Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 6: 3702 - 3712

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.318

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Different Proportions of Brewer’s Grains in Diets on Performance, Milk Composition and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Lactating Buffaloes

  • DENG Yingzhao ,
  • RUAN Lijun ,
  • SHAO Pengcheng ,
  • TANG Qingfeng ,
  • ZOU Caixia , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2023-12-14

  Online published: 2024-06-07

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different proportions of brewer’s grains on performance, milk composition and rumen fermentation parameters of lactating buffaloes. A total of 42 healthy buffaloes with good body condition, similar lactation period, calving parity and milk yield were randomly divided into 3 groups with 14 buffaloes in each group. The proportions of brewer’s grains to soybean meal in diets of all groups were 50∶50 (group Ⅰ), 75∶25 (group Ⅱ) and 100∶0 (group Ⅲ), respectively. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the experimental period lasted for 30 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the dry matter intake of lactating buffaloes in group Ⅲ was extremely significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.01), and the milk yield and standard milk yield in group Ⅲ were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 2) Dietary brewer’s grains had no significant effects on milk density, milk protein rate, milk fat rate, milk total solid content, non-milk fat solid content, milk lactose rate, milk acidity and milk free fatty acid content of lactating buffaloes (P>0.05). The milk protein and lactose yields in group Ⅲ were significantly higher than those in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05), and the milk fat yield in group Ⅲ was extremely significantly higher than that in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.01). 3) The rumen pH and lactic acid content of lactating buffaloes in group Ⅲ were extremely significantly higher than those in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.01); the rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) content was extremely significantly decreased with the increase of dietary brewer’s grains proportion (P<0.01). The ruminal acetic acid content in group Ⅲ was significantly lower than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05); the rumen contents of propionic acid, butyric acid and total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) in group Ⅲ were extremely significantly or significantly lower than those in groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05 or P<0.01); the rumen ratio of acetic acid to propionic acid in group Ⅲ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in rumen ratios of acetic acid to TVFA, propionic acid to TVFA and butyric acid to TVFA among all groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, considering the dry matter intake, milk yield, milk composition and rumen fermentation parameters of lactating buffaloes under the experimental conditions, it is better to feed lactating buffaloes with 100% brewer’s grains instead of soybean meal, and brewer’s grains can be used to replace soybean meal in the diet in actual production.

Key words： brewer’s grains; lactating buffaloes; performance; milk composition; rumen fermentation parameters

Cite this article

DENG Yingzhao , RUAN Lijun , SHAO Pengcheng , TANG Qingfeng , ZOU Caixia . Effects of Different Proportions of Brewer’s Grains in Diets on Performance, Milk Composition and Rumen Fermentation Parameters of Lactating Buffaloes[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(6) : 3702 -3712 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.318

