REVIEW

Research Progress on Nutritional Value of Wheat Bran and Its Application in Pig and Poultry Production

  • JIANG Xianji , 1, 2 ,
  • LI Rui , 1, * ,
  • YIN Yunju 1 ,
  • YIN Yulong 1, 2
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  • 1 Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Zone, National Engineering Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Technology in Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Processes, Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
  • 2 Hunan Co-Innovation Center of Animal Production Safety, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China

Received date: 2024-01-05

  Online published: 2024-07-09

Abstract

Wheat bran, with its high content of crude protein and fiber, is a common source of energy, protein and fiber in livestock and poultry diets. In actual production, wheat bran can replace some corn and soybean meal in pig and poultry diets. However, due to different varieties, sources, processing methods and contents of anti-nutritional factors, wheat bran has great variation in nutritional value, which will affect the precise formulation of pig and chicken diets. Therefore, the nutritional value and anti-nutritional factor contents of wheat bran and its application in pig and chicken diets were reviewed in this paper, so as to provide reference for rational application of wheat bran.

Cite this article

JIANG Xianji , LI Rui , YIN Yunju , YIN Yulong . Research Progress on Nutritional Value of Wheat Bran and Its Application in Pig and Poultry Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(7) : 4172 -4182 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.359

改革开放以来,我国饲料工业经历了30多年的高速发展期,饲料生产总量已连续多年稳居全球首位[1-2]。然而,随着饲料生产总量的饱和,饲料原料资源严重短缺、供给不稳定、价格波动大等问题给饲料及养殖企业带来了巨大挑战。饲料成本占养殖生产总成本的70%~80%,其中能量成本占50%~85%[3-4],目前,我国仍以玉米为主要能量饲料原料,但近些年的非洲猪瘟和“新冠”等导致饲料原料价格高位运行,饲料成本急剧增加,因此,企业迫切需要开发来源广泛、价格低廉的玉米替代品。
小麦是世界第二大粮食作物,而小麦麸是小麦加工面粉后的副产品(占23%~25%),按2022年小麦总产量13 772万t计算,我国每年的小麦麸产量可达2 000万t以上[5]。小麦麸是由种皮、糊粉层、部分胚芽及少量胚乳组成,按制粉工艺可分为小麸皮和大麸皮,依品种可划分为红粉麸与白粉麸[6-7]。目前,国内外仍缺乏统一的小麦制粉副产物分类标准,国内常以粗纤维(CF)、粗蛋白质(CP)和粗灰分(Ash)含量作为小麦麸和次粉分级依据[8]。例如,以粗纤维含量可将小麦制粉副产物分为小麦麸(9.2%、10.7%和11.43%)、次粉(4.9%、7.0%和5.47%)和饲用小麦麸(1.5%、1.9%和0.92%)[9-11]。当前小麦麸已经广泛用于畜禽生产中,并且能够取得良好的饲喂效果,其中牛、羊用量可达25%~30%,育肥猪使用量在15%以内,种鸡和产蛋鸡饲粮中用量可达5%~10%[12]。然而,因小麦品种、来源及加工工艺、抗营养因子含量等的不同造成小麦麸的营养价值变异大,难以满足畜禽不同生长阶段的精准营养物质需求。因此,本文综述了小麦麸的营养价值、抗营养因子含量以及在猪、鸡饲粮中的应用,旨在为小麦麸的合理应用提供参考。

1 小麦麸的营养价值

小麦麸的CP含量(14.8%~17.17%)高于玉米、大麦和高粱[8,13-14],其中糊粉层和种皮中的CP含量分别约为22.9%和5.1%[15],但小麦麸的蛋白质品质较差,其中谷蛋白(5.25%)、不溶性蛋白(4.09%)、丙氨蛋白(2.47%)、白蛋白(2.43%)和球蛋白(1.92%)占总蛋白的16.16%,畜禽可消化利用率较低[7,16]。国内外饲料原料数据库(表1)中小麦麸的粗脂肪(EE,2.66%~4.72%)、CF(6.50%~9.20%)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF,32.28%~39.60%)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF,10.08%~13.00%)和淀粉(19.80%~22.60%)含量差异较大[17-20],这可能与小麦品种、产地和加工方式等有关。此外,小麦麸还含有膳食纤维、麸蛋白和酚酸等功能活性物质[7]
表1 国内外饲料原料数据库中的小麦麸营养成分含量

