Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 6: 3811 - 3822

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.327

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Concentration to Coarse Ratio on Lactation Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indicators of Wendeng Dairy Goats during Peak Lactation Period

  • WANG Jinhu , 1 ,
  • LIN Yingting 1 ,
  • REN Xujie 2 ,
  • CHENG Ming 3 ,
  • LI Dalu 1 ,
  • QIN Feiyu 1 ,
  • GUO Yixuan , 1, * ,
  • ZHU Fenghua , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 Pingdu Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Qingdao 266700, China
  • 3 Qingdao Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao 266100, China
*lecturer, E-mail: ;
senior laboratory scientist, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-01-01

  Online published: 2024-06-07

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary concentrate to coarse ratio on lactation performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indicators of Wendeng dairy goats during peak lactation period. Five diets were prepared for the experiment, and the contents of crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in each diet were basically the same. The concentrate to coarse ratio the five diets were 70∶30 (D70 group), 60∶40 (D60 group), 50∶50 (D50 group), 40∶60 (D40 group) and 30∶70 (D30 group), respectively. Sixty healthy Wendeng dairy goats with the body weight of (45.28±1.24) kg, milk production of (2.11±0.27) kg/d, 3 parities and lactation peak period (90 days of lambing) were selected and randomly divided into five groups, with three replicates in each group and four goats in each replicate.The experimental period was 75 days, with a pre-trial period of 15 days and a trial period of 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the daily average feed intake (ADFI) of the D70 group was extremely significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.01); the daily average milk yield (DMY) of D70 and D60 groups was extremely significantly higher than that of D50, D40 and D30 groups (P<0.01), and the D70 group was significantly higher than the D60 group (P<0.05); the 4% fat corrected milk (4% FCM) yield of D70 and D60 groups was extremely significantly higher than that of D50, D40 and D30 groups (P<0.01); the feed to milk ratio (F/M) of the D30 group was extremely significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.01); the milk fat percentage in the D30 group was extremely significantly higher than that of the D70 group (P<0.01), and significantly higher than that of the D60 and D50 groups (P<0.05); the milk protein percentage and lactose percentage of the D70 group were significantly higher than those of the other groups (P<0.05). 2) The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and CP in the D70 group was extremely significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.01), while the apparent digestibility of ether extract (EE) of the D70 and D60 groups was extremely significantly higher than that of the D50, D40 and D30 groups (P<0.01); the extremely apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acidic detergent fiber (ADF) and acidic detergent lignin (ADL) of the D70 group was extremely significantly higher than that of the D40 and D30 groups (P<0.01), and significantly higher than that of the D50 group (P<0.05). 3) The serum glucose (GLU) content of the D70, D60 and D50 groups were significantly higher than those of the D40 and D30 groups (P<0.05); the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity of the D50, D40 and D30 groups was significantly higher than that of the D70 and D60 groups (P<0.05); the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity of the D70 group was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05); the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of the D30 group was significantly higher than that of the D70, D60 and D50 groups (P<0.05); the immunoglobulin A (IgA) content of the D60 group was extremely significantly higher than that of the D40 and D30 groups (P<0.01), and significantly higher than that of the D50 group (P<0.05). In summary, the lactation performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, antioxidant and immune functions of Wendeng dairy goats during peak lactation period are better when dietary concentrate to coarse ratio is 70∶30.

Key words： concentrate to coarse ratio; Wendeng dairy goats; lactation performance; nutrient apparent digestibility; antioxidant ability; immune function

Cite this article

WANG Jinhu , LIN Yingting , REN Xujie , CHENG Ming , LI Dalu , QIN Feiyu , GUO Yixuan , ZHU Fenghua . Effects of Dietary Concentration to Coarse Ratio on Lactation Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indicators of Wendeng Dairy Goats during Peak Lactation Period[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(6) : 3811 -3822 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.327