水牛作为优良的家畜品种,具有适应性强、耐高温和易饲养等特点,是典型的具有耐粗饲特点的反刍动物;同时,水牛奶具有乳蛋白和乳脂肪含量高以及奶质好的特点,能够满足人们不同的营养需要,因此水牛是重要的农畜生产动物[1]。豆粕是大豆加工后的副产品,其粗蛋白质(crude protein,CP)含量可达到43%~48%,是制备畜禽精饲料的基本原料之一。但豆粕中含有多种抗营养因子,这使得豆粕中的营养成分无法很好地被畜禽吸收和利用,大大降低了豆粕的利用效率[2],且使用量若超出动物机体的耐受水平,会损害动物机体的健康和生长性能。此外,从供需角度出发,我国大豆进口依赖度高,国内可替代资源相对较少,为避免大豆进口存在的各种不确定性,需要减少大豆需求量,推广低蛋白质饲粮技术,充分挖掘和利用国内现有蛋白质饲料资源,优化畜禽动物的饲粮结构,寻找成本低廉、供给量大的饲料原料进行替代[3]。啤酒糟是以大麦、小麦为原料的啤酒酿造过程中的副产物,产量大、价格低,且富含多种营养物质[4]。啤酒糟中的CP含量较高,为26%~30%,目前已被有效用作反刍动物的饲料资源。同时,啤酒糟的高纤维含量,也更适合反刍动物的瘤胃功能特性。Polan等[5]针对荷斯坦奶牛的研究表明,在基础饲粮中添加了啤酒糟的荷斯坦奶牛产奶量高于在基础饲粮中添加了豆粕的奶牛。De Assis等[6]研究显示,啤酒糟在羔羊育肥期饲粮中作为饲料成分的比例可达7.6%,可用于部分替代豆粕和玉米粉。在饲喂高精料饲粮的羔羊中,用啤酒糟代替豆粕和部分玉米粉可最大限度地降低酸中毒的风险。Imaizumi等[7]在饲粮中添加10%、20%的啤酒糟来替代部分豆粕,结果表明,泌乳奶牛的产奶量随着啤酒糟添加比例的提高呈线性提高。邹阿玲等[8]研究显示,用9 kg的啤酒糟替代1 kg的精料饲喂荷斯坦奶牛,乳脂率和产奶量分别比对照组提高了13.8%和23.7%。王迎港等[9]研究表明,用啤酒糟替代饲粮中不同比例的精料,湖羊瘤胃的pH以及氨态氮(NH3-N)和挥发性脂肪酸(volatile fatty acid,VFA)含量与对照组相比均无显著差异,这说明啤酒糟替代精料可以满足动物对微生物蛋白的需要,不会对瘤胃发酵中的NH3-N产生不良影响。为落实豆粕的减量替代,研究者一直在持续稳步的推进豆粕替代饲料的开发与应用。啤酒糟作为成本低廉、产量大且蛋白质含量高的非常规饲料有很大的运用前景,但用啤酒糟饲喂泌乳水牛的最佳应用比例以及对泌乳水牛的影响尚不确定,因此亟需确定啤酒糟在其饲粮中的添加量来解决实际运用的难题。因此,本试验旨在通过饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟来替代豆粕,探讨啤酒糟对泌乳水牛生产性能、乳成分和瘤胃发酵参数的影响,以明确啤酒糟作为蛋白质饲料取代豆粕在水牛饲粮中的适宜添加量,并为提升我国啤酒糟的利用效率提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

本试验于2023年5—6月在广西来宾市兴宾区宏礼奶水牛养殖场进行。试验选取体况良好,泌乳期、产犊胎次和产奶量相近的健康水牛42头,随机分为3个组,每组14头。各组饲粮中啤酒糟与豆粕的比例分别为50∶50(Ⅰ组)、75∶25(Ⅱ组)和100∶0(Ⅲ组)。预试期7 d,正试期30 d。试验所用的饲粮为全混合日粮(TMR),饲喂时,TMR中添加的啤酒糟为新鲜啤酒糟,各组饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 10.00 10.00 10.00
麦麸 Wheat bran 7.90 7.90 7.90
豆粕 Soybean meal 15.00 7.50
啤酒糟 Brewer’s grains 15.00 22.50 30.00
甘蔗尾叶青贮 Sugarcane top silage 20.00 20.00 20.00
菠萝皮 Pineapple peel 15.00 15.00 15.00
麦秸 Wheat straw 15.00 15.00 15.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.60 0.60 0.60
氯化钠 NaCl 0.60 0.60 0.60
石粉 Limestone 0.30 0.30 0.30
碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 0.40 0.40 0.40
预混料 Premix1) 0.20 0.20 0.20
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
产奶净能 NEL/(MJ/kg) 5.06 5.24 5.14
干物质 DM 57.95 53.11 48.28
粗蛋白质 CP 21.82 21.56 20.03
粗脂肪 EE 2.11 2.39 2.68
钙 Ca 0.49 0.49 0.49
磷 P 0.43 0.40 0.38
粗灰分 Ash 3.93 3.83 3.73
粗纤维 CF 12.35 12.95 13.55
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 44.12 46.51 47.28
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 21.05 21.69 22.46

