hormone contents of weaned yak calves

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
AT OT AOT
胸腺素β-4 Thymosin β-4/(μg/L) 8.30±0.08b 8.27±0.11b 8.66±0.09a 0.023
前胸腺素α Prothymosin α/(mmol/L) 16.79±0.15c 17.86±0.41b 19.25±0.17a <0.001
胸腺肽Thymus/(μg/L) 1.00±0.02c 1.05±0.01b 1.11±0.01a <0.001

2.3.3 对胸腺中免疫因子含量的影响

由表7可知,AOT组的胸腺中IgG、IL-1β含量显著高于AT组和OT组(P<0.05)。AOT组的胸腺中IL-2、IFN-γ、TNF-α含量显著高于AT组(P<0.05),但与OT组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表7 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛胸腺中免疫因子含量的影响

Table 7 Effects of different roughage source diets on thymic immune factor contents of weaned yak calves

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
AT OT AOT
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(mg/mL) 2.81±0.07 2.71±0.03 2.89±0.06 0.120
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 7.15±0.22b 7.01±0.17b 8.03±0.21a 0.003
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) 1.93±0.08 1.81±0.05 1.98±0.08 0.218
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(ng/mL) 0.61±0.01b 0.63±0.02b 0.68±0.01a 0.003
白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(ng/mL) 1.07±0.02b 1.11±0.04ab 1.19±0.02a 0.024
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL) 74.78±2.02 74.13±0.99 75.39±0.98 0.821
干扰素-β IFN-β/(pg/mL) 59.09±2.53 64.69±1.88 67.02±2.61 0.072
干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(ng/mL) 1.39±0.06b 1.47±0.03a 1.56±0.03a 0.040
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) 190.48±4.30b 194.95±4.61ab 208.03±5.22a 0.041

3 讨论

3.1 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛生长性能的影响

母牛和犊牛的营养状况是影响牦牛繁殖性能的决定性因素之一。青藏高原地区环境恶劣,枯草期长,母牛和犊牛营养需要得不到满足,犊牛成活率低,牦牛产业面临巨大挑战[13-14]。粗饲料是犊牛饲粮中必不可缺的组成部分,对维持反刍动物的反刍和唾液分泌、改善瘤胃环境及提高机体免疫功能等至关重要[7,15]。大多数研究表明,给犊牛饲喂粗饲料,可以提高犊牛的生长性能[16⇓-18]。因此,犊牛饲粮中缺少粗饲料对于犊牛健康发育会产生不利影响。Castells等[19]研究表明,哺乳期犊牛补饲干草,精料采食量增加,其生长性能和免疫功能提高。当前,苜蓿干草作为一种优质粗饲料广泛应用于反刍动物生产当中。研究发现,苜蓿干草的粗蛋白质含量高,用苜蓿干草喂养会降低氮利用率,提高营养性腹泻的发生率,增加饲养成本。Li等[20]研究发现,苜蓿干草与燕麦干草混合饲喂有助于克服单独用苜蓿干草饲喂的上述缺点;周亚楠等[12]研究发现,饲喂混合干草相较于饲喂单一干草而言更能促进哺乳期牦牛犊牛的生长发育。本试验研究发现,与AT组和OT组相比,AOT组的料重比显著降低,同时,AOT组的终末体重显著高于AT组和OT组,与上述研究结果一致。因此,与单一饲喂苜蓿干草或燕麦干草相比,二者混合饲喂更有利于提高犊牛的饲料转化率,促进其生长发育。

