Effects of Gardenia Powder on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Economic Benefit of Growing-Finishing Pigs

TANG Jiaxi; QIU Yueqin; XIONG Yunxia; JIANG Zujie; LIU Shilong; LIN Shimi; HOU Jing; WANG Li; JIANG Zongyong; YANG Xuefen

doi:10.12418/CJAN2024.369

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 7: 4281 - 4292

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.369

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Gardenia Powder on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Economic Benefit of Growing-Finishing Pigs

TANG Jiaxi ^,¹ ,
QIU Yueqin ¹ ,
XIONG Yunxia ¹ ,
JIANG Zujie ² ,
LIU Shilong ¹ ,
LIN Shimi ³ ,
HOU Jing ¹ ,
WANG Li ¹ ,
JIANG Zongyong ¹ ,
YANG Xuefen ^,¹^,^**

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¹ Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
² Fuding City Agriculture and Rural Bureau, Fuding 355200, China
³ Fuding City Forestry Bureau, Fuding 355299, China

**E-mail: yangxuefen@gdaas.cn

^* Contributed equally

Received date: 2024-01-05

Online published: 2024-07-09

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary different supplemental levels of gardenia powder on growth performance, carcass traits, meat quality, antioxidant capacity and economic benefit of growing-finishing pigs. A total of 144 healthy growing-fattening pigs (Duroc ×Landrace×Large White), with an initial body weight of (34.71±3.49) kg, were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 6 pigs (half male and half female) per replicate. The pigs in control group were fed a basal diet without gardenia powder, and pigs in other three groups were fed experimental diets supplemented with 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% gardenia powder, respectively. The feeding trail was 96 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the final weight of growing-finishing pigs linearly and quadratically increased (P<0.05), the average daily gain (ADG) linearly increased (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain (F/G) linearly decreased (P<0.05) with gardenia powder supplemental level increasing. Compared with the control group, the final weight and ADG of growing-finishing pigs in the 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% gardenia powder groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the F/G in the 0.8% and 1.2% gardenia powder groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) There were no significant differences in carcass traits among the all groups (P>0.05). 3) With the increase of gardenia powder supplemental level, 24 h pH, the values of lightness at 45 min ( $L 45 m i n *$ ) and yellowness at 45 min ( $b 45 m i n *$ ) of longissimus dorsi of growing-finishing pigs linearly increased (P<0.05), and drip loss at 24 h, redness at 48 h ( $a 48 h *$ ) value and shear force linearly decreased (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the $b 45 m i n *$ of longissimus dorsi of growing-finishing pigs in the 1.2% gardenia powder group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the shear force in the 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% gardenia powder groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) Plasma total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) of growing-finishing pigs linearly increased with the increase of gardenia powder supplemental level (P<0.05), and plasma T-AOC in the 0.4% and 1.2% gardenia powder groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Liver T-AOC and reduced glutathione (GSH) content linearly increased with gardenia powder supplemental level increasing (P<0.05). Muscle T-AOC and total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity linearly increased with gardenia powder supplemental level increasing (P<0.05), and the muscle T-AOC in the 0.8% and 1.2% gardenia powder groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the gross profit in the 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% gardenia powder groups was increased by 67.08, 77.61 and 70.44 CNY per pig, respectively. The cost of weight gain in the 0.8% gardenia powder group was the lowest and gross profit was the highest. Collectively, the results in this study suggested that diet supplemented with 0.8% gardenia powder can improve the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs, increase the economic benefit, enhance the antioxidant capacity, reduce the pork shear force, and has no adverse effects on meat color.

Key words： gardenia powder; growing-finishing pigs; growth performance; meat quality; antioxidant capacity; economic benefit

Cite this article

TANG Jiaxi , QIU Yueqin , XIONG Yunxia , JIANG Zujie , LIU Shilong , LIN Shimi , HOU Jing , WANG Li , JIANG Zongyong , YANG Xuefen . Effects of Gardenia Powder on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Economic Benefit of Growing-Finishing Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(7) : 4281 -4292 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.369