1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram premix contained the following:VA 500 000 IU,VD 150 000 IU,VE 3 000 IU,Fe 4.0 g,Cu 1.3 g,Zn 6.0 g,Mn 3.0 g,I 80 mg,Se 50 mg,Co 80 mg。

2)产奶净能为计算值,其计算方法参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》[10]中通过化学成分预测饲料能值的计算公式:产奶净能(MJ/kg)=0.102 5×总可消化养分(%)-0.502,总可消化养分(%)=1.15×粗蛋白质(%)+1.75×粗脂肪(%)+0.45×粗纤维(%)+0.008 5×中性洗涤纤维2(%)+0.25×无氮浸出物(%)-3.4,其余营养水平均为实测值。NEL was a calculated value, and the calculation method was referred to the formula for predicting feed energy value by chemical composition in the Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (2022 thirty-third edition): NEL(MJ/kg)=0.102 5×TDN(%)-0.502, TDN(%)=1.15×CP(%)+1.75×EE(%)+0.45×CF(%)+0.008 5×NDF2(%)+0.25×NFE(%)-3.4, while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

3组试验牛均隔栏饲喂,每日饲喂2次(06:00和17:00各1次),挤奶2次(07:00和18:00各1次)。试验期间水牛自由采食,并保证食槽内有少量剩料。试验牛自由活动,自由饮水。

1.3 样品采集和测定方法

1.3.1 饲粮常规养分测定

饲粮样品中的干物质含量参照GB/T 6435—2014进行测定,将风干状态的饲粮样本用粉碎机粉碎后,过40目筛并放入干燥器中保存,用于其余常规养分的测定。饲粮样品中CP含量参照国家标准GB/T 6432—2018采用凯氏定氮法进行测定,粗脂肪(EE)含量参照国家标准GB/T 6433—2006进行测定,粗纤维(CF)含量参照国家标准GB/T 6434—2022采用滤埚法进行测定,粗灰分(Ash)含量参照国家标准GB/T 6438—2007进行测定,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量参照国家标准GB/T 20806—2022进行测定,酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量参照国家标准NY/T 1459—2022进行测定,钙(Ca)含量参照国家标准GB/T 6436—2018进行测定,磷(P)含量参照国家标准GB/T 6437—2018采用分光光度法进行测定。

1.3.2 生产性能测定

预试期记录每头奶水牛每次进食的饲喂量和剩料量,确定每头水牛的采食量,确保在正试期水牛采食完毕后食槽里略有剩料。正试期每周的周4和周5记录试验动物的饲喂量和剩料量,用于计算干物质采食量(DMI)。计算公式为:

干物质采食量=每头牛试验期内采食量/试验天数。

正试期开始时,准确记录每头试验牛每天的产奶量,并按照以下公式计算泌乳水牛的标准乳产量:

标准乳产量(kg)=产奶量×{[(乳脂率-40)+(乳蛋白率-31)]×0.011 55+1.0}[11]。

1.3.3 产奶量和乳成分测定

从正试期的第27天开始,连续采集3 d所有试验牛的奶样,用于分析3组泌乳水牛的乳成分差异。采样时按照上午和下午50∶50的比例采集100 mL奶样,并加入4~6滴20%的重铬酸钾作为防腐剂,充分混匀,混合完成后放于4 ℃冷藏保存,采用全自动乳成分分析仪(FOSS MilkoScanTM FT 120)分析乳成分。