文登奶山羊是我国自主培养的优良奶山羊品种,因具有生长发育快、抗病能力强、适应性广[1],母羊产奶率高、繁殖力强,公羊肉质细腻、产肉率高等特点,于2009年被认定为国家级畜禽新品种[2]。近年来,文登奶山羊已步入规模化、集约化养殖阶段,饲草料的组成尤其是精粗比对其泌乳性能的影响较大。在反刍动物饲粮中,粗饲料通常占比在40%~70%,甚至更高水平,是反刍动物的重要营养来源[3]。中性洗涤纤维(NDF)长期被认为是表示纤维的最佳指标,反刍动物的采食量、营养物质消化率、生长性能与饲粮精粗比密切相关[4]。邓维等[5]研究发现,开食料精粗比为56∶44为20%时对湖羊羔羊生长发育具有最佳的促进作用。李纯等[6]研究发现,与饲喂精粗比为30∶70的全混合日粮(TMR)相比,泌乳末期奶山羊饲喂精粗比为40∶60的TMR采食量显著升高,料奶比(F/M)显著降低。奶山羊泌乳期盛期营养物质需要量通常较高,干物质采食量(DMI)占体重的3%~5%,每产1 kg 4%标准乳(4%FCM),DMI为0.4~0.5 kg,需要2.93 MJ的净能、51 g的可消化蛋白质[7]。若饲粮精粗比降低,则会造成动物ADFI下降[8],降低饲料在胃肠道中的流通速率,增加饲料在胃肠道中的停留时间,影响营养物质消化吸收[9],并增加乙酸的产量,有益于泌乳动物乳脂率的提高[10];而当饲粮精料比例增加时,大量的碳水化合物发酵会降低瘤胃内pH,影响瘤胃内微生物繁衍,进而降低营养物质表观消化率[11]。究竟泌乳期奶山羊适宜的饲粮精粗比为多少,迄今为止还没见报道。本试验拟通过研究饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期文登奶山羊泌乳性能、养分表观消化率及抗氧化及免疫功能的影响,旨在确定饲粮适宜的精粗比,为泌乳盛期奶山羊饲粮的合理配比进而提高生产性能提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

饲养试验于2023年3月20日至2023年6月5日在山东文登奶山羊科技小院进行。采用单因素试验设计,将60只体重(45.28±1.24) kg、产奶量(2.11±0.27) kg/d、3胎且处于泌乳盛期(产羔90 d)的体况健康的文登奶山羊随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复4只。5组奶山羊饲喂粗蛋白质(CP)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)含量一致,但精粗比分别为70∶30(D70组)、60∶40(D60组)、50∶50(D50组)、40∶60(D40组)、30∶70(D30组)的饲粮,采用TMR方式饲喂。试验期为75 d,其中预试期为15 d,正试期为60 d。

1.2 试验饲粮

参照《肉羊营养需要量》(NY/T 816—2021)[12]配制试验饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
D70 D60 D50 D40 D30
原料 Ingredients
豆粕 Soybean meal 13.3 14.5 15.2 16.3 17.2
玉米 Corn 51.5 40.0 30.0 19.0 8.3
玉米秸秆 Corn straw 0.5 10.5 19.0 29.0 38.0
全株玉米青贮 Whole corn silage 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0 23.0
花生秧 Peanut seedling 6.5 6.5 8.0 8.0 9.0
预混料 Premix1) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5
石粉 Limestone 0.7 1.0 0.3
食盐 NaCl 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
小苏打 NaHCO3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
合计 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 10.23 9.53 8.96 8.30 7.67
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 24.04 31.07 38.00 45.08 52.02
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 14.77 19.12 23.59 27.96 32.38
粗蛋白质 CP 14.01 14.04 14.00 14.02 14.00
钙 Ca 1.39 1.39 1.38 1.38 1.40
磷 P 0.47 0.46 0.45 0.47 0.43
精粗比 Concentrate to coarse ratio 70∶30 60∶40 50∶50 40∶60 30∶70

1)每千克预混料含有 Contained the following per kg of the premix:VA 370 000 IU,VD3 120 000 IU,VE 2 400 IU,生物素 biotin 24 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 720 mg,Mn 1 150 mg,Fe 750 mg,Zn 2 500 mg,Cu 600 mg,Se 21.5 mg,I 38 mg,Co 38 mg。

2)代谢能为参照NY/T 816—2021所得计算值,其余为实测值,每组饲粮样品测3个平行样。ME was a calculated value according to NY/T 816—2021, while the others were measured values. Measured 3 parallel samples of diet samples for each group.