栀子是我国传统中药材,为茜草科栀子属植物栀子(Gardenia jasminoides Ellis)的干燥成熟果实^[1]。栀子不仅含有常规的营养成分,还含有以栀子苷为主的环烯醚萜苷类、以藏红花素为主的类胡萝卜素以及黄酮类及多糖类等生物活性物质^[2-3],其中最主要的活性成分是栀子苷。栀子苷的化学式是C₁₇H₂₄O₁₀,属于环戊烯单萜衍生物,在栀子中的含量高达2%~5%,具有抗炎、抗氧化、保肝护肝、调节葡萄糖和脂质代谢等作用^[4⇓-6]。大量研究表明,栀子苷具有一定的肝毒性和肾毒性,但长期低剂量服用栀子对机体并无毒性,并能发挥重要的生理功能^[7⇓-9]。王衡等^[10]在产蛋后期蛋鸡饲粮中分别添加1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的栀子粉后发现,2%栀子粉添加组的产蛋率显著提高,且各组间蛋鸡采食量无显著差异,该结果表明适量添加栀子粉不影响饲粮的适口性,且栀子粉添加量<2.0%时对蛋鸡不会产生毒性。

近年来,我国栀子产业经过发展已形成较为成熟的产业链,在华东、华中、西南地区均有种植,种植面积和产量不断增大^[11]。据统计,2023年福建省福鼎市栀子种植面积为6万多亩(1亩≈667 m²),年产鲜果4万多吨、干果1万多吨。此外,2023年栀子被列入中华人民共和国农业农村部公告的《饲料原料目录》。因此,栀子在动物饲粮中的应用前景广阔。有研究表明,栀子能有效缓解高脂饲粮^[12]、乙醇^[13]、紫外光^[14]、淀粉样蛋白-β^[15]及硫代乙酰胺^[16]等因素造成的机体细胞的氧化损伤和组织器官功能下降。Shan等^[17]研究发现,栀子苷能缓解脂多糖诱导的仔猪免疫应激。前人研究表明,降低氧化应激有助于改善猪的生长性能和肉质^[18-19]。然而,目前暂无关于栀子粉对生长育肥猪生长性能和肉品质影响的研究报告。因此,本试验旨在探讨在饲粮中添加不同水平的栀子粉对生长育肥猪生长性能、胴体性状、肉品质、抗氧化能力及经济效益的影响,以期为栀子粉作为饲料原料开发利用及其在猪产业中的应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

取新鲜栀子洗净,干燥至水分含量小于12%,制得栀子干果。试验所用栀子干果由福鼎市林业局提供。栀子干果经研磨后得到栀子粉,其粗蛋白质含量(GB/T 6432—2018)为10.21%,粗脂肪含量(GB/T 6433—2006)为16.6%,粗纤维含量(GB/T 6434—2006)为23.2%,主要活性成分栀子苷含量(Q/SYSH 01—2016)为5.5%。

1.2 试验设计

选取遗传背景相同、体重为(34.71±3.49) kg的健康“杜×长×大”三元杂交生长育肥猪144头,随机分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复6头猪(公母各占1/2)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(未添加栀子粉),其余3个组分别饲喂添加0.4%、0.8%、1.2%栀子粉的试验饲粮,试验期96 d。饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。

表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%
项目 Items	0(对照 Control)	0.4	0.8	1.2
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn	64.94	64.94	64.94	64.94
小麦 Wheat	20.00	20.00	20.00	20.00
豆粕 Soybean meal	1.63	1.63	1.63	1.63
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
小麦麸 Wheat bran	3.00	2.76	2.52	2.28
大豆皮 Soybean skin	2.00	1.84	1.68	1.52
栀子粉 Gardenia powder		0.40	0.80	1.20
赖氨酸盐酸盐 Lys·HCl	0.31	0.31	0.31	0.31
苏氨酸 Thr	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12
色氨酸 Trp	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.03
缬氨酸 Val	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
氯化钠 NaCl	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
石粉 Limestone	0.50	0.50	0.50	0.50
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	0.15	0.15	0.15	0.15
预混料 Premix¹⁾	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
合计 Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾
净能 NE/(MJ/kg)	10.34	10.34	10.34	10.34
粗蛋白质 CP	11.74	12.14	11.73	12.09
粗脂肪 EE	5.95	4.78	6.12	6.42
钙 Ca	0.77	0.73	0.76	0.74
总磷 TP	0.69	0.67	0.69	0.68
标准回肠可消化赖氨酸 SID Lys	0.61	0.61	0.61	0.61
标准回肠可消化蛋氨酸 SID Met	0.18	0.18	0.18	0.18
标准回肠可消化苏氨酸 SID Thr	0.39	0.39	0.39	0.39
标准回肠可消化色氨酸 SID Trp	0.11	0.11	0.11	0.11
标准回肠可消化缬氨酸 SID Val	0.41	0.41	0.41	0.41