1.3.4 瘤胃发酵参数测定

正试期的最后1天,每组随机选取5头试验牛,于晨饲前利用瘤胃管从口腔采集瘤胃液200 mL,将瘤胃液倒入4层纱布过滤后,立即用便携式pH计测定瘤胃液pH;将过滤后的瘤胃液用10 mL冻存管进行分装,于-80 ℃冷冻保存,用于进行瘤胃NH3-N、VFA以及乳酸含量的测定。
瘤胃液pH使用PHB-4型便携式pH计进行测定,测定前用标准液对pH计进行校准。瘤胃液NH3-N含量参考冯宗慈等[12]的比色法测定。瘤胃液乳酸含量参考杨平平等[13]的对羟基联苯法进行测定。瘤胃液VFA含量参考周波[14]测定西门塔尔牛瘤胃液VFA的方法,采用安捷伦7820A气相色谱仪进行测定,测定条件为:色谱柱HP-INNOWax;气化室温度220 ℃;检测器温度250 ℃;程序升温为初始温度120 ℃保持3 min,以10 ℃/min升温至180 ℃保持2 min;载气及流速为高纯氮气160 kPa,总流量104 mL/min,柱流量2.0 mL/min,吹扫流量为3 mL/min,氢气为40 mL/min,空气流量400 mL/min,分流比40∶1。

1.4 数据统计与分析

试验数据采用Excel 2021进行初步整理,采用SPSS 26软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和LSD法多重比较,结果用平均值±标准差表示,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著,0.05≤P<0.10表示有显著变化的趋势。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

由表2可知,随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,泌乳水牛的干物质采食量不断提高,其中Ⅲ组干物质采食量与Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组相比分别提高了1.79和1.70 kg/d,差异极显著(P<0.01)。泌乳水牛产奶量和标准乳产量随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高而提高,其中Ⅲ组产奶量与与Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组相比分别提高了1.01(P<0.01)和0.93 kg/d(P<0.05),且Ⅲ组标准乳产量极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。
表2 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of different proportions of brewer’s grains in diets on performance of lactating buffaloeskg/d

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
干物质采食量 DMI 7.96±1.06Aa 8.05±1.08Aa 9.75±1.09Bb <0.001
产奶量 Milk yield 6.18±1.19Aa 6.26±0.63ABa 7.19±1.08Bb 0.009
标准乳产量 FCM yield 6.93±1.33Aa 7.14±0.72Ab 9.35±1.41Bb <0.001

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛乳成分的影响

由表3可知,饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛乳密度、乳蛋白率、乳脂率、全乳固体含量、非乳脂固体含量、乳糖率、乳酸度和乳中游离脂肪酸含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,泌乳水牛的乳蛋白、乳脂和乳糖产量逐渐提高;其中,Ⅲ组乳蛋白和乳糖产量显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05),乳脂产量极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。
表3 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛乳成分的影响

Table 3 Effects of different proportions of brewer’s grains in diets on milk composition of lactating buffaloes

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
乳密度 Milk density/(g/L) 1 030.24±4.38 1 029.91±3.32 1 030.75±3.20 0.869
乳蛋白率 Milk protein rate/% 4.34±0.40 4.61±0.43 4.60±0.35 0.208
乳脂率 Milk fat rate/% 6.77±1.01 6.93±1.55 7.83±1.74 0.288
全乳固体含量 TS content/% 16.68±1.60 17.56±1.70 17.61±2.63 0.528
非乳脂固体含量 SNF content/% 9.80±0.51 9.87±0.62 10.07±0.50 0.466
乳糖率 Milk lactose rate/% 5.25±0.13 5.25±0.22 5.39±0.22 0.210
乳酸度 Milk acidity/% 9.99±1.57 10.15±1.33 9.81±1.45 0.868
乳中游离脂肪酸含量 Milk FFA content/(mmol/L) 2.83±0.94 3.56±1.03 2.69±1.27 0.271
乳蛋白产量 Milk protein yield/(kg/d) 0.27±0.05a 0.29±0.03a 0.33±0.05b 0.010
乳脂产量 Milk fat yield/(kg/d) 0.42±0.07Aa 0.43±0.04Aa 0.56±0.09Bb <0.001
乳糖产量 Milk lactose yield/(kg/d) 0.33±0.05a 0.33±0.03a 0.39±0.06b 0.019

2.3 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

由表4可知,随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,泌乳水牛瘤胃pH逐渐提高,其中Ⅲ组瘤胃pH极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.01);随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,瘤胃NH3-N含量极显著降低(P<0.01);随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,瘤胃乳酸含量逐渐提高,其中Ⅲ组瘤胃乳酸含量极显著高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。
表4 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

