Effects of Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine Fermented with Bacteria and Enzymes on Growth Performance and serum Immune, Antioxidant and Growth-Related Hormone Indices of Weaned Piglets

LIU Xianjun; SU Qing; MA Xudong; CHEN Jing; LIU Mingliang; LI Wen; LI Haidong; WANG Xinyu; GUO Jiahao

doi:10.12418/CJAN2024.365

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 7: 4233 - 4242

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.365

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine Fermented with Bacteria and Enzymes on Growth Performance and serum Immune, Antioxidant and Growth-Related Hormone Indices of Weaned Piglets

LIU Xianjun ,
SU Qing ,
MA Xudong ,
CHEN Jing ^,^** ,
LIU Mingliang ,
LI Wen ,
LI Haidong ,
WANG Xinyu ,
GUO Jiahao

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College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China

**E-mail: jingchen@syau.edu.cn

^* Contributed equally

Received date: 2024-01-18

Online published: 2024-07-09

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes on growth performance and serum immune, antioxidant and growth-related hormone indices of weaned piglets, to provide a theoretical basis for the application of compound Chinese herbal medicine in the production of weaned piglets. In this study, a single variate randomization design was adopted, and a total of 160 healthily weaned piglets at (28±2) days of age with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates per group and 8 pigs per replicate (half male and half female). Pigs in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily gain of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio were significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the contents of immunoglobulin G (IgG), albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP) of 1.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum interleukin-1 (IL-1) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content of 1.0% and 2.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content of 1.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the contents of growth hormone (GH) and gastrin (GAS) in serum of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum cortisol (COR) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the contents of insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triiodothyroxine (T₃) and tetraiodothyroxine (T₄) in serum of 1.0% compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes group were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes can improve the growth performance of weaned piglets, enhance the body immune function and antioxidant capacity, and increase the serum growth-related hormone contents. Under the conditions of this experiment, the dietary appropriate supplemental level of compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes is 1.0%.

Key words： fermented with bacteria and enzymes; compound Chinese herbal medicine; weaned piglets; growth performance; immune; antioxidant; hormone

Cite this article

LIU Xianjun , SU Qing , MA Xudong , CHEN Jing , LIU Mingliang , LI Wen , LI Haidong , WANG Xinyu , GUO Jiahao . Effects of Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine Fermented with Bacteria and Enzymes on Growth Performance and serum Immune, Antioxidant and Growth-Related Hormone Indices of Weaned Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(7) : 4233 -4242 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.365

仔猪断奶是生猪养殖生长过程中至关重要的阶段之一。一方面,仔猪需要及时适应新的环境,克服换料应激;另一方面,仔猪还要应对各种病原体的侵袭,因此免疫系统的发育和功能变得尤为重要。在断奶后的前几周内,仔猪的免疫力会逐渐降低,包括细胞免疫和体液免疫等方面。近年来,随着我国饲料添加剂方面“禁抗令”的颁布,研发新型替抗饲料添加剂已迫在眉睫。中草药因具有绿色安全、副作用小、耐药性低^[1]以及可以治疗动物疾病等优势,在研究饲料添加剂替抗领域备受瞩目,如党参、甘草、山药中富含多糖、酮类、蛋白质和维生素等活性成分,不仅能为动物机体提供一定的营养成分,还能够促进和恢复动物机体免疫机能,中草药进行适当的组合还有取长补短、增强药效的优势。研究发现,复方中草药饲料添加剂可以降低动物肠道炎症的程度,提高机体免疫力,促进机体对营养物质的吸收,还可以通过调节内分泌系统,增加生长激素(GH)的分泌,促进动物的生长发育^[2⇓-4]。同时,复方中草药饲料添加剂还可以调节甲状腺激素的合成和分泌,影响动物的新陈代谢^[5]。我国幅员辽阔,中草药资源极为丰富,但中草药活性成分大多包裹在紧密的植物细胞胞质中,不易被动物机体吸收利用。中草药通过发酵之后,可以有效破坏植物细胞壁和胞质结构,释放其活性物质,这是目前规模化发酵的主要生产工艺。因此,本试验以断奶仔猪为试验对象,将复方中草药进行菌酶协同发酵后作为饲料添加剂,研究菌酶协同发酵中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清免疫、抗氧化和生长相关激素指标的影响,为发酵复方中草药在养猪生产中的应用提供实践依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

1.1.1 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药

复方中草药原料由党参、山药、甘草、干姜组成。发酵菌由黑曲霉菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌组成,发酵酶由果胶酶、木聚糖酶、纤维素酶组成,发酵菌和酶均符合《饲料添加剂品种目录(2013)》规定。