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 7 273 IU,VD 909 IU,VE 100 mg,VK 1.82 mg,VB₁ 1.82 mg,VB₂ 5.54 mg,VB₆ 3.64 mg,VB₁₂ 20 μg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20.91 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 8 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.91 mg,生物素 biotin 0.23 mg,Fe (FeSO₄·H₂O) 96 mg,Cu (CuSO₄·5H₂O) 8 mg,Zn (ZnSO₄·H₂O) 96 mg,Mn (MnSO₄·H₂O) 28 mg,Se (Na₂SeO₃) 0.16 mg,I (CaI₂O₆) 0.2 mg。

2)粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)、总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为实测值,其余为计算值[根据NRC(2012)计算得出]。CP (GB/T 6432—2018), EE (GB/T 6433—2006), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values, while the others were calculated values [calculated according to NRC (2012)].

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验在广东省农业科学院白云试验基地开展。试验期间所有猪自由采食和饮水,每日根据前1天采食情况调整投料量。试验用猪舍为半敞开式建筑,舍内自然通风。栏舍每天冲洗,定期消毒,保持圈舍清洁、干燥、卫生。试验期间每天观察并记录试验猪的健康情况。

1.4 样品采集及指标测定

1.4.1 生长性能

分别于试验开始和结束当天08:00对试验猪进行空腹称重,记录每个重复试验猪的饲料消耗量,计算全程试验猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)。

1.4.2 胴体性状

在试验结束停饲12 h后,每个重复随机选取1头试验猪,每组6头,共24头,用于屠宰试验。试验猪称重后按照常规方法屠宰并进行胴体分割,并测量胴体重、屠宰率、胴体直长、胴体斜长、背膘厚、板油重、眼肌面积,测量方法参照《瘦肉型猪胴体性状测定技术规范》(NY/T 825—2004)。

1.4.3 肌肉品质

参照《猪肉品质测定技术规程》(NY/T 821—2019)测定背最长肌大理石纹评分、pH(45 min、24 h和48 h)、滴水损失(24和48 h)、肉色(45 min、24 h和48 h)、剪切力。

1.4.4 血浆、肝脏和肌肉抗氧化指标

试验结束时,每个重复选取1头试验猪用抗凝管进行前腔静脉采血,1 006.2×g离心10 min,分离血浆,置于-20 ℃保存。试验猪屠宰后取0.5 g肝脏和背最长肌样品于冻存管中,置于液氮保存。以上血浆、肝脏和肌肉样品用于测定总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量以及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC),所用试剂盒均为南京建成生物工程研究所产品。

1.4.5 经济效益

试验所用小麦麸单价为1.968元/kg,大豆皮单价为1.60元/kg,栀子单价为18.00元/kg(参考福建省2023年1月栀子统货价格),饲料成本按增重成本70%计算。另外,生猪出售单价为19.47元/kg(参考广东省2023年第16周瘦肉型白条猪肉出厂价格),经济效益相关指标计算公式如下:

饲料成本=总采食量×饲料单价;

增重成本=饲料成本/0.70;

增重收入=试验阶段猪增重×生猪出售单价;

毛利润=增重收入-增重成本。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并用Duncan氏法进行组间多重比较,同时采用正交多项式研究不同添加水平的栀子粉对各指标的线性和二次曲线效应。结果用平均值±标准误表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 栀子粉对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响

由表2可知,随着栀子粉添加水平的增加,生长育肥猪的末重呈线性和二次增加(P<0.05),ADG呈线性增加(P<0.05),F/G呈线性降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,0.4%、0.8%和1.2%栀子粉组试验猪的末重分别提高了3.93%、2.94%和3.98%(P<0.05),ADG分别提高了5.70%、4.29%和5.65%(P<0.05);0.8%和1.2%栀子粉组试验猪的F/G分别降低了7.62%和7.94%(P<0.05)。对照组与0.4%栀子粉组之间F/G差异不显著(P>0.05)。3个添加栀子粉组之间末重、ADG和F/G均差异不显著(P>0.05)。饲粮中添加不同水平栀子粉对生长育肥猪的ADFI未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。