Table 1 Nutrient contents of wheat bran in domestic and foreign feed ingredients database%

饲料原料数据库
Feed ingredient
databases
饲料原料
Feed
ingredients
干物质
DM
粗蛋
白质
CP
粗脂肪
EE
粗纤维
CF
无氮
浸出物
NFE
粗灰分
Ash
中性洗
涤纤维
NDF
酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF
总淀粉
Total
starch

Ca

P
植酸磷
Phytate
phosphorus
《中国饲料成分及营养价值表
(2022年第33版)》
Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive
Values in China (33rd ed, 2022)
小麦麸 87.00 15.70 3.90 6.50 56.00 4.90 37.00 13.00 22.60 0.11 0.92
中国猪营养需要(2020)
Nutrient requirements of swine in
China (2020)
小麦麸 89.57 17.17 2.66 8.57 4.82 35.88 10.08 22.27 0.09 0.81 0.52
美国NRC(2012)
NRC of America (2012)
小麦麸 87.38 15.08 4.72 7.77 4.16 32.28 11.00 22.56 0.10 0.99 0.88
法国INRA(2004)
INRA of France (2004)
小麦麸 87.1 14.8 3.4 9.2 5.0 39.6 11.9 19.8

1.1 小麦麸的有效能

小麦麸有效能值易受小麦脱麸工艺、化学组成的影响[11]。研究表明,小麦麸皮粒度影响其化学组成和有效能值,与粗麦麸相比,微粉碎后的小麦麸CP、粗脂肪和可溶性β-葡聚糖含量增加,纤维组成出现不同程度的变异[21],直接影响到小麦麸的有效能值[8]。Batterham等[22]发现,小麦麸NDF含量增加1%,其消化能(DE)值下降0.66%。黄强[11]也发现,小麦麸纤维中每增加1%的NDF,DE和代谢能(ME)值分别降低0.74%和0.66%。Wilfart等[23]在生长猪饲粮中添加40%小麦麸,饲粮总能(GE)消化率降低,这可能与饲粮中干物质(DM)和有机物(OM)消化率的降低有关。上述研究表明,小麦制粉工艺和化学组成是影响小麦麸有效能值的关键因素,也是小麦麸可充当饲料配方中的“能量稀释剂”的原因之一[24]。此外,小麦麸在饲粮中的添加比例、猪体重或生长阶段等也会影响到小麦麸猪的有效能。Morel等[25]使用小麦饲粮比小麦副产品饲粮饲喂生长育肥猪时,其表观消化率提高了约1%。Zhao等[26]用15%、25%、35%、45%和55%小麦麸替代基础饲粮中的玉米和豆粕,探究其对母猪[(85.0±2.1) kg]DE及GE全肠道表观消化率(ATTD)的影响,结果显示:在第7、14、21和28天,不同比例替代的平均DE分别为10.86、10.56、11.39和11.15 MJ/kg,ATTD分别为66.4%、64.5%、69.7%和68.1%。上述结果提示,小麦麸替代部分饲料原料会对猪DE及总ATTD产生影响,且不同生长阶段的猪对小麦麸的利用率也有所差异。因此,使用小麦麸作为原料替代时,应根据猪的生长阶段和需求进行合理配比。
中国猪营养需要(2020)[18]公布了小麦麸的猪DE和ME值分别为11.38和11.03 MJ/kg,高于美国NRC(2012)[20](10.135和9.698 MJ/kg)和法国INRA(2004)[19](9.3和8.8 MJ/kg)(表2)。黄强[11]报道,小麦麸、细小麦麸、次粉、低级面粉和饲用小麦粉的猪DE值分别为12.04、12.45、15.15、16.88和17.43 MJ/kg,ME值分别为10.75、11.09、13.43、14.90和15.40 MJ/kg。张志虎等[27]测得10种小麦麸对生长猪[(36.6±2.9) kg]的DE平均值为11.72 MJ/kg。蒋线吉等[28]测得小麦麸对猪[(35±3) kg]的DE和ME平均值分别为10.61和9.99 MJ/kg。Yang等[29]测得小麦麸对猪[(40.7±2.5) kg]的DE和ME值分别为12.23和11.82 MJ/kg。综上可知,文献报道的小麦麸有效能值高于国外数据库的报道值,与中国猪营养需要(2020)[18]基本持平。
表2 国内外饲料原料数据库中小麦麸有效能值