Table 4 Effects of different proportions of brewer’s grains in diets on rumen fermentation parameters of lactating buffaloes

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ
pH 6.86±0.08Aa 6.92±0.06Aa 7.07±0.10Bb <0.001
氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) 13.13±0.36C 11.34±0.45B 9.86±0.29A <0.001
乳酸 Lactic acid/(μg/mL) 15.78±3.32Aa 16.70±1.85Aa 20.56±2.88Bb 0.001
乙酸 Acetic acid/(mmol/L) 41.15±2.09Bb 34.10±2.88Aa 33.42±2.63Aa <0.001
丙酸 Propionic acid/(mmol/L) 9.59±0.77Bb 7.67±0.79Bb 7.22±0.71Aa <0.001
丁酸 Butyric acid/(mmol/L) 5.58±0.32Bb 4.95±0.29ABb 4.76±0.47Aa 0.009
乙酸/丙酸 Acetic acid/propionic acid 4.31±0.21a 4.45±0.18ab 4.64±0.13b 0.034
总挥发性脂肪酸 TVFA/(mmol/L) 56.33±3.05Bb 48.84±3.27Bb 45.85±3.14Aa <0.001
乙酸/总挥发性脂肪酸 Acetic acid/TVFA 0.731±0.037 0.698±0.059 0.729±0.057 0.500
丙酸/总挥发性脂肪酸 Propionic acid/TVFA 0.170±0.014 0.157±0.016 0.157±0.016 0.300
丁酸/总挥发性脂肪酸 Butyric acid/TVFA 0.099±0.006 0.101±0.006 0.104±0.010 0.207
随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,泌乳水牛瘤胃乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)含量逐渐降低,乙酸/丙酸值逐渐提高。其中,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组瘤胃乙酸含量极显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.01);Ⅲ组瘤胃丙酸含量极显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.01);Ⅲ组瘤胃丁酸含量极显著低于Ⅰ组(P<0.01),显著低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组瘤胃乙酸/丙酸值显著高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05);Ⅲ组瘤胃TVFA含量显著极显著低于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。各组间瘤胃乙酸/TVFA、丙酸/TVFA和丁酸/TVFA值均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛生产性能的影响

新鲜啤酒糟适口性好,有甜味、易咀嚼,在饲粮中加入啤酒糟,可以在保证泌乳水牛营养摄入的前提下,提高其食欲,从而提高泌乳水牛的采食量。杨璐玲等[15]的试验结果表明,在崂山奶山羊饲粮中分别添加0、10%、15%和20%的啤酒糟,可以不同程度地提高奶山羊的采食量,且啤酒糟的添加比例对奶山羊的养分采食量影响显著,当啤酒糟添加比例为15%时其养分采食量最高。Imaizumi等[7]研究显示,在泌乳奶牛饲粮中分别添加0、10%和20%的啤酒糟对干物质采食量无显著影响,但产奶量随着啤酒糟的增加呈线性提高。目前,在饲粮中添加啤酒糟能显著提高反刍动物的采食量,其原因可能是,啤酒糟中富含NDF和过瘤胃蛋白,使得啤酒糟具有较高的NDF消化率,而纤维在反刍动物胃肠中可增加反刍次数,促进瘤胃和肠道的排空[16]。饲粮中NDF含量高会刺激反刍动物反刍,进而产生更多的唾液,导致采食量增加。本试验中,随着饲粮中啤酒糟比例的提高,饲粮中的NDF含量增加,导致泌乳水牛的采食增加,因此干物质采食量提高显著,本试验的结果与已有研究结果[17]相符。王星凌等[18]研究表明,用湿啤酒渣、饲料枣和大豆皮3种组合替代部分玉米-豆粕型饲粮饲喂经产奶牛,其中添加了湿啤酒渣的试验组其产奶量略优于未添加湿啤酒渣的对照组,但差异不显著。Belibasakis等[19]研究显示,在饲粮中添加16%的啤酒糟,与未添加啤酒糟的对照组相比,奶牛的平均日产奶量提高了3.1 kg/d。在饲粮CP含量相近的情况下,啤酒糟可以提供更多的过瘤胃蛋白[20],且啤酒糟中的过瘤胃蛋白含有丰富的赖氨酸和蛋氨酸。张凯祥等[21]研究显示,在荷斯坦奶牛的饲粮中分别添加0、25、30和35 g/(d·头)的过瘤胃赖氨酸,试验组的产奶量显著高于对照组;张成喜等[22]研究显示,在荷斯坦奶牛的饲粮中分别添加0、15、25和35 g/(d·头)的过瘤胃蛋氨酸,试验组的产奶量显著高于对照组。由此推断,本试验中,采食量增加使得泌乳水牛摄入的过瘤胃蛋白含量增加,赖氨酸和蛋氨酸的含量上升,因此产奶量也增加。