表2 栀子粉对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of gardenia powder on growth performance of growing-finishing pigs

项目 Items	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				P值 P-value
	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
	0(对照 Control)	0.4	0.8	1.2	方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
始重 Initial weight/kg	34.76±1.52	34.66 ±1.52	34.66±1.53	34.75±1.54	1.000	0.996	0.952
末重 Final weight/kg	117.69±0.61^b	122.32±0.80^a	121.15±0.50^a	122.37±0.76^a	<0.001	<0.001	0.021
平均日增重 ADG/g	863.89±10.38^b	913.14±8.58^a	900.93±13.31^a	912.73±11.34^a	0.015	0.013	0.105
平均日采食量 ADFI/g	2 747.64±57.67	2 753.25±46.83	2 616.25±76.55	2 633.41±58.68	0.252	0.089	0.924
料重比 F/G	3.15±0.05^a	3.02±0.08^ab	2.91±0.05^b	2.90±0.06^b	0.021	0.003	0.307

	同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。表3至表7同。
	In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as Table 3 to Table 7.

2.2 栀子粉对生长育肥猪胴体性状的影响

由表3可知,饲粮中添加不同水平栀子粉对生长育肥猪宰前重、胴体重、屠宰率、胴体直长、胴体斜长、背膘厚、板油重和眼肌面积均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

表3 栀子粉对生长育肥猪胴体性状的影响

Table 3 Effects of gardenia powder on carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs

项目 Items	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%					P值 P-value
	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%					方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
	0(对照 Control)	0.4	0.8	1.2		方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
宰前重 Pre-slaughter weight/kg	120.88±1.42	126.00±3.42	120.52±1.85	121.93±2.08	0.343		0.824	0.434
胴体重 Carcass weight/kg	90.82±1.13	93.93±3.03	88.67±2.07	89.09±1.45	0.285		0.268	0.518
屠宰率 Dressing percentage/%	75.13±0.58	74.50±0.53	73.55±0.92	73.10±1.04	0.298		0.063	0.907
胴体直长 Carcass length/cm	111.58±0.81	112.25±0.66	111.33±1.25	111.83±1.29	0.934		0.972	0.937
胴体斜长 Carcass slanting length/cm	101.00±0.99	101.92±0.62	101.17±0.83	100.20±1.27	0.660		0.471	0.337
背膘厚 Back-fat thickness/mm	30.04±0.82	29.19±2.88	28.42±1.19	28.17±0.82	0.853		0.399	0.857
板油重 Leaf fat weight/kg	1.47±0.08	1.53±0.10	1.53±0.12	1.33±0.10	0.482		0.392	0.207
眼肌面积 Loin-eye area/cm²	54.21±1.68	55.66±2.86	51.81±1.47	53.55±1.83	0.611		0.527	0.943

2.3 栀子粉对生长育肥猪肌肉品质的影响

由表4可知,饲粮中添加不同水平栀子粉对生长育肥猪背最长肌的大理石纹评分、45 min pH、48 h pH、48 h滴水损失、45 min红度值、24 h亮度和黄度值、48 h亮度值和黄度值均无显著影响(P>0.05)。随着栀子粉添加水平的增加,生长育肥猪背最长肌的24 h pH、45 min亮度值和黄度值呈线性升高(P<0.05),24 h滴水损失、48 h红度值和剪切力均呈线性降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,1.2%栀子粉组试验猪背最长肌的45 min黄度值提高了9.78%(P<0.05),0.4%、0.8%和1.2%栀子粉组试验猪背最长肌的剪切力分别降低了8.77%、7.79%和15.40%(P<0.05)。此外,1.2%栀子粉组试验猪背最长肌的45 min黄度值显著高于0.4%栀子粉组(P<0.05),背最长肌的剪切力显著低于0.8%栀子粉组(P<0.05)。