Table 2 Available energy value of wheat bran in domestic and foreign feed ingredient databasesMJ/kg

饲料原料数据库名称
Feed ingredient databases
饲料原料名称
Feed ingredients
总能GE 消化能DE 代谢能
ME
净能
NE
《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》
Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (33rd ed, 2022)
小麦麸 9.37 8.70 6.36
中国猪营养需要(2020)
Nutrient requirements of swine in China (2020)
小麦麸 17.11 11.38 11.03 7.90
美国NRC(2012)
NRC of America (2012)
小麦麸 16.78 10.13 9.69 6.89
法国INRA(2004)
INRA of France (2004)
小麦麸 16.40 9.30 8.80 6.30

1.2 小麦麸的氨基酸含量与消化率

小麦麸氨基酸组成较好,但是必需氨基酸含量以及标准回肠末端氨基酸消化率较低,且消化率随饲粮中纤维含量的升高而显著降低[8]。生产中利用小麦麸配制饲粮时,还需额外补充必需氨基酸。此外,粉碎粒度可以影响小麦麸氨基酸的含量,Li等[30]使用气流冲击式粉碎机将小麦麸粉碎分为粗(1 110 μm)、中等(235 μm)、细(84 μm)和超细(19 μm)4个等级,随着粉碎等级的提高,蛋白质提取率逐级升高(59%、80%、83%和92%),而超细麦麸(19 μm)中所有氨基酸含量和化学评分都得到提升,但必需氨基酸之间的比例不因粉碎等级而改变。美国NRC(2012)[20]报道的小麦麸蛋氨酸(0.22%)和色氨酸(0.22%)含量较低,苏氨酸(0.6%)和赖氨酸(0.52%)含量较高,含量最高的是脯氨酸(1.43%)和天冬氨酸(1.14%)。中国猪营养需要(2020)[18]中赖氨酸、蛋氨酸、苏氨酸和色氨酸含量均高于美国NRC(2012)[20]表3汇集了国内外饲料原料库[17-20]中小麦麸的氨基酸含量及猪回肠氨基酸消化率[表观回肠消化率(AID)和标准回肠消化率(SID)]值。由表3可知,除美国NRC(2012)[20]和中国猪营养需要(2020)[18]外,其余数据库均缺乏小麦麸氨基酸AID和SID数据。
表3 国内外饲料原料数据库中小麦麸的氨基酸含量及AID和SID

Table 3 Amino acid content and AID and SID of wheat bran in domestic and foreign feed raw material database%