1.3 饲养管理

试验羊每天饲喂4次(08:00、11:00、14:00和17:00),日剩料量控制在添加料量的5%左右,自由采食、饮水。每日04:30和16:30机器挤奶,记录试验羊体况与羊舍温度。消毒、免疫等按羊场常规程序进行,饲养管理条件保证一致。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 泌乳性能

以重复为单位每天记录试验羊的喂料量和剩料量,计算ADFI。
通过挤奶器的自动记录仪,每天准确记录每只试验羊的产奶量,计算日平均产奶量(DMY),并按照以下公式计算出4%FCM产量:

4%FCM产量(kg/d)=0.4M+15MF。

式中:M为试验期内每只羊每天的产奶量(kg);F为试验期内平均每只羊的乳脂率(%)。
F/M以重复为单位计算,公式如下:

F/M=ADFI/DMY。

1.4.2 乳品质

在正试期第58~60天,每天早、晚各采集乳样25 mL,置于4 ℃冰箱保存,连续采集3 d,将3 d的乳样混合均匀后进行乳品质指标测定。
使用LactiCheck RapiRead超声波乳品质分析仪(LC-01,北京天翔飞域科技有限公司)测定常规乳成分(乳脂率、乳糖率、乳蛋白率、非脂乳固体率)。

1.4.3 养分表观消化率

1.4.3.1 饲粮样品采集

在正试期第56~60天,通过五点取样法采集5种饲粮样本各500 g,连续采集5 d。试验结束后,将同种饲粮样本全部混合,于65 ℃烘箱烘至恒重,测定初水分后混匀,然后用四分法缩至200 g左右,用粉碎机粉碎,完全通过1 mm筛孔,密封保存备用。

1.4.3.2 粪样的采集

正试期第56~60天每天晨饲1 h后,每个重复采集未被污染的粪便200 g左右,连续采集5 d,按鲜样重的1/4加入10%硫酸溶液进行固氮处理,置于冰箱(-20 ℃)保存。试验结束后以重复为单位混合每天采集的粪样,于65 ℃烘至恒重制备风干粪样,放入密封袋保存备用。

1.4.3.3 测定指标及方法

饲粮与粪样中盐酸不溶灰分(AIA)、DM、CP、粗脂肪(EE)、NDF、ADF、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量以及饲粮中Ca和P含量分别参照 GB/T 23742—2009、GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 20806—2006、NY/T 1459—2022、GB/T 20805—2006、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018进行测定。
养分表观消化率的计算:

某养分表观消化率(%)=100-100×(A/C)×(B/D)。

式中:A为饲粮中AIA含量(%);B为粪中该养分含量(%);C为粪中AIA含量(%);D为饲粮中该养分含量(%)。

1.4.4 血清指标

在正试期最后1天晨饲前,每只羊空腹采集颈静脉血液10 mL于真空采血管中,2 800×g离心10 min,转移上清液于2 mL冻存管中,于-80 ℃冰箱中储存待用。

1.4.4.1 血清生化指标测定

使用FUJIFILM全自动血清生化分析仪(NX500iVC,富士胶片投资有限公司)测定血清中总蛋白(TP)、总胆固醇(TCHO)、白蛋白(ALB)、葡萄糖(GLU)、球蛋白(GLB)、总胆红素(TBIL)、尿素氮(UN)、肌酐(CRE)含量与γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,并计算白球比(ALB/GLB)。

1.4.4.2 血清抗氧化指标的测定

使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒检测血清中丙二醛(MDA)含量、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)与总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性。

1.4.4.3 血清免疫球蛋白含量的测定

用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒测定血清中免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量。

1.4.4.4 血清细胞因子含量的测定

使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的ELISA试剂盒测定血清中白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量。

1.5 数据处理与统计分析

用Excel 2019进行数据整理后使用SPSS21.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,以P<0.01表示差异极显著,P<0.05表示差异显著。试验结果以平均值±标准差表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊泌乳性能的影响

由表2可知,ADFI随着饲粮精粗比的降低而降低,D70组极显著高于其他组(P<0.01),D60组极显著高于D50组、D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D50组极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01);D70组的DMY极显著高于D50组、D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D60组和D50组极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D60组显著高于D50组(P<0.05),D40组显著高于D30组(P<0.05);D70组的4%FCM产量极显著高于D50组、D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D60组和D50组极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D60组显著高于D50组(P<0.05);D30组的F/M极显著高于其他组(P<0.01)。
表2 饲粮精粗比对奶山羊泌乳性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary concentration to coarse ratio on lactation performance of dairy goats