菌酶协同发酵复方中草药在辽宁九州大地生物技术集团有限公司实验室制备。在黑曲霉菌、地衣芽孢杆菌、凝结芽孢杆菌接种量均为1×10⁷ CFU/g,复合酶添加量为0.5%,含水量为45%,温度为35 ℃的条件下进行发酵。将混菌和混酶依次添加到复方中草药原粉中,之后接种蒸馏水与其充分混匀,接着放入带单向呼吸阀的呼吸袋中,37 ℃厌氧发酵7 d,最后低温干燥至风干态备用。未发酵的复方中草药中多糖和黄酮总含量为17.47 mg/g,菌酶协同发酵复方中草中多糖和黄酮总含量为29.42 mg/g。复方中草药发酵前后营养成分含量见表1。

表1 复方中草药发酵前后营养成分含量(风干基础)

Table 1 Nutrient contents of compound Chinese herbal medicine before and after fermentation (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items	发酵前 Before fermentation	发酵后 After fermentation
干物质 DM	42.3±1.4	37.9±1.0
粗蛋白质 CP	8.4±0.5	9.1±0.3
粗灰分 Ash	12.3±0.7	12.5±0.5
粗脂肪 EE	1.7±0.1	1.6±0.1

	营养成分含量均为实测值,为3次测定的平均值。
	Nutrient contents were all measured values, and were the average values of three measurements.

本试验的发酵复方中草药在仔猪饲粮中以直接添加的方式进行饲喂,根据复方中草药发酵前后营养成分含量可以看出,菌酶发酵产物含有一定量的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪。其中,增加的粗蛋白质含量占饲粮粗蛋白质含量的2.2‰~8.6‰,粗脂肪含量占饲粮粗脂肪含量的1.5‰~6.9‰,此增加量对整体饲粮营养水平的影响不大,不足以改变饲粮的整体营养水平。

1.1.2 基础饲粮

基础饲粮按照NRC(2012)标准配制,营养水平满足仔猪营养需要,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。

表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items	含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn	11.07
小麦次粉 Wheat middling	1.96
面粉 Flour	12.25
米糠粕 Rice bran	2.94
膨化玉米 Extruded corn	26.95
饼干粉 Cookie powder	14.70
豆粕 Soybean meal	7.53
膨化大豆 Extruded soybean	7.84
发酵豆粕 Fermented soybean meal	2.94
鱼粉 Fish meal	2.45
白糖 White sugar	1.96
花生壳颗粒粉 Peanut shell particle powder	2.00
石粉 Limestone	0.98
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	0.29
磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H₂PO₄)₂	0.29
氯化钠 NaCl	0.29
赖氨酸 Lys	0.60
蛋氨酸 Met	0.10
苏氨酸 Thr	0.17
一水柠檬酸 C₆H₈O₇·H₂O	0.98
预混料 Premix¹⁾	1.71
合计 Total	100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾
水分 Moisture	10.74
消化能 ME/(MJ/kg)	14.02
粗蛋白质 CP	21.14
粗脂肪 EE	5.35
粗纤维 CF	2.86
粗灰分 Ash	4.59
钙 Ca	0.76
总磷 TP	0.55
有效磷 AP	0.28
可消化赖氨酸 DLys	1.33
可消化蛋氨酸 DMet	0.83
含硫氨基酸 SAA	0.76
可消化苏氨酸 DThr	0.96
可消化色氨酸 DTry	0.49

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VC 500 mg,VD₃ 3 000 IU,VE 60 mg,VK 35 mg,VB₁ 15 mg,VB₂ 30 mg,VB₆ 15 mg,VB₁₂ 0.5 mg,胆碱 choline 500 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 175 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 2.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 120 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 35 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 55 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 30 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.6 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分均为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, EE and Ash were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.2 试验设计

本试验采用单因素随机化设计,选用健康、体重相近的(28±2)日龄断奶仔猪160头,随机分为4个组,每组5个重复,每个重复8头猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.5%、1.0%、2.0%的菌酶协同发酵复方中草药。试验期为28 d。

1.3 饲养管理

本试验在沈阳博睿农牧科技有限公司猪场进行。饲养管理严格遵循饲养场的生物安全规范程序。在试验前对猪舍内部进行灭菌消毒,试验全程由专人在现场进行饲养,猪舍采光度和通风度均保持良好状态,温度和相对湿度都相对适宜。所有的仔猪都被安置在配有全板条网格地板和乳头水的围栏中。仔猪在饲养舍里自由采食,每天08:00左右饲喂1次,自由饮水。