3.2 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛乳成分的影响

乳成分是衡量牛奶品质的重要指标,饲粮的蛋白质和能量水平可以影响泌乳动物的产奶性能。De Souza等[23]研究显示,饲喂不同比例啤酒糟青贮的荷斯坦奶牛其乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率和全乳固体含量均无显著差异。Miyazawa等[24]用啤酒糟(BG组)代替对照组饲粮中由豆粕、麦麸和全棉籽粕组成的精料补充料饲喂荷斯坦奶牛,试验结果显示,对照组和BG组的4%校正乳产量无显著差异;2种饲粮饲喂后的乳蛋白率、乳糖率以及非乳脂固体和全乳固体含量也无显著差异。Chiou等[25]提出,乳蛋白率的高低与饲粮中蛋白质含量和能量摄入量有关,本试验各组饲粮的CP含量和产奶净能差异不大,因此各组的乳蛋白率差异不大。而Ⅲ组的乳糖率要高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,可能的原因是相较豆粕而言,啤酒糟中的淀粉和纤维素含量较高,啤酒糟将饲粮中的豆粕全部替代之后,泌乳水牛摄入的淀粉和纤维素增多,淀粉和糖类进入动物机体后瘤胃微生物将其分解转化为丙酸[26],进而加强了机体的代谢和吸收,使乳糖率上升,但具体原因还需进一步探究。上述研究结果与本试验结果基本相符,表明饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟不会影响泌乳水牛的乳成分。