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
D70 D60 D50 D40 D30
平均日采食量 ADFI/kg 3.70±0.00Aa 3.30±0.00Bb 3.13±0.06Cc 2.37±0.06Dd 2.40±0.00Dd <0.001
日平均产奶量 DMY/(kg/d) 2.30±0.07Aa 2.09±0.12ABb 1.85±0.11Bc 1.48±0.13Cd 1.27±0.03Ce <0.001
4%标准乳产量
4%FCM yield/(kg/d)		 1.90±0.01Aa 1.87±0.07ABa 1.67±0.14Bb 1.35±0.09Cc 1.23±0.02Cc <0.001
料奶比 F/M 1.56±0.46Bb 1.58±0.09Bb 1.60±0.11Bb 1.60±0.13Bb 1.86±0.46Aa 0.014

同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

Peer data with the same letter or no letter on the shoulder indicated no significant difference (P>0.05), with different lowercase letters indicated significant difference (P<0.05), and with different uppercase letters indicated extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The following table is the same.

2.2 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊乳品质的影响

由表3可知,随着饲粮精粗比降低,乳脂率升高,乳蛋白率和乳糖率降低;D30组的乳脂率极显著高于D70组(P<0.01),显著高于D60组和D50组(P<0.05),D60组、D50组和D40组显著高于D70组(P<0.05);D70组的乳蛋白率和乳糖率显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);各组间非脂乳固体率差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮精粗比对奶山羊乳品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary concentration to coarse ratio on milk quality of dairy goats%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
D70 D60 D50 D40 D30
乳脂率 Milk fat percentage 2.91±0.21Bc 3.34±0.26ABb 3.37±0.22ABb 3.43±0.10ABab 3.79±0.22Aa 0.007
乳蛋白率 Milk protein percentage 3.42±0.10a 3.22±0.07b 3.18±0.10b 3.17±0.07b 3.16±0.07b 0.050
乳糖率 Lactose percentage 5.05±0.16a 4.75±0.09b 4.68±0.15b 4.67±0.11b 4.65±0.12b 0.045
非脂乳固体率
Non-fat solid percentage		 8.32±1.31 8.62±0.18 8.49±0.27 8.68±0.20 8.60±0.25 0.958

2.3 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊养分表观消化率的影响

由表4可知,D70组的DM表观消化率极显著高于D60组和D50组(P<0.01),D60组和D50组极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01);D70组和D60组的EE表观消化率极显著高于其他组(P<0.01),D50组极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D40组极显著高于D30组(P<0.01);D70组的CP表观消化率极显著高于其他各组(P<0.01),D60组极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D50组极显著高于D30组(P<0.01),D60组显著高于D50组(P<0.05),D50组显著高于D40组(P<0.05);D70组、D60组和D50组的NDF表观消化率极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D70组显著高于D50组(P<0.05);D70组的ADF表观消化率极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D70组显著高于D50组(P<0.05),D60组显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.05);D70组的ADL表观消化率显著高于D50、D40组和D30组(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮精粗比对奶山羊养分表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary concentration to coarse ratio on apparent digestibility of nutrients of dairy goats%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
D70 D60 D50 D40 D30
干物质 DM 92.18±0.69Aa 88.56±1.27Bb 87.87±1.83Bb 80.50±0.34Cc 79.34±1.98Cc <0.001
粗脂肪 EE 80.35±2.67Aa 77.61±2.36Aa 58.23±5.46Bb 43.41±2.28Cc 28.99±8.44Dd <0.001
粗蛋白质 CP 82.74±1.25Aa 77.71±0.57Bb 74.30±2.70BCc 71.22±0.44CDd 68.88±1.13Dd <0.001
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 80.08±3.59Aa 76.45±4.72ABab 70.57±6.87ABbc 67.78±1.71Cc 66.06±1.60Cc 0.010
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 74.53±3.05Aa 69.33±1.50ABab 64.55±8.41ABbc 60.50±0.90Bc 59.93±2.12Bc 0.007
酸性洗涤木质素 ADL 74.12±3.69a 68.09±1.61ab 63.61±8.90b 59.41±1.46b 59.83±1.21b 0.011

2.4 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊血清生化指标的影响

由表5可知,D70组、D60组和D50组血清GLU含量显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.05);D50组、D40组和D30组血清ALT活性显著高于D70组和D60组(P<0.05);血清其他生化指标各组间差异均不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮精粗比对奶山羊血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary concentration to coarse ratio on serum biochemical indicators of dairy goats