1.4 样品采集及处理

在试验开始前24 h对仔猪进行断食断水,试验开始后,每日记录投料量以及余料量,每日观察并记录各组猪只粪便情况。在试验开始时对断奶仔猪称重并记录,在试验结束时对断奶仔猪称重记录,并在试验结束前24 h对仔猪进行断食断水。在试验结束时,从每个重复中随机选取1头仔猪,前腔静脉采血10 mL,将采集的10 mL血液静置30 min后,在离心机中以3 500 r/min离心10 min,分离血清,储存于-20 ℃的冰箱中待测。

1.5 指标测定方法

1.5.1 营养成分

基础饲粮和复方中草药发酵前后干物质含量采用烘干法(GB/T 36860—2018)测定,粗蛋白质含量采用凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—2018)测定,粗灰分含量采用550 ℃马弗炉高温灼烧法(GB/T 6438—2007)测定,粗脂肪含量采用索氏抽提法(GB/T 6433—2006)测定。

1.5.2 生长性能

在试验的第1、28天对空腹断奶仔猪称重,并计算平均日增重;根据平均日采食量和平均日增重计算料重比。计算公式如下:

平均日采食量=总采食量/试验天数;

平均日增重=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;

料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重。

1.5.3 血清免疫、抗氧化和生长相关激素指标

血清免疫指标包括免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白蛋白(ALB)和总蛋白(TP)含量。

血清抗氧化指标包括丙二醛(MDA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)。

血清生长相关激素指标包括皮质醇(COR)、胰岛素生长因子-1(IGF-1)、GH、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T₃)、四碘甲状腺原氨酸(T₄)和胃泌素(GAS)含量。

以上指标均采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)试剂盒(沈阳今惠科技公司)通过全自动酶标仪(Sunrise F50,瑞士)测定。

1.6 数据处理

试验数据采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),如差异显著则用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。P<0.05表示差异显著,数据结果用“平均值±标准差”表示。

2 结果

2.1 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,0.5%、1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05),平均日采食量和料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的平均日采食量和料重比显著低于0.5%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05)。

表3 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes on growth performance of weaned piglets

项目 Items	菌酶协同发酵复方中草药添加水平 Compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes supplemental level/%
项目 Items	0(对照 Control)	0.5	1.0	2.0
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d)	377.58±12.14^b	404.14±5.19^a	406.23±2.57^a	405.12±2.35^a
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d)	808.42±28.50^a	771.44±14.21^b	734.24±18.92^c	723.12±17.85^c
料重比 F/G	2.13±0.01^a	1.91±0.01^b	1.81±0.01^c	1.78±0.04^c

	同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,0.5%、1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清IgA和IgM含量显著升高(P<0.05),血清IL-6含量显著降低(P<0.05);1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清ALB含量显著升高(P<0.05),血清IL-1含量显著降低(P<0.05);1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清IgG和TP含量显著升高(P<0.05)。1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清IgA、IgM和ALB含量显著高于0.5%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05),1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清TP含量显著高于2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05),1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清IL-1和IL-6含量显著低于0.5%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05)。

表4 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes on serum immune indices of weaned piglets

项目 Items	菌酶协同发酵复方中草药添加水平 Compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes supplemental level/%
项目 Items	0(对照 Control)	0.5	1.0	2.0
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL)	120.85±16.76^c	169.35±18.17^b	218.15±12.09^a	197.85±5.34^b
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL)	59.35±2.05^c	89.65±9.83^b	117.26±3.68^a	95.95±8.56^b
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL)	208.65±31.25^b	270.15±16.62^ab	308.20±9.20^a	281.25±4.05^ab
白蛋白 ALB/(μg/mL)	92.90±9.76^c	122.90±1.84^bc	228.95±5.59^a	156.80±20.09^b
总蛋白 TP/(μg/mL)	820.30±5.16^b	839.15±13.50^ab	893.81±3.05^a	831.25±12.29^b
白细胞介素-1 IL-1/(pg/mL)	291.70±5.71^a	248.55±2.74^a	122.74±4.10^c	221.17±3.58^b
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL)	45.13±1.97^a	32.37±1.18^b	24.82±0.99^c	26.13±0.87^c

2.3 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清T-AOC、SOD活性和GSH含量显著升高(P<0.05),1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05)。1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清GSH含量显著高于0.5%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05),1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清MDA含量显著低于0.5%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05)。

表5 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes on serum antioxidant indices of weaned piglets

