Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 7: 4293 - 4303

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.370

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Potassium Diformate on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Nutrient Apparent Metabolism Rate and Intestinal Environment of Broiler Chickens

  • CHEN Xing ,
  • ZHENG Aijuan , * ,
  • CHEN Zhimin ,
  • WANG Zedong ,
  • HAN Yunsheng ,
  • LIU Weiwei ,
  • CAI Hongying ,
  • LIU Guohua
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  • Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Risk Assessment Laboratory of Animal Product Quality Safety Feed Source Factors of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
*E-mail:

Received date: 2023-12-25

  Online published: 2024-07-09

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of potassium diformate (KDF) on growth performance, slaughter performance, nutrient apparent metabolism rate and intestinal environment of broiler chickens. A total of 180 one-day-old AA broiler chickens were selected and randomly divided into three groups, with six replicates per group and 10 chickens per replicate. The control group was fed a basic diet, while the experimental groups was supplemented with 1 (KDF-1 group) and 2 g/kg (KDF-2 group) KDF in the basic diet, respectively. The experimental period was 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed to gain (F/G) in the KDF-1 and KDF-2 groups at 1 to 21 days of age were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05); the average daily gain (ADG) of broiler chickens in each group significantly increased (P<0.05), and F/G significantly decreased (P<0.05) at 22 to 42 days of age; the ADFI and F/G of broiler chickens at 1 to 42 days of age in the KDF-1 and KDF-2 groups significantly reduced (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the leg muscle rate of broiler chickens in the KDF-1 and KDF-2 groups significantly increased (P<0.05). The semi-eviscerated weight rate and eviscerated carcass weight rate in the KDF-2 group were significantly higher than those in the control group and KDF-1 group (P<0.05). 3) The nutrient apparent metabolic rates of dry matter, total energy, and crude protein in the KDF-2 group were significantly higher than those in the control group and KDF-1 group (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the villus height and villus to crypt ratio of the jejunum in the KDF-1 and KDF-2 groups significantly increased (P<0.05), with the KDF-2 group being higher than the KDF-1 group (P<0.05). The villus height and villus to crypt ratio of the ileum in the KDF-1 and KDF-2 groups were significantly higher than those in the CON group (P<0.05). 5) The activities of lipase, amylase, and trypsin in the duodenum in the KDF-1 and KDF-2 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Among them, the activities of amylase and trypsin in the KDF-2 group were significantly higher than those in the KDF-1 group (P<0.05). The activities of lipase, amylase, and trypsin in the KDF-2 group were significantly higher than those in the control group and KDF-1 group (P<0.05), while the activities of lipase and trypsin in the KDF-1 group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The activities of lipase, amylase, and trypsin in the ileum in the KDF-1 and KDF-2 groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), and the activities of lipase and trypsin in the KDF-2 group were significantly higher than those in the KDF-1 group (P<0.05). 6) Compared with the control group, the number of total bacterial, Escherichia coli, lactobacillus, bifidobacteria and bacillus in the ileum in KDF-1 and KDF-2 groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05). In conclusion, the inclusion of 2 g/kg KDF in the diet of broiler chickens can improve growth performance, enhance intestinal morphology, and maintain intestinal health.

Key words： potassium diformate; broiler chickens; growth performance; intestinal digestive enzyme activity; number of ileal microbiota

Cite this article

CHEN Xing , ZHENG Aijuan , CHEN Zhimin , WANG Zedong , HAN Yunsheng , LIU Weiwei , CAI Hongying , LIU Guohua . Effects of Potassium Diformate on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Nutrient Apparent Metabolism Rate and Intestinal Environment of Broiler Chickens[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(7) : 4293 -4303 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.370