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
D70 D60 D50 D40 D30
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 73.00±1.75 78.25±1.95 78.92±5.43 79.42±3.25 78.08±2.24 0.181
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 31.25±0.25 32.58±0.52 32.58±0.88 32.58±0.14 32.42±1.01 0.123
球蛋白 GLB/(g/L) 41.75±2.00 45.67±1.44 46.33±6.29 47.58±2.32 45.83±1.88 0.327
白球比 ALB/GLB 0.76±0.03 0.72±0.01 0.72±0.10 0.69±0.04 0.73±0.03 0.641
尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) 8.54±0.60 9.84±1.39 9.85±0.61 9.88±0.69 10.46±1.14 0.230
肌酐 CRE/(μmol/L) 43.83±3.02 48.25±7.61 45.17±5.13 49.00±1.15 50.50±3.70 0.426
总胆固醇 TCHO/(mmol/L) 2.49±0.16 2.49±0.19 2.37±0.29 2.12±0.10 2.27±0.33 0.307
葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) 3.18±0.24a 2.95±0.31a 2.93±0.18a 2.47±0.16b 2.46±0.07b 0.021
总胆红素 TBIL/(μmol/L) 5.33±0.88 4.00±0.66 4.75±1.09 4.42±0.38 4.17±1.01 0.377
碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) 168.42±32.27 120.42±26.07 122.67±15.27 135.75±50.32 113.33±56.17 0.481
γ-谷氨酰转肽酶 GGT/(U/L) 69.00±17.14 48.83±2.47 39.67±6.66 47.58±13.73 41.08±9.79 0.058
丙氨酸氨基转移酶 ALT/(U/L) 20.42±1.26b 21.50±0.66b 25.17±1.42a 25.25±3.54a 25.50±0.43a 0.022

2.5 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,D70组血清T-SOD活性显著高于D50组、D40组和D30组(P<0.05);D30组血清MDA含量显著高于D70组、D60组和D50组(P<0.05);血清GSH-Px活性和T-AOC各组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮精粗比对奶山羊血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary concentration to coarse ratio on serum antioxidant indicators of dairy goats

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
D70 D60 D50 D40 D30
总超氧化物歧化酶
T-SOD/(U/mL)		 65.89±17.78a 55.09±5.56ab 39.28±11.15b 33.11±14.78b 31.86±2.87b 0.050
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 19.20±3.64 22.42±4.21 21.62±1.50 23.01±2.56 19.63±4.71 0.614
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) 2.79±1.99 1.74±1.09 1.57±0.65 2.68±1.11 2.08±1.06 0.694
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) 1.24±0.11b 1.25±0.30b 1.55±0.06b 1.75±0.59ab 2.30±0.46a 0.023

2.6 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊血清免疫指标的影响

由表7可知,D70组血清IgA含量极显著高于D40组,D60组极显著高于D40组和D30组(P<0.01),D70组显著高于D30组(P<0.05),D60组显著高于D50组(P<0.05);血清IgM、IgG、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10、IFN-γ含量各组间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。
表7 饲粮精粗比对奶山羊血清免疫指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary concentration to coarse ratio on serum immune indicators of dairy goats

项目
Items		 组别 Groups P值
P-value
D70 D60 D50 D40 D30
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL) 14.98±3.83 19.34±2.65 16.29±2.58 18.04±1.27 26.18±7.77 0.064
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(mg/mL) 16.25±3.90ABab 20.05±4.66Aa 12.26±2.55ABCbc 7.08±2.06Cc 8.75±2.58BCc 0.004
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 5.29±0.76 6.77±1.45 5.41±0.29 5.26±1.04 5.97±1.34 0.405
白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(ng/mL) 205.55±157.28 131.62±9.79 131.61±17.42 130.27±12.19 227.42±137.66 0.574
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(mg/mL) 146.97±32.51 151.55±18.93 132.63±15.24 137.43±35.40 137.86±29.33 0.910
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/mL) 146.97±32.52 178.10±7.83 168.17±19.68 150.75±6.84 137.86±29.34 0.389
干扰素-γ IFN-γ/(ng/L) 146.97±32.53 124.47±14.58 109.89±11.66 115.44±31.25 137.86±29.35 0.928