项目 Items	菌酶协同发酵复方中草药添加水平 Compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes supplemental level/%
项目 Items	0(对照 Control)	0.5	1.0	2.0
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(pg/mL)	19.31±0.93^b	23.37±3.15^ab	26.88±0.19^a	25.84±0.93^a
超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL)	55.32±8.90^b	71.71±5.76^ab	88.11±2.23^a	82.34±5.56^a
还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(μg/mL)	3.72±0.22^c	4.55±0.79^c	9.96±0.31^a	6.16±0.76^b
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL)	32.59±2.78^a	28.26±2.54^a	19.42±0.67^b	22.76±1.86^a

2.4 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清生长相关激素指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,0.5%、1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清GH和GAS含量显著升高(P<0.05),血清COR含量显著降低(P<0.05);1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清IGF-1含量显著升高(P<0.05);0.5%和1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清T₃含量显著升高(P<0.05);1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清T₄含量显著升高(P<0.05)。1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清COR含量显著低于0.5%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05),1.0%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清IGF-1含量显著高于0.5%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05),0.5%和1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清GH和T₃含量显著高于2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05),1.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组的血清GAS含量显著高于0.5%和2.0%菌酶协同发酵复方中草药组(P<0.05)。

表6 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清生长相关激素指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes on serum growth-related hormone indices of weaned piglets

项目 Items	菌酶协同发酵复方中草药添加水平 Compound Chinese herbal medicine fermented with bacteria and enzymes supplemental level/%
项目 Items	0(对照 Control)	0.5	1.0	2.0
皮质醇 COR/(ng/mL)	154.12±13.05^a	137.26±7.12^b	62.60±0.62^c	74.64±8.36^c
胰岛素生长因子-1 IGF-1/(ng/mL)	65.50±3.55^b	77.67±2.19^b	103.61±1.10^a	96.82±8.05^a
生长激素 GH/(ng/mL)	13.55±0.67^c	20.84±1.83^a	22.58±0.72^a	16.89±0.97^b
三碘甲状腺原氨酸 T₃/(pmol/L)	4.28±0.57^b	6.65±0.33^a	6.89±0.66^a	5.00±0.15^b
四碘甲状腺原氨酸 T₄/(pmol/L)	16.55±0.26^b	19.45±0.88^ab	24.46±1.14^a	20.99±3.41^ab
胃泌素 GAS/(pg/mL)	148.80±1.32^c	203.25±8.27^b	346.75±2.90^a	206.20±13.86^b

3 讨论

3.1 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

党参、山药、甘草富含多种生物活性物质,如氨基酸、多糖、黄酮类等化合物,具有促进骨骼生长和肌肉发育的作用,这些物质不仅可以促进断奶仔猪的骨骼和肌肉发育,提高其生长速度和体重增长^[6],还能够促进动物机体的消化能力和维护肠道菌群平衡^[7]。此外,中草药中的多糖、酮类物质可以抑制炎症反应,减少仔猪的炎症损伤,提高其免疫力和抵抗力,降低生长延迟和发生疾病的风险^[8]。将复方中草药进行微生物发酵后,不仅能够增加断奶仔猪的食欲,还可以改善其对饲料的消化吸收能力,从而提高断奶仔猪的生长速度和饲料利用率。Quintero-Villegas等^[9]通过将山药、甘草等作为添加剂与抗生素对比,结果显示中草药添加剂可以提高饲料转化率,降低腹泻率。李冬光等^[10]将复方中草药添加至断奶仔猪饲粮中,研究发现,与对照组相比,添加复方中草药能显著提高断奶仔猪平均日增重,显著降低料重比和腹泻率。Chen等^[11]在研究发酵中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的研究中发现,与对照组相比,中草药经菌酶协同发酵后不仅显著提升了仔猪生长性能,还改变了仔猪肠道微生物多样性。本试验中,与未发酵的复方中草药相比,经菌酶协同发酵后的复方中草药中多糖和黄酮总量提高了68.4%。由于菌酶协同发酵复方中草药在密闭低氧的环境中,微生物经过葡萄糖的无氧氧化阶段,将部分葡萄糖转化为乙醇等物质,添加至断奶仔猪饲粮中,影响了饲粮的适口性。因此,与对照组比较,将菌酶协同发酵复方中草药添加至断奶仔猪饲粮中,显著提升了断奶仔猪的平均日增重,显著降低了平均日采食量和料重比。菌酶协同发酵复方中草药中释放的黄酮、多糖等活性物质,能够促进断奶仔猪的骨骼和肌肉发育,从而提高其生长性能。