抗生素生长促进剂(antibiotic growth promoters,AGP)常被用于维持动物生长性能、改善肠道健康和预防疾病[1]。然而,伴随着抗生素的长期滥用,消费者对于抗生素药物残留和耐药细菌问题的担忧逐步加深[2-3]。中国自2020年7月1日起,明令禁止在动物饲料中使用AGP,这增加了开发安全、健康、高效抗生素替代品的需求[4]。二甲酸钾(potassium diformate, KDF)是一种由甲酸和甲酸盐通过氢键和共价键连接形成的有机酸[5],在酸性条件下很稳定,在中性或偏碱性的条件下即分解为甲酸、甲酸根和钾离子,有效解决甲酸不能到达肠道的问题[6]。研究表明,有机酸可以有效降低胃中的pH,增强胃蛋白酶的活性,并提高氮、磷和矿物质的消化率[7]。KDF分解的甲酸根显著降低肠道的pH,促进乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌的生长,抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和其他革兰氏阳性菌的增殖[8-9]。前期研究发现,KDF可以显著提高肉鸡生长性能和养分利用率,改善肠道形态[10]。然而,关于KDF对肠道消化酶活性和回肠菌群的影响却少有报道。因此,本试验旨在探究KDF对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、养分表观代谢率和肠道环境的影响,为KDF在肉鸡中的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

本试验经中国农业科学院饲料研究所动物护理与使用委员会的伦理批准(AEC-CAAS-20191106)。采用单因素试验设计,选取健康、体重相近的1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡180只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。AA肉仔鸡的平均体重为(42.00±0.45) g,各组间体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,基础饲粮满足或超过NRC(1994)和《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)[11]进行配制,其组成及营养水平见表1。试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加1(KDF-1组)和2 g/kg(KDF-2组)的KDF(纯度为95%),试验期42 d。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 含量 Contents
1~21日龄
1 to 21
days of age		 22~42日龄
22 to 42
days of age
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 49.39 52.30
豆粕 Soybean meal 36.90 26.50
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 3.00
植物油 Plant oil 4.00 5.50
面粉 Wheat flour 5.00 8.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.60 1.40
碳酸氢钠 NaHCO3 0.15 0.20
石粉 Limestone 1.20 1.10
食盐 NaCl 0.25 0.25
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-methionine 0.31 0.33
L-赖氨酸 L-lysine 0.44 0.60
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 0.10 0.10
苏氨酸 Threonine 0.16 0.22
预混料 Premix1) 0.50 0.50
合计 Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 12.55 13.08
粗蛋白质 CP 20.96 19.11
钙 Ca 0.93 0.82
有效磷 AP 0.37 0.32
总磷 TP 0.65 0.60
赖氨酸 Lys 1.28 1.18
蛋氨酸 Met 0.61 0.60
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸 Met+Cys 0.92 0.89
苏氨酸 Thr 0.84 0.80
色氨酸 Try 0.23 0.23

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 8 000 IU,VD3 1 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 0.5 mg,VB1 2 mg,VB2 8 mg,VB3 10 mg,VB5 40 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB11 0.3 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 80 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40 mg, Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.7 mg。

2)代谢能和有效磷为计算值,其他指标为测定值。ME and AP were calculated values, while other indicators were measured values.

饲粮中粗蛋白质含量的测定参考《饲料中粗蛋白的测定 凯氏定氮法》(GB/T 6432—2018),钙和总磷含量的测定参考《饲料中钙、钠、磷、镁、钾、铁、锌、铜、锰、钴和钼的测定 原子发射光谱法》(NY/T 3318—2018),氨基酸含量的测定参考《饲料中氨基酸的测定》(GB/T 18246—2019)。代谢能、有效磷通过红外光谱分析获得的饲料成分的相应值计算[12]。试验分为2个阶段进行,1~21日龄为生长前期,22~42日龄为生长后期。AA肉鸡的饲养管理与本课题组前期发表的文章[13]相同。在整个试验期间,鸡群保持良好的健康状态,并未进行任何治疗措施。