项目
Items
中国猪营养需要(2020)
Nutritional Requirements of
Pigs in China(2020)
美国NRC(2012)
NRC of America (2012)
法国INRA(2004)
France INRA(2004)
中国饲料成分及营养价值表
(2022年第33版)
Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive
Values in China (33rd ed, 2022)
含量
Content
表观回肠
消化率
AID
标准回肠
消化率
SID
含量
Content
表观回肠
消化率
AID
标准回肠
消化率
SID
含量
Content
表观回肠
消化率
AID
标准回肠
消化率
SID
含量
Content
表观回肠
消化率
AID
标准回肠
消化率
SID
粗蛋白质 CP 17.17 64 72 15.08 69 78 14.80 15.70 78
必需氨基酸 Essential amino acids
精氨酸 Arg 1.08 84 88 0.77 78 90 0.91 1.00 90
组氨酸 His 0.44 86 91 0.39 68 76 0.38 0.41 76
异亮氨酸 Ile 0.51 75 82 0.47 72 75 0.47 0.51 75
亮氨酸 Leu 1.07 79 86 0.80 61 73 0.91 0.96 73
赖氨酸 Lys 0.71 73 80 0.52 61 73 0.58 0.63 73
蛋氨酸 Met 0.25 82 86 0.22 67 72 0.23 0.23 72
苯丙氨酸 Phe 0.61 75 82 0.49 74 83 0.58 0.62 83
苏氨酸 Thr 0.54 57 63 0.60 48 64 0.47 - 0.50 64
色氨酸 Trp 0.25 72 79 0.22 59 73 0.19 0.50 73
缬氨酸 Val 0.82 62 68 0.66 70 79 0.67 0.71 79
非必需氨基酸 Non-essential amino acids
丙氨酸 Ala 0.78 67 74 1.79 52 58 0.63
天冬氨酸 Asp 1.14 67 76 3.38 63 66 0.94
半胱氨酸 Cys 0.39 71 80 0.74 70 77 0.31 0.32 77
谷氨酸 Glu 3.23 84 88 5.03 84 84 2.98
甘氨酸 Gly 0.85 61 68 1.44 57 67 0.70
脯氨酸 Pro 1.43 67 75 0 80 87 0.98
丝氨酸 Ser 0.70 71 79 1.52 67 73 0.64
酪氨酸 Tyr 0.49 83 89 0.69 51 56 0.36 0.43 56

1.3 小麦麸中的饲粮纤维

小麦麸因木质化程度较高,其粗纤维、不可溶纤维和可溶纤维含量高[8,20],是饲粮纤维的重要来源。过高的饲粮纤维水平会导致营养物质在肠道内的消化时间减少,而食糜在肠道内停留时间的增加可提高动物对营养物质消化吸收[31]。Shi等[32]研究了菊芋粉、小麦麸、玉米蛋白粉和米糠粉来源的NDF对经产母猪整个妊娠期的影响,结果发现,小麦麸和米糠可显著降低CP、EE、NDF和ANF的ATTD。此外,高饲粮纤维(果胶)含量还会导致氨基酸和蛋白质的内源损失增加、消化率降低[33]。Lyu等[34]发现,随饲粮纤维水平增加,蛋氨酸的AID和SID呈下降趋势,GE的ATTD降低。Lenis等[35]在饲粮中添加15%纯化后的NDF,发现氨基酸的AID可降低2.0%~5.5%。
饲粮纤维水平在猪不同体重阶段的利用效率有所不同,体重为20 kg的猪小肠发育已接近成熟,而后肠道的发育成熟需要到150 kg才会停止[36]。相对于小猪,大猪后肠道能更好利用小麦麸产生更多的挥发性脂肪酸供机体利用[8]。有研究表明,成年母猪比生长猪对小麦麸的有效能利用率高5%左右[10]。生长猪和肥育猪的后肠道能量贡献不同是导致饲粮养分消化率和能量值差异的关键因素之一[33]。Son等[37]分别饲喂阉公猪3种饲粮(基础组、20%小麦麸组和40%小麦麸组)后发现,GE、CP的表观消化率和ATTD随小麦麸添加比例的增加而呈线性降低,然而,DM和EE在后肠道的消化率随小麦麸添加比例的增加呈线性升高。Iyayi等[38]用3种饲粮(75.1、105.7和146.9 g/kg NDF) 饲喂18头猪,测定样品中能量值和短链脂肪酸含量等,结果显示:随着饲粮NDF含量的增加,回肠食糜流量和粪便中DM含量显著增加,短链脂肪酸发酵的能量对整个消化道的贡献率从10.7%上升至24.2%,前肠可利用能量从3 360 kcal/kg(1 kcal=0.004 184 MJ)减少到2 974 kcal/kg,后肠可利用能量从619 kcal/kg增加到1 009 kcal/kg。以上试验结果表明,猪的后肠道可通过发酵提高饲粮纤维的利用率。Bach Kundsen等[39]认为,猪后肠道发酵对小麦麸消化率的贡献可达60%左右。造成这种情况的原因可能是猪肠道微生物对高纤维饲粮的适应及区系数量的改变[40]和肠道本身对高纤维饲粮的适应[41]。因此,在生产实践中,随着猪不断生长,有可能会低估高纤维原料的有效能值和营养物质的利用率[8]