表4 栀子粉对生长育肥猪肌肉品质的影响

Table 4 Effects of gardenia powder on muscle quality of growing-finishing pigs

项目 Items	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				P值 P-value
	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
	0(对照 Control)	0.4	0.8	1.2	方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
大理石纹评分 Marbling score	2.53±0.17	2.70±0.13	2.94±0.09	2.79±0.04	0.129	0.068	0.187
pH
45 min	6.51±0.04	6.58±0.02	6.60±0.02	6.62±0.05	0.268	0.063	0.599
24 h	5.43±0.02	5.46±0.01	5.48±0.02	5.48±0.01	0.105	0.026	0.294
48 h	5.41±0.02	5.43±0.01	5.46±0.02	5.44±0.02	0.403	0.188	0.309
滴水损失 Drip loss/%
24 h	2.73±0.08	2.69±0.07	2.49±0.07	2.53±0.08	0.093	0.027	0.594
48 h	3.34±0.09	3.28±0.07	3.25±0.07	3.23±0.08	0.779	0.320	0.815
肉色 Meat color
45 min亮度 $L 45 m i n *$	41.53±0.39	42.28±0.40	43.01±0.35	42.40±0.24	0.055	0.046	0.067
45 min红度 $a 45 m i n *$	13.86±0.17	14.07±0.32	14.17±0.28	13.77±0.14	0.631	0.862	0.223
45 min黄度 $b 45 m i n *$	5.01±0.14^b	5.11±0.13^b	5.30±0.08^ab	5.50±0.12^a	0.045	0.006	0.664
24 h亮度 $L 24 h *$	52.53±0.61	53.01±0.52	53.69±0.48	53.40±0.86	0.611	0.265	0.549
24 h红度 $a 24 h *$	15.16±0.08	15.27±0.24	15.54±0.35	14.95±0.14	0.339	0.715	0.134
24 h黄度 $b 24 h *$	7.06±0.16	7.05±0.19	7.24±0.11	7.10±0.23	0.857	0.686	0.721
48 h亮度 $L 48 h *$	52.10±1.15	53.05±0.71	52.98±0.66	53.00±0.70	0.821	0.486	0.576
48 h红度 $a 48 h *$	15.91±0.14	16.14±0.27	15.66±0.23	15.19±0.32	0.077	0.029	0.176
48 h黄度 $b 48 h *$	7.08±0.22	7.03±0.16	6.86±0.15	7.12±0.16	0.725	0.961	0.382
剪切力 Shear force/N	54.15±0.92^a	49.40±0.72^bc	49.93±1.65^b	45.81±1.51^c	0.002	<0.001	0.804

2.4 栀子粉对生长育肥猪抗氧化功能的影响

由表5可知,血浆T-AOC随栀子粉添加水平的增加呈线性升高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,0.4%和1.2%栀子粉组试验猪的血浆T-AOC分别提高了4.65%和10.47%(P<0.05),同时1.2%栀子粉组血浆T-AOC显著高于0.8%栀子粉组(P<0.05)。各组之间血浆MDA、GSH含量和T-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表5 栀子粉对生长育肥猪血浆抗氧化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of gardenia powder on plasma antioxidant indexes of growing-finishing pigs

项目 Items	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				P值 P-value
	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
	0(对照 Control)	0.4	0.8	1.2	方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L)	0.86±0.01^c	0.91±0.02^ab	0.90±0.01^bc	0.95±0.02^a	0.006	0.001	0.956
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL)	3.19±0.13	3.10±0.16	3.08±0.23	2.95±0.13	0.821	0.366	0.900
总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mL)	192.81±8.58	193.54±8.23	182.35±5.93	192.81±6.46	0.669	0.738	0.518
还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(μmol/L)	4.83±0.52	7.25±2.04	4.69±1.42	2.56±0.35	0.106	0.084	0.073
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL)	747.89±55.46	801.05±75.35	782.89±43.41	711.05±75.76	0.764	0.658	0.340
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL)	12.60±1.83	16.43±2.39	17.25±1.95	18.30±2.68	0.324	0.089	0.541

由表6可知,肝脏T-AOC和GSH含量随栀子粉添加水平的增加呈线性升高(P<0.05)。各组之间肝脏T-AOC、MDA和GSH含量以及T-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表6 栀子粉对生长育肥猪肝脏抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of gardenia powder on liver antioxidant indexes of growing-finishing pigs

项目 Items	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				P值 P-value
	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
	0(对照 Control)	0.4	0.8	1.2	方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(μmol/g prot)	37.45±3.11	38.63±3.49	44.26±7.09	50.18±3.65	0.221	0.047	0.613
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot)	0.34±0.03	0.34±0.04	0.33±0.03	0.33±0.02	0.954	0.653	0.897
总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot)	274.95±15.05	285.56±24.86	321.96±37.52	328.61±25.07	0.424	0.116	0.942
还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(μmol/g prot)	116.27±15.31	131.15±9.50	153.91±24.77	177.25±19.35	0.123	0.020	0.818
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot)	116.17±6.25	120.32±6.20	133.30±8.84	133.50±10.39	0.333	0.089	0.810
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot)	179.17±10.15	184.31±22.58	155.10±15.27	186.40±13.03	0.499	0.917	0.421