1.2 指标测定

1.2.1 生长性能

以每个重复为单位,在1、21和42日龄对肉鸡进行称重,计算平均日增重(ADG)。观察试验鸡的生长和健康状况,每日统计肉鸡的喂料量、剩料量和死亡数,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)。根据ADG和ADFI,计算料重比(F/G)。根据死亡数,对ADG和ADFI数据进行校正。

1.2.2 屠宰性能

在42日龄,每个重复选择2只体重相近的肉鸡。屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、腿肌率、胸肌率和腹脂率的测定方法参考本课题组前期发表文章[14]的方法。

1.2.3 养分表观代谢率

在39~42日龄,连续3 d收集每个重复的排泄物总量。每个重复收集的排泄物完全混合,在-20 ℃下保存,然后在65 ℃下干燥48 h至恒定重量。研磨饲料和排泄物样品,过0.5 mm筛网后,在105 ℃烘箱中干燥16 h,然后在65 ℃下干燥48 h至恒定重量。采用外源指示剂法(二氧化钛)测定干物质、总能、粗蛋白质表观代谢率。饲粮和排泄物中干物质含量测定方法参考GB/T 6435—2014,粗蛋白质含量测定方法参考GB/T 6432—2018,总能采用C200量热仪(C200 calorimeter, IKA Works GmbH & Co., 德国)测定。二氧化钛含量测定参考文献[15]中的方法。干物质表观代谢率和饲粮养分表观代谢率计算公式如下:
干物质表观代谢率(%)=[(排泄物(食糜)中指示剂含量-饲粮中指示剂含量)/排泄物中指示剂含量]×100。
饲粮养分表观代谢率(%)=[1-(饲粮中指示剂含量/排泄物中指示剂含量)×(排泄物中养分含量/饲粮中养分含量)]×100。

1.2.4 肠道形态学观察

在42日龄时,每个重复随机选取2只肉鸡,屠宰后分离肉鸡的十二指肠、空肠和回肠。十二指肠、空肠和回肠标本用4%多聚甲醛固定,按照SOP程序进行修剪、脱水、包埋、切片、染色和密封。使用Case Viewer scanning browser software(Case Viewer 2.2, 匈牙利)随机选取10个隐窝和绒毛完整、定向良好的视野。拍照和成像后,使用Image Pro Plus 6.0分析软件(Image-Pro Plus 6.0,美国)测量绒毛高度和隐窝深度,并计算绒毛高度和隐窝深度的比值(绒隐比)。

1.2.5 肠道食糜酸碱度和消化酶活性

在42日龄,屠宰后的肉鸡在消化道中的十二指肠、空肠和回肠的指定位置各采集3个样本,并使用手持式pH计对每个样本进行3次测定,记录消化道不同部位的食糜pH。采集到的食糜样本经过液氮速冻后存放于-80 ℃冰箱。在测定时,取10 mg样本溶于100 μL的磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)中制成悬浊液。脂肪酶(A054-2-1)、淀粉酶(C016-2-1)和胰蛋白酶(A080-2-2)的活性测定通过南京建成生物工程研究提供的试剂盒进行,测定过程按照试剂盒的说明书进行操作。

1.2.6 回肠菌群数量

在42日龄,每个重复随机选取2只肉鸡,屠宰后在无菌条件下采集回肠末端内容物。采用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)法定量总菌、大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和芽孢杆菌数量。引物序列分别为:总菌(515F 5'-GTGCAGCGCCGCGGTAA-3',806R 5'-GGACTACGGGTTCTAAT-3');大肠杆菌(EcolF 5'-GTTAATACCTTTGCTCATTGA-3',EcolR 5'-ACCAGGGTATCTAATCCTGTT-3');乳酸杆菌(LacF 5'-AGCAGTAGGGAATCTTCCA-3',LacR 5'-CACCGCTACACATGGAG-3');双歧杆菌(Bif164F 5'-TCGCGTCCGGTGTGAAAG-3',Bif601R 5'-CCACATCCAGCATCCAC-3')和芽孢杆菌(BacF 5'-GCAACGAGCGCAACCCTTGAT-3',BacR 5'-TCATCCCCACCTTCCTCCGGT-3')。将大肠杆菌、乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和芽孢杆菌的标准菌株DNA混合,用通用引物和设计的16S rDNA引物扩增后链接载体构建重组质粒作为标准品,制作目的基因序列拷贝数(y)和Ct值(x)的标准曲线。然后用粪样DNA提取试剂盒提取回肠内容物样品DNA,采用SYBR Green Ⅰ荧光定量PCR反应体系对样品16S rDNA进行扩增,测定Ct值,代入标准曲线方程,求得目的基因序列拷贝数(待测细菌数量)。