3.2 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛脾脏发育的影响

营养不良会导致免疫抑制,但营养过剩会导致免疫系统功能失调。Che等[21]研究发现,相较于饲喂单一玉米秸秆,饲喂混合饲草的奶牛具有更好的生长性能。研究表明,粗饲料品质对脾脏影响程度明显[22]。脾脏是体内最大的外周免疫器官,在免疫系统中发挥着不可或缺的作用,随着年龄的增长,牦牛脾脏的免疫功能持续增强[23-24]。脾脏分为红髓和白髓,红髓主要功能为储存血液,白髓主要由淋巴细胞组成,是脾脏发挥免疫功能的重要部分[25]。研究表明,当脾脏白髓界限不清时,表明脾脏组织有损伤[26],白髓相对面积增大时,脾脏免疫功能随之提高[27]。促吞噬素是脾脏分泌的一种具有促进巨噬细胞吞噬等多种免疫学活性作用的四肽,具有抗感染和消炎的作用,能增强机体细胞免疫功能[28⇓-30]。本试验中,AOT组的脾脏中促吞噬素含量显著高于AT组和OT组,且红髓和白髓界限明显,白髓半径较大,说明苜蓿干草和燕麦干草混合饲喂提高了脾脏的免疫功能。
机体的免疫细胞和部分非免疫细胞可以合成具有免疫调节作用的细胞因子,这些细胞因子对免疫系统的运转具有重要作用[31]。IgM是反映机体免疫力的重要指标,具有抗菌、抗炎性细胞外和细胞内免疫排斥作用[32]。IFN-γ参与细胞免疫应答的过程,可改善机体免疫功能,当机体受损时,其含量升高[33]。TNF-α是一种前炎症因子,可促进IL-1β等促炎因子的释放[34],同时可激活核因子(NF-κB)信号通路而增强免疫反应[35]。崔占鸿[5]研究表明,当促炎因子和免疫调节物的含量同步提升时,会协同提高牦牛犊肠道黏膜的免疫稳态;多项研究表明,促炎因子可以促进机体炎症反应,刺激免疫细胞分泌,增强机体的免疫功能[36⇓-38]。本试验中,与AT组和OT组相比,AOT组的脾脏中IFN-γ含量显著下降,IgM和促炎因子IL-1β、IL-2、TNF-α含量显著上升,与上述研究结果一致;AOT组的脾脏中促炎因子含量提高,促使脾脏发生免疫反应,使抗炎因子IFN-β含量升高,维持机体的免疫稳态,这与战晓燕等[39]的研究结果相似。综上所述,相较于单一饲喂苜蓿干草或燕麦干草,二者混合饲喂更有利于提高脾脏的免疫功能。

3.3 不同粗饲料来源饲粮对断奶牦牛犊牛胸腺发育的影响

胸腺作为中枢免疫器官,结构上分为皮质、髓质和皮髓质交界处,在建立和维持自身耐受性以及预防自身免疫性疾病方面发挥着核心作用[40-41]。胸腺皮质中含有大量胸腺细胞,分泌胸腺肽等激素的同时促进T细胞发育成熟,增强机体免疫功能[42]。胸腺肽在体内表现出较强的抗肿瘤和免疫调节作用[43]。前胸腺素α和胸腺素β-4均具有免疫调节作用,前者诱导巨噬细胞产生干扰素和白细胞介素,后者对机体先天性免疫起着重要作用[44-45]。本试验中,胸腺中皮质和髓质界限明显,与AT组和OT组相比,AOT组的胸腺中皮质面积更大,同时促进了胸腺中胸腺素β-4、前胸腺素α、胸腺肽的分泌,提高了胸腺的免疫功能。
IgG是体内含量最多的免疫球蛋白,吕战旗等[46]研究表明,艾草和花生秧混合饲喂,可以提高湖羊血清IgG含量,提高其免疫功能;刘淑甜等[47]研究表明,断奶应激会降低犊牛血清IgG含量,抑制细胞免疫水平,降低犊牛的免疫功能。本试验中,与AT组和OT组相比,AOT组的胸腺中IgG含量升高,细胞免疫水平提高,与上述研究结果相似。研究表明,豆科牧草粗蛋白质含量高,有较高的可溶性氮含量,但纤维素含量低,若不与其他饲料搭配很容易产生胃胀气和氮浪费;禾本科牧草正好相反,纤维素含量高,粗蛋白质含量低,二者搭配饲喂会产生更好的饲喂效果[48]。动物应激时体内会分泌IL-2、TNF-α等促炎因子,刺激免疫系统运转,对机体有保护作用,但过量分泌促炎因子会对免疫系统造成破坏[49],使犊牛生长发育受阻。本试验的胸腺促炎因子含量处于正常范围内,对犊牛无不良影响。有研究表明,促炎因子如IL-1β、IL-6可介导清除病原,具有免疫保护作用[50-51]。本试验中,与AT组和OT组相比,AOT组的胸腺中促炎因子IL-1β、IL-2、TNF-α含量升高,刺激免疫系统运转,提高了机体的免疫水平,与上述研究结果一致。综上所述,相较于单一饲喂苜蓿干草或燕麦干草,二者混合饲喂更有利于提高胸腺的免疫功能。

4 结论

相比单一饲喂苜蓿干草或燕麦干草,二者混合饲喂更有利于提高饲料转化率,促进早期断奶牦牛犊牛的生长发育;同时,苜蓿干草和燕麦干草混合饲喂可以促进免疫器官的发育,提高牦牛犊牛的免疫功能。

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