由表7可知,肌肉T-AOC和T-SOD活性随栀子粉添加水平的增加呈线性升高(P<0.05);与对照组相比,0.8%和1.2%栀子粉组试验猪的肌肉T-AOC分别提高了21.82%和25.97%(P<0.05),3个添加栀子粉组之间肌肉T-AOC差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组之间肌肉MDA、GSH含量及T-SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表7 栀子粉对生长育肥猪肌肉抗氧化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of gardenia powder on muscle antioxidant indexes of growing-finishing pigs

项目 Items	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				P值 P-value
	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%				方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
	0(对照 Control)	0.4	0.8	1.2	方差分析 ANOVA	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(μmol/g prot)	17.87±0.95^b	19.85±1.33^ab	21.77±1.21^a	22.51±0.96^a	0.037	0.005	0.586
丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mg prot)	0.10±0.01	0.09±0.00	0.09±0.00	0.09±0.01	0.380	0.208	0.709
总超氧化物歧化酶 T-SOD/(U/mg prot)	48.63±1.65	50.27±2.49	51.56±1.56	54.90±1.43	0.132	0.024	0.648
还原型谷胱甘肽 GSH/(μmol/g prot)	12.02±0.30	13.06±0.60	13.04±0.42	12.83±0.56	0.407	0.277	0.215
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot)	5.81±0.76	6.26±0.91	5.76±1.10	6.45±0.61	0.911	0.703	0.891
过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mg prot)	1.37±0.12	1.57±0.21	1.57±0.19	1.59±0.12	0.768	0.391	0.607

2.5 栀子粉对生长育肥猪经济效益的影响

由表8可知,与对照组相比,0.4%、0.8%、1.2%栀子粉组的饲料单价分别提高了0.06、0.13和0.19元/kg,毛利润分别提高了67.08、77.61和70.44元/头,其中以0.8%栀子粉组的增重成本最低,毛利润最高。

表8 栀子粉对生长育肥猪经济效益的影响

Table 8 Effects of gardenia powder on economic benefit of growing-finishing pigs

项目 Items	栀子粉添加水平 Gardenia powder supplemental levels/%
项目 Items	0(对照 Control)	0.4	0.8	1.2
平均每头生猪总增重 Average total weight gain per pig/kg	82.93	87.66	86.49	87.62
平均每头生猪总采食量 Average total feed intake per pig/kg	263.77	264.31	251.16	252.81
饲料单价 Feed price/(元/kg)	3.05	3.11	3.18	3.24
增重成本 Weight gain cost/(元/头)	1 149.28	1 174.29	1 140.98	1 170.15
增重收入 Weight gain income/(元/头)	1 614.65	1 706.74	1 683.96	1 705.96
毛利润 Gross profit/(元/头)	465.37	532.45	542.98	535.81

3 讨论

3.1 栀子粉对生长育肥猪生长性能和胴体性状的影响

目前还未见栀子粉对猪生长性能影响的报道。近年有研究表明,在饲粮中添加300 mL/kg栀子提取液能显著提高大黄鱼的绝对增长率和绝对增重率^[20]。本试验结果显示,随着饲粮中栀子粉添加水平的增加,生长育肥猪的ADFI无显著变化,末重呈线性和二次增加,ADG呈线性增加,F/G呈线性降低,表明添加栀子粉能提高饲料利用效率,促进生长育肥猪生长。

胴体性状反映了生长育肥猪的胴体组成和营养物质沉积情况^[21]。本研究结果显示,各组生长育肥猪胴体性状无显著差异,表明饲粮中添加不同水平栀子粉对生长育肥猪胴体组成无显著影响。