1.3 数据统计

采用Shapiro-Wilk和Levene's检验的方法验证了数据的正态分布和方差齐性。采用SAS 9.4中的一般线性模型(GLM)对数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),并将不同组之间的差异与Tukey's的多重范围检验进行比较。结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,在1~21日龄,与对照组相比,KDF-1组和KDF-2组肉鸡的平均日采食量和料重比显著降低(P<0.05),但KDF-1组和KDF-2组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。在22~42日龄,与对照组相比,KDF-1组和KDF-2组肉鸡的平均日增重显著提高(P<0.05),料重比显著降低(P<0.05),但KDF-1组和KDF-2组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);对照组、KDF-1组和KDF-2组肉鸡的平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05)。在1~42日龄,与对照组相比,KDF-1组和KDF-2组的平均日采食量和料重比显著降低(P<0.05),但2组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary KDF on growth performance of broiler chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 KDF-1组
KDF-1 group		 KDF-2组
KDF-2 group		 SEM P值
P-value
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age
平均日增重 ADG/g 40.03 39.82 39.44 0.363 0.213
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 51.48a 49.85b 49.42b 0.525 0.039
料重比 F/G 1.29a 1.25b 1.25b 0.007 0.021
22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age
平均日增重 ADG/g 76.11b 78.12a 78.52a 0.867 0.026
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 130.35 129.16 128.85 1.641 0.697
料重比 F/G 1.72a 1.68b 1.67b 0.013 <0.001
1~42日龄 1 to 42 days of age
平均日增重 ADG/g 58.06 58.97 58.98 0.412 0.064
平均日采食量 ADFI/g 91.17a 89.51b 89.14b 0.665 <0.001
料重比 F/G 1.57a 1.52b 1.51b 0.013 <0.001

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡屠宰率、胸肌率和腹脂率无显著影响(P>0.05)。对照组和KDF-1组的肉鸡半净膛率和全净膛率无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著低于KDF-2组(P<0.05)。KDF-1组和KDF-2组之间的腿肌率无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary KDF on slaughter performance of broiler chickens%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 KDF-1组
KDF-1 group		 KDF-2组
KDF-2 group		 SEM P值
P-value
屠宰率 Dressing percentage 91.73 91.67 91.71 0.126 0.652
半净膛率 Semi-eviscerated rate 83.25b 83.10b 84.25a 0.157 <0.001
全净膛率 Eviscerated carcass rate 72.08b 72.60b 73.43a 0.262 <0.001
胸肌率 Pectoral muscle rate 22.12 22.42 22.53 0.259 0.697
腿肌率 Leg muscle rate 16.82b 17.74a 17.66a 0.200 0.029
腹脂率 Abdominal fat rate 0.85 0.83 0.86 0.014 0.157

2.3 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

由表4可知,肉鸡干物质、总能和粗蛋白质表观代谢率在对照组和KDF-1组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著低于KDF-2组(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary KDF on nutrient apparent metabolism rate of broiler chickens%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 KDF-1组
KDF-1 group		 KDF-2组
KDF-2 group		 SEM P值
P-value
干物质 Dry matter 66.39b 66.95b 69.57a 0.469 0.007
总能 Gross energy 69.96b 69.98b 73.01a 0.513 <0.001
粗蛋白质 Crude protein 51.49b 52.48b 56.84a 0.946 <0.001