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊生产性能的影响

采食量和泌乳量可以直观地反映饲粮精粗比对奶山羊的影响。在本研究中,奶山羊分别饲喂精粗比为70∶30、60∶40、50∶50、40∶60、30∶70的饲粮,随着饲粮精粗比的降低,ADFI、DMY、4%FCM产量逐渐减少,F/M逐渐变大。与D70组相比,D60组、D50组、D40组、D30组的ADFI分别降低了10.8%、15.4%、35.9%、35.1%,DMY分别降低了5.7%、12.2%、22.2%、27.8%,4%FCM产量分别降低了1.6%、12.1%、29.0%、35.3%,D30组的F/M显著提高了19.2%,原因可能是由于粗料消化率低,动物采食后会增强饱腹感,且在瘤胃和消化道停留的时间延长,因此随着饲粮中粗料的比例增加ADFI会降低,摄入的能量也会减少,DMY随之降低,必然导致F/M提高。李纯等[6]研究发现,精粗比为40∶60组与精粗比为30∶70组相比,奶山羊的DMI显著提高,料重比(F/G)显著降低;卢盛勇等[13]研究表明,随着饲粮精粗比(40∶60、50∶50、60∶40)的升高,白山羊的DMI增加;耿亚楠[14]研究发现,精粗比为50∶50组与精粗比为30∶70组相比,奶山羊的DMI增加,乳脂率降低。本试验结果与上述研究结果基本一致。
乳品质和饲粮精粗比之间存在一定的关系,饲粮精粗比降低会影响瘤胃发酵模式和微生物蛋白合成,进而影响乳蛋白的合成和乳品质。本试验中,饲粮精粗比为70∶30组乳脂率最低,D60组、D50组、D40组和D30组与D70组相比,乳脂率分别提高了14.78%、15.81%、17.87%、30.24%,原因可能是,饲粮精粗比降低,瘤胃代谢产物乙酸产量增加,丙酸产量减少,乙酸和丙酸比例升高,乙酸是乳脂的前体物质,是生成乳脂的主要原料之一,乙酸含量增加有利于乳脂合成,进而提高乳脂率。Cummins[15]对奶牛的研究表明,当基础饲粮为玉米青贮时,精粗比为60∶40组的乳脂率低于精粗比为50∶50和40∶60组,与本试验结果基本一致。D70组的乳蛋白率和乳糖率含量最高,D60组、D50组、D40组和D30组与D70组相比,乳蛋白率和乳糖率分别降低了5.85%、7.02%、7.31%、7.60%和5.94%、7.33%、7.52%、7.92%,原因可能是,饲粮中精料比例增加,采食量增加,并且高精料饲粮的蛋白质、能量水平较高,进而导致乳糖率、乳蛋白率升高。史仁煌[16]对奶牛的研究也表明,随着饲粮精粗比的降低,乳脂率和乳脂产量线性增加,而乳蛋白率和乳蛋白产量呈线性降低,与本试验结果基本一致。

3.2 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊养分表观消化率的影响

养分表观消化率可以反映机体对养分的吸收利用情况。本研究发现,随着饲粮精粗比的降低,奶山羊的DM、CP、EE、NDF、ADF和ADL表观消化率逐渐降低,每种营养物质的表观消化率均以D70组最高,以D30组最低,原因可能是,饲粮精粗比影响饲粮在反刍动物瘤胃停留时间、有机酸的产生、pH、不同有机酸的比例以及瘤胃微生物种类与含量,从而影响瘤胃发酵,并且饲粮中纤维含量过高会缩短饲粮在瘤胃中的停留时间[17],加速食糜在胃肠道的流动,提高食糜外流速率,降低肠道对有机物、非纤维碳水化合物、CP、EE以及Ca和P等矿物质的整体消化率[18]。马甜等[19]研究发现,精粗比50∶50组和70∶30组与30∶70组相比,极显著提高了杜蒙羔羊的CP和NDF表观消化率;Valdés等[20]报道,当肉羊自由采食时,DM和有机物表观消化率随着饲粮精粗比的增加有降低趋势。上述研究结果与本试验结果基本一致。