3.2 栀子粉对生长育肥猪肌肉品质的影响

猪的肌肉品质指标主要有大理石纹评分、pH、滴水损失、肉色和剪切力等,这些指标从客观数据上反映了猪肉的食用口感和营养损失,直接影响消费者的购买意愿^[22-23]。肌肉pH在一定程度上反映了屠宰后肌肉无氧糖酵解速率,是衡量肉品质的核心指标之一^[24]。滴水损失是衡量肌肉系水能力的指标,具有重要的经济意义^[25]。剪切力是肌肉嫩度的直接反映,两者呈负相关^[26]。大量研究表明,肌肉pH高的猪肉通常颜色较深,具有更高的持水能力,也更加细嫩多汁^[22]。本研究结果显示,随着饲粮中栀子粉添加水平的增加,生长育肥猪背最长肌的24 h pH逐渐升高,滴水损失和剪切力逐渐降低,说明栀子粉对猪肉品质有一定改善作用。

猪肉的色泽主要由肌红蛋白色素浓度及其氧化还原状态和影响光反射的肌肉微观结构决定^[27]。在本试验中,生长育肥猪背最长肌的45 min亮度值和黄度值随饲粮中栀子粉添加水平的增加而升高,并且1.2%栀子粉组的45 min黄度值显著高于对照组,这与胡松梅等^[28]报道的黄栀子果实干粉可以提高湘黄鸡鲜蛋的蛋黄罗氏比色扇(RCF)值和红度值、王衡等^[10]报道的栀子粉能加深蛋黄颜色的结果相似,说明栀子粉不是通过改变肌红蛋白的氧化还原状态或肌肉结构影响生长育肥猪背最长肌的45 min肉色,推测生长育肥猪背最长肌的45 min亮度值增加是受光线反射的影响,栀子粉通过延缓pH下降提高肌肉持水力,减少肌肉表面水分流失,减少光反射,从而提高45 min亮度值;而45 min黄度值的增加则是受栀子黄色素的影响,栀子黄色素是栀子果实中的栀子苷和藏红花素及其酯类等活性成分,属于天然水溶性类胡萝卜素,易吸收着色^[29⇓-31]。

3.3 栀子粉对生长育肥猪抗氧化功能的影响

在养殖过程中,生长育肥猪常常受到病原菌感染、高温^[32]及氨气环境^[33]等因素引发的机体氧化应激影响,从而引发疾病和/或生产性能降低。T-AOC是机体抗氧化及修复能力的综合反映。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、GSH-Px和CAT是动物机体抗氧化酶系统重要组成部分,GSH是肝脏合成的低分子质量的抗氧化剂,这些物质对氧化应激造成的机体损伤都起着关键作用^[34]。本研究发现,随着饲粮中栀子粉添加水平的增加,血浆T-AOC呈线性升高,肝脏T-AOC和GSH含量呈线性升高,背最长肌T-AOC和T-SOD活性也呈线性升高,表明栀子粉能提高生长育肥猪抵御氧化损伤的能力,这可能主要与栀子粉含有的栀子苷和藏红花素等活性成分^[2]有关。研究表明,栀子中的栀子苷通过降低跨膜电位来减少线粒体中活性氧自由基的产生,同时活化胰高血糖素样肽-1受体(GLP-1R),通过磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/核因子E2相关因子2-抗氧化反应元件(PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-ARE)通路促进抗氧化酶的产生^[35-36]。Wang等^[37]研究发现,栀子苷酸衍生物能显著提高BY4741酵母中SOD1、SOD2、CAT和GSH-Px基因的表达。此外,Elsherbiny等^[38]研究表明,藏红花素可以通过调节肝脏Nrf2信号通路来减少硫代乙酰胺(TAA)诱导的大鼠氧化损伤。因此,本试验结果提示栀子粉能够提高生长育肥猪肝脏、血浆、肌肉的抗氧化能力,减少养殖过程中氧化应激对机体造成的损伤,这可能是栀子粉改善生长育肥猪生长性能和肉品质的机制之一。

3.4 栀子粉对生长育肥猪经济效益的影响

养殖经济效益是衡量栀子粉能否在生长育肥猪饲粮中推广应用的根本因素。尽管添加栀子粉后饲料单价小幅增加,但生长育肥猪的生长性能得到显著提高,因此,0.4%、0.8%和1.2%栀子粉组的毛利润均增加,其中0.8%栀子粉组的增重成本最低,毛利润最高。

4 结论

饲粮中添加0.8%栀子粉时效果最佳,能显著改善生长育肥猪的生长性能,提高经济效益,增强机体抗氧化能力,降低猪肉剪切力,且对肉色无不利影响。

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