2.4 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡肠道健康的影响

2.4.1 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

由表5可知,在十二指肠中,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒隐比无显著影响(P>0.05)。在空肠中,KDF-2组的绒毛高度和绒隐比显著高于对照组和KDF-1组(P<0.05),而KDF-1组显著高于对照组(P<0.05);然而,饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡空肠隐窝深度无显著影响(P>0.05)。在回肠中,KDF-1组和KDF-2组之间绒毛高度和绒隐比无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);3组之间隐窝深度无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary KDF on intestinal morphology of broiler chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 KDF-1组
KDF-1 group		 KDF-2组
KDF-2 group		 SEM P值
P-value
十二指肠 Duodenum
绒毛高度 Villus height/μm 1 884.11 1 875.26 1 866.31 25.221 0.494
隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm 274.34 273.13 271.92 2.137 0.883
绒隐比 V/C 6.87 6.86 6.83 0.057 0.269
空肠 Jejunum
绒毛高度 Villus height/μm 976.42c 1 036.33b 1 152.39a 47.134 <0.001
隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm 218.28 214.62 217.93 1.257 0.728
绒隐比 V/C 4.47c 4.82b 5.29a 0.224 <0.001
回肠 Ileum
绒毛高度 Villus height/μm 817.65b 862.75a 872.57a 25.437 <0.001
隐窝深度 Crypt depth/μm 206.04 205.91 205.56 6.766 0.962
绒隐比 V/C 3.97b 4.19a 4.24a 0.324 <0.001

2.4.2 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡肠道食糜pH和消化酶活性的影响

由表6可知,饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜pH均无显著影响(P>0.05)。在十二指肠食糜中,与对照组相比,KDF-1组和KDF-2组十二指肠食糜中脂肪酶、淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),其中,KDF-1组和KDF-2组的脂肪酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05),KDF-2组淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶呈现出最高的活性,其次是KDF-1组。在空肠食糜中,脂肪酶、淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性在KDF-2组中最高;KDF-1组中脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但2组之间淀粉酶活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。在回肠食糜中,KDF-1组和KDF-2组脂肪酶、淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性显著升高(P<0.05),其中,KDF-1组的脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活性显著低于KDF-2组(P<0.05),但2组之间淀粉酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡肠道食糜pH和消化酶活性的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary KDF on intestinal chyme pH and digestive enzyme activities of broiler chickens

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 KDF-1组
KDF-1 group		 KDF-2组
KDF-2 group		 SEM P值
P-value
十二指肠 Duodenum
pH 5.98 6.02 5.96 0.007 0.876
脂肪酶 Lipase/(U/g) 5.38b 5.94a 5.87a 0.008 <0.001
淀粉酶 Amylase/(U/g) 2.45c 2.78b 3.18a 0.168 <0.001
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/(U/g) 1.91c 2.09b 2.43a 0.079 <0.001
空肠 Jejunum
pH 5.54 5.90 5.93 0.012 0.950
脂肪酶 Lipase/(U/g) 4.27c 4.82b 5.60a 0.169 <0.001
淀粉酶 Amylase/(U/g) 2.46b 2.51b 3.21a 0.099 <0.001
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/(U/g) 1.78c 2.08b 2.34a 0.068 <0.001
回肠 Ileum
pH 5.81 5.76 5.78 0.015 0.636
脂肪酶 Lipase/(U/g) 3.78c 4.98b 5.55a 0.209 <0.001
淀粉酶 Amylase/(U/g) 2.17b 2.66a 2.85a 0.132 <0.001
胰蛋白酶 Trypsin/(U/g) 1.48c 1.82b 2.25a 0.099 <0.001