3.3 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标是反映动物机体健康和生理代谢的重要指标[21]。在本研究中,D70组、D60组、D50组血清GLU含量显著高于D40组、D30组。由于动物体内90%以上的血糖都是依靠糖异生合成,从消化道中获取的葡萄糖仅占血糖总量的10%,而丙酸是糖异生的主要原料,当饲粮中粗料比例较高时,饲粮在瘤胃内发酵仅能产生少量的丙酸,因此无法合成足够的葡萄糖,导致血液中GLU含量较低[22],这也是乳糖率降低的主要原因。李永臻等[23]研究发现,饲粮精粗比为60∶40和20∶80时奶山羊血清GLU含量显著高于饲粮精粗比为80∶20时;Roche等[24]研究发现,提高饲粮精粗比可使奶牛血清GLU含量升高。上述研究结果与本试验结果基本一致。GGT、ALT、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)是反映机体肝脏功能健康状况的重要指标,当肝脏功能受到损伤时,其在血清中的活性会增加[25]。本试验中,D70组和D60组血清ALT活性显著低于D50组、D40组和D30组,表明精粗比为70∶30和60∶40的高精料饲粮对奶山羊的肝脏功能具有较好的保护作用。周力等[26]在高原藏羊上发现,试验至第90天时,精粗比为70∶30组血清ALT活性显著低于精粗比为30∶70组,与本试验结果相似。占今舜等[27]利用不同的精粗比的TMR饲喂黑山羊,在正试期第14天时,可能由于个体差异,试验前期低精料饲粮使山羊产生应激较大,导致精粗比为60∶40组黑山羊血清ALT、AST活性显著低于精粗比为50∶50和40∶60组,而在正试期第35天,精粗比为60∶40组的血清AST/ALT值高于精粗比为50∶50和40∶60组,表明长期饲喂高精料饲粮可能会造成山羊肝脏受损,与本试验结果不一致,可能是因为与肉羊比,泌乳盛期的奶山羊维持和泌乳要求更高的精料水平。

3.4 饲粮精粗比对泌乳盛期奶山羊免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响

血清IgA、IgM、IgG可以作为免疫抗体,参与到动物机体的免疫应答的过程中[28]。本试验中,D70组和D60组血清IgA含量显著或极显著高于D50组、D40组和D30组,说明高精料饲粮(饲粮精粗比为70∶30和60∶40)可以提高奶山羊的免疫力和抗病力。朱芬花等[29]研究表明,精粗比为60∶40的饲粮能显著提高奶牛血清IgA含量;马甜等[19]研究发现,饲粮精粗比为70∶30组杜蒙羔羊血清IgA含量极显著高于饲粮精粗比为30∶70组。上述研究结果与本试验结果基本一致。
GSH-Px、CAT、T-AOC、MDA与氧化应激密切相关,是判断动物机体氧化损伤程度的重要指标[30]。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是重要的抗氧化酶,可催化超氧化物歧化为过氧化氢(H2O2)和分子氧,从而清除机体中过多的自由基,保护细胞免受自由基的损害;MDA具有反映脂质过氧化的作用,是自由基作用于脂质产生过氧化反应的最终产物,可引起蛋白质、核酸等生命大分子的交联聚合,具有细胞毒性,是衰老生理和抵抗生理研究中常用的指标[31],它的含量取决于机体抗氧化能力的强弱[32],MDA含量越高,对动物机体造成的伤害就越大[33]。在本研究中,D70组血清T-SOD活性显著高于D50组、D40组、D30组,D30组血清MDA含量显著低于D70组、D60组、D50组,这表明,在奶山羊泌乳高峰期适当提高饲粮精粗比能够提高机体的抗氧化能力。李腾飞等[34]研究发现,饲粮NDF水平为35%组奶山羊血清MDA含量低于NDF水平为41%组;李纯等[6]研究发现,饲粮精粗比为40∶60组与30∶70组相比,可显著提高奶山羊血清T-SOD活性,降低MDA含量;董瑷榕等[35]对黑山羊羔羊的研究表明,随着饲粮精粗比的降低,血清T-SOD活性有升高趋势,GSH-Px、CAT活性和T-AOC提高,MDA含量降低。上述研究结果与本试验结果基本一致。

4 结论

饲喂高精料饲粮可以提高泌乳盛期文登奶山羊的采食量、泌乳性能、养分表观消化率、抗氧化能力和免疫功能。在本试验条件下,饲粮精粗比为70∶30时对泌乳盛期文登奶山羊的饲喂效果最好。

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