2 小麦麸中的主要抗营养因子

小麦麸主要的抗营养因子有非淀粉多糖(NSP)和霉菌毒素等[8]。NSP是一种细胞壁多糖,存在于植物细胞壁中,由若干单糖通过糖苷键连接成的多聚体[42]。小麦麸中NSP含量较多,不同品种的小麦麸NSP含量可达27%~38%,其中不可溶性NSP含量为25%~35%,可溶性NSP含量为1.0%~2.5%[43]。NSP可增加食糜黏度,延长食糜在肠道内的停留时间,使食糜与小肠黏膜接触面积减少,降低底物和消化酶的扩散速度,使其与黏膜表面的有效相互作用降低。此外,高黏度的食糜会延迟胃排空和饲料转运时间,进而刺激肠道微生物生长和血糖值下降,最终导致生长速度减缓,并降低畜禽的生产性能[8,42]。小麦麸的霉菌毒素由呕吐毒素、黄曲霉毒素、玉米赤霉烯酮毒素和赭曲霉毒素等组成。霉菌毒素主要通过免疫系统损伤动物多种组织和器官,造成免疫复合性损伤[8]。Zhuo等[44]使用霉变麦麸和霉变玉米(0、25%、50%、75%和100%)饲喂后备母猪,结果显示:随着霉变麦麸和霉变玉米比例的增加,后备母猪的原始卵泡、生长卵泡和黄体数量呈线性减少,血清中类胰岛素生长因子1含量和总超氧化物歧化酶活性均出现降低,血清和肝脏中丙二醛含量升高。