3.2 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

党参、甘草富含多糖和多肽成分,不仅能够促使机体淋巴细胞分化为效应细胞,增强断奶仔猪免疫细胞的增殖和分化,提高其免疫功能,还可以刺激机体巨噬细胞的活性,增强其吞噬、杀菌和产生氧自由基的能力^[12]。此外,菌酶协同发酵复方中草药中的生物碱和黄酮类物质,如甘草和干姜还具有抗炎作用。此外,它们还可以抑制炎症反应的发生,减少炎症介质的释放,从而减轻断奶仔猪在遇到疾病时的炎症反应,提高动物机体免疫力^[13]。王超普等^[14]将发酵粉添加到断奶仔猪饲粮中,结果表明与对照组相比,试验组血清IgA、IgM含量显著提高。邹志恒等^[15]在研究菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪免疫功能影响中发现,与对照组相比,菌酶协同发酵复方中草药可以提升断奶仔猪血清TP、ALB和球蛋白含量,增强断奶仔猪机体免疫功能。刘莉等^[16]研究表明,随着发酵中草药添加水平的增加,动物机体IL-1含量趋于下降。在本试验中,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵复方中草药可以不同程度地提高断奶仔猪血清IgA、IgM、ALB、TP含量,降低IL-1和IL-6含量,原因可能是复方中草药经菌酶协同发酵后,具有抗炎作用的生物碱和黄酮类物质大量释放,增强了断奶仔猪在遇到疾病时对炎症的抵抗能力,从而提高仔猪机体的免疫功能。

3.3 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

断奶仔猪的抗氧化能力对其生长发育和健康起着至关重要的作用。干姜具有较强的抗氧化活性,经菌酶协同发酵后,姜萜酮、姜酮、姜烯酮等黄酮类物质大量释放处理,这些酮类物质可以中和体内过多的自由基,减少氧化应激反应,提高细胞的抗氧化能力^[17]。此外,发酵复方中草药中的活性成分可调节断奶仔猪的肠道屏障功能,增强肠道黏膜对有害物质的屏障作用。肠道黏膜是免疫系统的重要组成部分,其完整性和功能对于保护机体免受氧化应激和细菌侵袭具有重要作用。Yuan等^[18]研究发现,用杜仲黄酮喂养断奶仔猪可以减少仔猪体内的活性氧水平,提高SOD和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性。何维敏等^[19]在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加发酵中草微生态制剂,结果表明,发酵中草微生态制剂能显著提高断奶仔猪血清SOD活性,显著降低MDA含量。Li等^[20]将发酵中草药添加到断奶仔猪饲粮中,结果表明,发酵中草药也可以提高断奶仔猪血清T-AOC。本试验结果表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵复方中草药能够不同程度地提升断奶仔猪血清T-AOC、SOD活性和GSH含量,降低血清MDA含量。原因可能复方中草药经微生物发酵后释放的具有较强氧化活性的多酚、黄酮类等活性物质,有效地清除了体内过多的自由基,减少氧化应激反应,从而提高了断奶仔猪机体的抗氧化能力。

3.4 菌酶协同发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清生长相关激素指标的影响

断奶在仔猪成长阶段中至关重要,受环境、营养、生理等应激的影响,容易导致仔猪在断奶阶段采食量下降,大大增加仔猪患病风险。血清激素指标可反映出动物机体遭受创伤程度,是判定动物机体遭受应激程度的有效的指标^[21]。动物在应激状态下,GH、胰岛素、甲状腺素等与生长相关的激素分泌减少^[22],影响仔猪的生长性能和免疫功能。研究发现,在饲粮中添加中草药制剂,能够提升动物机体GH、T₃、T₄和GAS含量^[23]。GH与受体结合,能够诱导肝细胞产生IGF-1,促进蛋白质的分泌和合成,以及细胞增殖,从而促进肌肉、骨骼和器官生长^[24]。T₃、T₄参与机体新陈代谢,增加肝糖原含量,分解和吸收对机体有益的必需营养物质能源供应,并刺激动物机体生长^[25]。GAS能促进胃肠黏膜上皮增生,增加胃肠蠕动,促进胃肠对胃蛋白酶和消化液的吸收和分泌^[26]。本试验结果表明,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵复方中草药能够提高断奶仔猪血清IGF-1、GH、T₃、T₄和GAS含量,降低血清COR含量。原因可能复方中草药经菌酶协同发酵后,大量活性成分释放,增加了GH、T₃、T₄和GAS分泌,从而促进氨基酸进入细胞和葡萄糖的吸收,加速蛋白质合成,增加骨骼、软骨和其他组织的生长^[27]。

4 结论

饲粮中添加菌酶协同发酵复方中草药能够提高断奶仔猪生长性能,增强机体免疫功能和抗氧化能力,提高血清生长相关激素含量。本试验条件下,饲粮中菌酶协同发酵复方中草药适宜添加水平为1.0%。

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