2.4.3 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡回肠菌群数量的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,KDF-1组和KDF-2组回肠的细菌总数、大肠杆菌数量、乳酸杆菌数量、双歧杆菌数量和芽孢杆菌数量显著降低(P<0.05),而KDF-1组和KDF-2组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表7 饲粮中添加KDF对肉鸡回肠菌群数量的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary KDF on number of ileum flora of broiler chickenslg(CFU/g)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 KDF-1组
KDF-1 group		 KDF-2组
KDF-2 group		 SEM P值
P-value
细菌总数 Number of total bacterial 9.12a 8.14b 8.18b 0.254 <0.001
大肠杆菌数量 Number of Escherichia coli 6.42a 5.92b 5.85b 0.113 <0.001
乳酸杆菌数量 Number of lactobacilli 8.24a 7.09b 6.90b 0.283 <0.001
双歧杆菌数量 Number of bifidobacteria 5.92a 5.41b 5.46b 0.147 <0.001
芽孢杆菌数量 Number of bacillus 8.05a 7.24b 7.12b 0.155 <0.001

3 讨论

3.1 KDF对肉鸡生长性能的影响

本研究中发现,饲粮中添加1和2 g/kg的KDF显著降低了1~21日龄肉鸡的平均日采食量和料重比,但对平均日增重无显著影响。造成这种结果的原因可能为生长前期的肉鸡肠道未完全发育成熟,致使日增重和采食量较低[16]。此外,KDF的添加提高了饲粮的酸度,这也可能是导致肉鸡采食量降低的原因。随着肉鸡发育趋近成熟,22~42日龄时饲粮中添加1和2 g/kg的KDF显著提高肉鸡的平均日增重,降低料重比。在整个试验期内,饲喂KDF的肉鸡平均日采食量和料重比显著降低。Ragaa等[10]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.5%的KDF显著提高肉鸡的平均日增重和饲料转化率。陈焱等[17]发现饲喂含0.6%的KDF显著提高了罗斯308肉鸡的平均日增重,并降低了料重比。造成这种差异的原因可能是饲粮中KDF的添加量不同,伴随着KDF添加量的增加,肉鸡的生长性能逐步提高。

3.2 KDF对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能是评定畜禽生产性能的重要指标[18]。詹海杰等[19]研究发现,含0.46% KDF的饲粮显著改善断奶獭兔胴体重、半净膛率和全净膛率。邹俊等[20]研究发现,饲粮中添加2 g/kg的KDF显著提高肉鸡的腿肌率。林颖等[21]研究发现,饲粮中添加1 g/kg的KDF显著提高肉鸡的腿肌率,但对屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率和腹脂率无显著影响。和前人研究结果相同,在本试验中,添加2 g/kg KDF显著提高肉鸡的半净膛率、全净膛率和腿肌率。这可能表明KDF通过降低胃中的pH来增强胃蛋白酶的活性,提高饲粮蛋白质利用率并将其沉积在肌肉中。

3.3 KDF对肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响

养分表观代谢率是对与消化能力和肠道功能相关的营养和生理现象的定量评估[22]。陈焱等[17]研究发现,饲粮中添加0.6% KDF显著提高罗斯308肉鸡粗蛋白质的表观消化率。在本试验中,饲粮中添加2 g/kg的KDF显著提高肉鸡干物质、总能和粗蛋白质的表观代谢率。KDF可以降低胃的pH,提高胃蛋白酶活性,这有助于蛋白质消化率和氮保留率[23]。此外,KDF在肠道中分解的钾离子可以有效调节组织渗透压和酸碱平衡的作用,提高营养物质的利用率。KDF提高了肉鸡对饲粮能量和蛋白质的利用率,改善了肉鸡的生长发育状况,这可能是肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能提高的主要原因。