3 小麦麸在畜禽生产中的应用

3.1 小麦麸在猪生产中的应用

小麦麸有效能值和营养物质利用率都较低,主要在配方中作为饲粮纤维来源使用,具有稀释饲粮营养成分的作用[8]。小麦麸可以作为妊娠后期和哺乳期母猪很好的饲粮纤维来源[45],育肥猪阶段大量使用小麦麸则会导致猪胴体品质下降,出现白色硬体脂[46-47],仔猪饲喂过多小麦麸会导致消化不良等情况[8]
Zhao等[48]探究生长猪和保育猪对小麦麸DE的影响,在生长猪的饲喂试验中,随着饲粮小麦麸添加水平(5%、15%、25%和35%)的提高,DE的ATTD呈线性下降;而饲喂保育猪5%的小麦麸可降低前14 d和全期(28 d)的料重比(F/G),显著增加粪便中丁酸盐和戊酸盐浓度以及肠道微生物群落的多样性,改善了保育猪的生长性能[49]。此外,饲喂香村猪饲粮含4.3%的小麦麸可显著提高F/G,平均日增重(ADG)和抗氧化能力,且香村猪的小肠绒毛高度、绒毛高度/隐窝深度比、空肠蔗糖酶和回肠麦芽糖酶活性显著提高[50]。饲粮添加4%的小麦麸还可增加断奶仔猪的回肠挥发性脂肪酸(乙酸、丙酸、戊酸)含量,但会影响仔猪的DE值、常规化学成分的ATTD值[51]。此外,小麦麸还可以作为氧化锌替代品饲喂保育猪,Batson等[52]分别饲喂保育猪含氧化锌饲粮和含4%小麦麸饲粮,结果显示,4%小麦麸提高了保育猪ADG。综上所述,饲粮中高比例小麦麸可导致生长猪对营养物质利用率下降,但是随着饲喂时间延长,猪后肠菌群逐渐发育完全,可提高对小麦麸纤维的利用,且饲粮中添加较低比例的小麦麸可提升仔猪的肠道健康和生长性能。
Shang等[53]使用基础饲粮(玉米-豆粕型)和小麦麸(母猪妊娠期添加30%,泌乳期添加15%)从母猪妊娠第85天开始饲喂至泌乳期结束,结果显示,小麦麸组妊娠第110天血清总胆固醇和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量降低了,表明在母猪妊娠后期和哺乳期添加小麦麸纤维可显著提高母猪健康。同时,在母猪妊娠后期和哺乳期间饲粮中添加小麦麸可改善仔猪的生长性能、免疫反应、肠道形态和微生物群[54]。Wang等[55]在基础饲粮(玉米-豆粕型)中分别添加20%粗麦麸(粒径605 μm)和20%细麦麸(粒径438 μm)饲喂妊娠母猪,数据显示:与基础饲粮组比,细麦麸组和粗麦麸组的能量、ADF和NDF含量的ATTD显著下降;细麦麸组食糜黏度增加且食糜从口腔至回肠速率下降,回肠食糜乳酸杆菌数量增多,粪便中梭菌数量下降,但粪便中丁酸盐含量比对照组和粗麦麸组高。使用同等比例和不同粒径的小麦麸饲喂二胎母猪后发现,与粗麦麸(粒径605 μm)相比,在整个妊娠期间饲喂细麦麸(粒径438 μm)的怀孕母猪的体重和脂肪沉积量低于饲喂粗麦麸(粒径605 μm)的母猪,而所产的仔猪体重均好于粗麦麸组;饲喂至母猪妊娠第90天,细麦麸可降低血清脂质、抵抗素、瘦素和IL-6的含量,显著减少了厚壁菌门的相对丰度,增加了拟杆菌门的相对丰度和粪便中总短链脂肪酸、丁酸和丙酸含量[56]。综上所述,饲粮中添加较细的麦麸饲喂母猪可有效改善母猪的生长性能和健康状态。