3.3 饲粮中添加不同比例啤酒糟对泌乳水牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响

瘤胃pH是反映反刍动物瘤胃发酵和内环境稳定的重要指标,瘤胃pH的正常变化范围通常在5.5~7.5[27]。本试验中的瘤胃pH均在正常范围内,说明提高饲粮中啤酒糟的比例不会对泌乳水牛的瘤胃微生物环境产生不良影响。随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,瘤胃pH显著上升,碱性增加。这与李鹏程[28]在探究啤酒糟对育肥山羊瘤胃发酵参数的结果相一致。De Assis等[6]的研究结果显示,随着饲粮中啤酒糟比例的提高,瘤胃pH呈线性上升。王荣蛟[29]的研究结果显示,饲粮的精粗比例会影响瘤胃pH,当饲粮中粗饲料比例上升,纤维素、半纤维素含量就会提高,碳水化合物在瘤胃中的可降解率就会变低,最终导致瘤胃VFA含量降低,使得瘤胃pH升高[30]。瘤胃NH3-N是反映瘤胃发酵的重要指标,NH3-N是蛋白质分解的最终产物,也是合成瘤胃微生物蛋白的前体物质[31]。本试验中,随着饲粮中啤酒糟比例的提高,瘤胃NH3-N含量显著降低。其可能的原因是饲粮中CP含量下降,可溶性蛋白质含量降低,淀粉与蛋白质的比值上升,导致瘤胃NH3-N含量下降,这与Piccioli-Cappelli等[32]用不同蛋白质水平的饲粮饲喂生长牦牛的试验结果相一致。Faccenda等[33]的研究结果显示,在肉牛饲粮中添加啤酒糟,肉牛瘤胃NH3-N含量显著低于对照组。根据丁静美等[34]关于饲粮不同NDF与非纤维性碳水化合物(NFC)比例对肉用绵羊瘤胃发酵参数的研究结果,推断本试验中泌乳水牛的瘤胃NH3-N含量随着啤酒糟添加比例的提高而降低,可能的原因是啤酒糟中NDF含量丰富,而NDF含量增加导致动物的反刍次数增加,从而使得更多的有机酸被唾液中和,导致pH提高。铵离子( NH 4 +)不易被瘤胃吸收,因此随着瘤胃pH的提高,氨(NH3)在瘤胃中更难与氢离子(H+)结合形成N H 4 +,使得瘤胃中的NH3-N含量下降,这与崔浩然等[35]的试验结果相一致。乳酸是反刍动物瘤胃内代谢碳水化合物的中间产物[36],瘤胃乳酸过高可能会导致反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒,因此乳酸是衡量瘤胃功能是否正常的重要指标。乳酸也是肝脏进行糖异生反应的重要底物,乳酸脱氢酶将乳酸氧化为丙酮酸,同时烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)还原为还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH),丙酮酸在线粒体中转化为草酰乙酸,经酶催化最终生成葡萄糖[37]。本试验中,瘤胃中的乳酸含量随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高而显著提高,这弥补了瘤胃VFA减少所造成的能量损失,使动物机体的能量维持在正常水平。本试验中瘤胃乳酸含量显著提高的原因可能是因为饲粮中的NDF含量较高,需通过乳酸加强对NDF的消化,平衡能量[38]。
VFA主要由瘤胃微生物分解可降解碳水化合物而产生,包括乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸等,且乙酸、丙酸、丁酸约占瘤胃TVFA的95%以上[39],且为反刍动物的主要供能物质。瘤胃中VFA的吸收是一个被动过程,粗饲料的比例增加,饲粮的精粗比下降,会加剧瘤胃的运动,降低瘤胃VFA含量[40]。黄佑倩等[41]研究表明,全混合日粮的精粗比降低,会使得山羊的瘤胃VFA含量显著降低。本试验中,瘤胃VFA含量随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高显著降低,其可能原因时,随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,饲粮的精粗比降低,这与上述研究结果相符。袁鑫[42]研究显示,用白酒糟替代基础饲粮中40%的精料,瘤胃液中乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量均下降,究其原因可能是酒糟中残留了营养价值较低的物质,影响了瘤胃微生物降解纤维素,导致VFA的生成减少。简仕燕[43]用不同比例的红曲米酒糟与豆粕进行山羊瘤胃体外发酵,其结果显示随着红曲米酒糟与豆粕比例的提高,其乙酸和丙酸含量显著下降。张余蓬等[44]研究结果显示,与对照组相比,75%白酒糟组山羊瘤胃液乙酸和丁酸含量显著降低,TVFA含量也显著下降。Polyorach等[45]的研究结果表明,精粗比更高的饲粮,其更倾向于丙酸型发酵,非结构碳水化合物在瘤胃中发酵使得丙酸和丁酸的含量提高,瘤胃中乙酸/丙酸值降低。本试验中,随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,泌乳水牛瘤胃VFA含量下降,糖异生作用减弱,导致动物机体的供能减少[46],这可能也是采食量增加的原因之一。

4 结论

① 随着饲粮中啤酒糟添加比例的提高,泌乳水牛的采食量和产奶量提高,但对乳成分不会产生不良影响;同时,饲粮中添加啤酒糟会降低瘤胃NH3-N和VFA含量,提高瘤胃pH和乳酸含量,从而能够维持机体的正常能量供给,并且不会对瘤胃的内环境产生不良影响。
② 在本试验条件下,采用100%啤酒糟替代豆粕的饲粮饲喂泌乳水牛效果较好,因此可以在实际生产中提高啤酒糟在饲粮中的比例,以降低豆粕的使用量。

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