3.4 KDF对肉鸡肠道健康的影响

3.4.1 KDF对肉鸡肠道形态的影响

家禽的生长和生产主要依赖于小肠对营养物质的消化和吸收[24]。绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒隐比是评价小肠功能的重要指标[25]。原则上,较高的绒毛高度和绒隐比,以及较低的隐窝深度意味着肠道结构更好,对营养物质的消化和吸收能力更强[26]。前人研究发现,饲粮中添加0.5%的KDF显著提高了肉鸡回肠绒毛高度[27]。此外,Ragaa等[10]的试验展示了0.5%的KDF和0.5%甲酸对改善肉鸡肠道形态具有相同的效果,显著提高了肉鸡的绒毛高度和绒隐比,并呈现降低隐窝深度的趋势。在本试验中,饲粮中添加KDF显著提高肉鸡空肠和回肠的绒毛高度和绒隐比。绒毛高度的增加可归因于KDF的抗菌效果,减少许多致病菌在肠道中的生长和定居,缓解肠黏膜的感染和炎症过程,最终导致绒毛高度的增加[28-29]。

3.4.2 KDF对肉鸡肠道食糜pH和消化酶活性的影响

有机酸主要通过创造一个低pH的环境来发挥作用[30]。KDF不易在胃液中分解,而是进入肠道后解离为甲酸、甲酸根和钾离子,非解离型的甲酸可以穿过细胞壁,在细胞内解离使pH下降[31]。此外,甲酸盐阴离子在细胞壁外分解细菌细胞壁蛋白质,破坏细菌DNA和蛋白质的合成,发挥杀菌和抑制细菌的作用[32]。Ghazalah等[33]研究发现,肉鸡饲粮中添加0.5%~1.5%的甲酸可以显著降低肠道pH。此外,王群等[34]研究发现,饲粮中添加1.5~7.5 g/kg的KDF显著降低65日龄育成期公貂十二指肠pH。本试验中,添加1和2 g/kg的KDF并未观察到肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠食糜pH的变化,这可能与饲粮的配制、物种的差异和添加形式有关。然而,KDF组肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠脂肪酶、淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶活性显著提高。淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在营养消化中发挥重要作用[35]。较高活性的蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶增强了蛋白质、淀粉和脂类的消化,这可能是本试验中肉鸡生长性能得到改善的原因之一[36]。

3.4.3 KDF对肉鸡回肠菌群数量的影响

肠道中的微生物多样性和丰度显著影响宿主的健康,饲粮和饲料添加剂是影响宿主肠道菌群的常见因素[37-38]。宿主摄入营养物质后,食糜迅速从十二指肠经空肠流向回肠末端。在回肠末端,消化酶活性下降并且胆汁酸被分解,导致回肠末端的食糜中存在大量微生物[39]。此外,回肠作为营养物质吸收的关键部位且含有丰富的微生物,其发育状态和微生物菌群结构对肉鸡的生长发育至关重要[40]。前期研究发现,有机酸通过降低肠道pH来抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和其他革兰氏阳性菌的增殖[8]。本试验中,饲粮中添加KDF显著降低了肉鸡回肠中的细菌总数和大肠杆菌数量。尽管回肠食糜的pH并未出现具有统计学意义的降低,但在数值上有所下降,这可能表明KDF在回肠起到了作用。此外,值得注意的是,回肠中乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌和芽孢杆菌数量也显著降低。Sun等[41]的研究发现,KDF显著降低十二指肠中乳酸杆菌和乳球菌的相对丰度。这可能是KDF能穿透微生物细胞膜,在微生物细胞内分解产生H+,影响微生物蛋白质和核酸的代谢,从而抑制微生物生长。此外,在仔猪的饲粮中添加甲酸也会减少肠道中乳酸杆菌的数量[42]。目前,有机酸饲料添加剂应用的最大挑战就是它们对乳酸菌的潜在有害影响[43]。

4 结论

饲粮中添加2 g/kg的KDF显著提高肉鸡的生长性能、屠宰性能和养分表观代谢率。饲粮中添加1和2 g/kg的KDF改善了肉鸡肠道形态和消化酶活性,降低回肠菌群数量。综合考虑上述指标,本试验中饲粮添加2 g/kg KDF更适于肉鸡的生长发育。

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