3.2 小麦麸在鸡生产中的应用

Wanzenböck等[57]测定了小麦麸和发酵麦麸对蛋鸡的生长性能以及常规营养物质利用率,结果显示,饲粮中添加15%小麦麸和15%发酵麦麸并不会导致蛋鸡饲料转化率、产蛋性能和肠道微生物群数量下降,然而,15%小麦麸会使DM和淀粉消化率降低,但15%发酵麦麸可以提高饲粮中脂肪和磷的消化率。Wang等[58]发现,小麦麸经发酵,其CP、总多酚、甘露聚糖、膳食纤维和三氯乙酸可溶性蛋白的含量增加,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加10%发酵麦麸提升了血清抗炎因子、免疫球蛋白、生殖激素和血清生化指标的水平,改善了蛋鸡的免疫性能和生产性能。Morgan等[59]发现,10%的小麦麸与低聚木糖或木聚糖酶联用,可以提高商品蛋鸡的回肠蛋白质消化率、NSP的不溶性降解率和肠道有益菌群的丰度。另有研究表明,3%小麦麸和木聚糖酶(100 mg/kg)的联用还可提高老龄蛋鸡DM、OM、CP消化率和绒毛表面积,而6%小麦麸和木聚糖酶(100 mg/kg)的联用则可提升老龄母鸡的日产蛋量[60]。Wanzenböck等[61]在产蛋鸡饲粮中添加不同比例小麦麸(0、75和150 g/kg)与葵花籽油或菜籽油联用,测试对鸡蛋品质的影响,最终发现75和150 g/kg添加比例的小麦麸组可提高鸡蛋中α-生育酚含量。有研究显示,饲粮中添加17.5%小麦麸和2.5%大豆油联用,可显著降低40周龄的褐壳蛋鸡每蛋重饲料系数,提高褐壳蛋鸡生产性能[62]。综上所述,饲粮中添加3%~10%的小麦麸,同时与木聚糖酶、低聚木糖、葵花籽油、菜籽油和大豆油等联用可提升母鸡产蛋率、蛋品质以及对营养物质的利用率。
Shang等[63]使用3%小麦麸饲粮饲喂肉鸡(试验从第1~21天)可显著提高盲肠总短链脂肪酸和丁酸含量,降低血清肿瘤坏死因子-α含量和二胺氧化酶活性,提高空肠黏膜免疫球蛋白A含量。使用30 g/kg小麦麸饲粮饲喂肉鸡(试验从第1~42天)还可以提高OM、DM、CP和GE的消化率,显著降低血清总胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白和总甘油三酯含量;肉鸡的嗉囊发育、抗氧化状态、肠道消化酶活性得到明显改善[64]。由此可知,饲粮中添加一定比例的小麦麸可改善肠道健康、免疫和抗氧化功能。Molnár等[65]将产丁酸梭菌与小麦麸混合饲喂罗斯308杂交种肉鸡,发现盲肠以拟杆菌门相对丰度最高,其次为厚壁菌门,但生产性能没有显著提高。将多酶[1,4-β-木聚糖酶(336 000 IXU)、1,4-β-葡聚糖酶(150 000 TGU)和植酸酶(350 000 FTU)]添加到不同比例的小麦麸(0、4%、8%和12%)饲粮中饲喂720只科宝500肉仔鸡[体重(156.00±0.95) g]后,多酶和小麦麸的联用组血红蛋白含量、白细胞及红细胞数量、红细胞压积和血清胆固醇含量降低,同时提高了F/G[66]。饲粮中菊粉(2%)与小麦麸(10%)的联用可使肉鸡在试验前21 d的增重提高,肠道内双歧杆菌数量显著降低[67]。综上所述,小麦麸与益生菌和多酶等物质联用可有效改善雏鸡健康和生产性能。

3.3 小麦麸在反刍动物生产中的应用

Iqbal等[68]将28头杂交(荷斯坦×萨希瓦尔)奶牛随机分为4个试验组,分别将麦秸、燕麦秸与玉米粒、小麦麸配制成4种饲粮,在产犊前42 d至产犊后56 d进行饲喂试验,结果显示,麦秸和小麦麸组奶牛第1~3周产奶量提高,奶牛健康状况得到提升及亚临床酮症发生率降低。研究发现,奶牛饲粮中添加10%或20%的硬麦麸还可以提高牛奶品质,添加20%硬麦麸的饲粮中牛奶的酪蛋白含量和凝乳硬度较高,奶牛的饲料转化率和净粮食产量显著提升,奶酪中多酚含量高,过氧化物数量少,抗氧化能力强,添加20%硬麦麸比添加10%硬麦麸组的饲粮成本低[69]。因此,在奶牛饲粮中添加小麦麸可以提高奶牛的产奶量和牛奶品质,奶牛的机体健康得到提升[69]

4 小结

小麦麸在畜禽生产中的应用已取得不错的效果,可部分替代饲粮配方中玉米和豆粕,降低生产成本,提高经济效益。目前,关于小麦麸氨基酸消化率以及不同制粉工艺对小麦麸常规营养成分的影响的研究较为缺乏,且国内外对小麦制粉副产物分类没有统一的定义和分类标准,这限制了小麦麸的进一步应用。因此,后续可进一步完善小麦制粉工艺标准化,进行更多消化代谢试验,全面评价小麦麸抗营养因子对畜禽的影响,完善国内小麦麸数据库参数,以便可以精准配制动物饲粮。
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