Effects of Miscellaneous Meal Diet Supplemented with Hydrolyzed Fish Protein Peptides on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Amino Acid Apparent Ileal Digestibility of Broilers

HUANG Ying; ZHAO Yunjie; JIANG Jin'gen; PENG Huan; HUANG Zeyu; CHEN Yuguang; HE Xi; SONG Zehe

doi:10.12418/CJAN2024.371

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 7: 4304 - 4315

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.371

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Miscellaneous Meal Diet Supplemented with Hydrolyzed Fish Protein Peptides on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Amino Acid Apparent Ileal Digestibility of Broilers

HUANG Ying ^,¹^,²^,³^,⁴ ,
ZHAO Yunjie ¹^,²^,³^,⁴ ,
JIANG Jin'gen ¹^,²^,³^,⁴ ,
PENG Huan ¹^,²^,³^,⁴ ,
HUANG Zeyu ¹^,²^,³^,⁴ ,
CHEN Yuguang ¹^,²^,³^,⁴ ,
HE Xi ^,¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,^* ,
SONG Zehe ^,¹^,²^,³^,⁴^,^*

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
² Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Education, Changsha 410128, China
³ Hunan Engineering Research Center of Poultry Production Safety, Changsha 410128, China
⁴ Provincial and Ministerial Collaborative Innovation Center of High-Quality Livestock and Poultry Product Production, Changsha 410128, China

*HE Xi, professor, E-mail: hexi111@126.com;

SONG Zehe, associate professor, E-mail: zehesong111@163.com

Received date: 2024-01-12

Online published: 2024-07-09

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of hydrolyzed fish protein peptides in miscellaneous meal diet on growth performance, slaughter performance, meat quality and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids of broilers. A total of 300 healthy Arbor Acres (AA) broilers of 1-day-old with similar body weight were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate. The broilers in the control group were fed a corn-miscellaneous meal basal diet (4% rapeseed meal+5% cottonseed meal), and those in the experimental groups were fed the miscellaneous meal diets supplemented with 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% hydrolyzed fish protein peptides, respectively, and then all the diets were prepared into isoenergetic and isonitrogenous complete diets. The experiment lasted for 42 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the supplementation of 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide significantly increased the body weight of broilers at 42 days of age, the average daily feed intake from 22 to 42 days of age, and the average daily gain and average daily feed intake from 1 to 42 days of age (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 4% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide significantly increased the semi-eviscerated percentage and eviscerated percentage of broilers (P<0.05), and the supplementation of 2% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide significantly increased the eviscerated percentage (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the supplementation of 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide significantly increased the redness (a^*) and yellow (b^*) values in breast muscle of broilers (P<0.05), significantly decreased the pH_{45 min} and shear force in breast muscle (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the pH_{45 min} and pH_{24 h} in leg muscle (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the apparent ileal digestibilities of methionine, threonine, valine, glutamic acid, glycine, aspartic acid and proline in 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group were significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the supplementation of 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide to the miscellaneous meal diet for broilers can improve their growth performance, improve meat quality, and promote amino acid digestion and absorption.

Key words： hydrolyzed fish protein peptides; broilers; growth performance; slaughter performance; meat quality; amino acid apparent ileal digestibility

Cite this article

HUANG Ying , ZHAO Yunjie , JIANG Jin'gen , PENG Huan , HUANG Zeyu , CHEN Yuguang , HE Xi , SONG Zehe . Effects of Miscellaneous Meal Diet Supplemented with Hydrolyzed Fish Protein Peptides on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Meat Quality and Amino Acid Apparent Ileal Digestibility of Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(7) : 4304 -4315 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.371

我国棉籽粕、菜籽粕等杂粕资源丰富、来源广且价格低廉,已成为畜禽饲粮中玉米和豆粕减量替代方案的重要选择之一。但由于棉籽粕和菜籽粕的粗纤维含量较高,且含有众多抗营养因子,导致杂粕型饲粮与豆粕型饲粮相比,氨基酸利用率和饲料转化率相对较低^[1]。酶法水解可将蛋白质降解为更易消化吸收的小肽和游离氨基酸,使低值蛋白质的利用率得到提高。胡文举等^[2]研究表明,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg抗菌肽可提高固始鸡的免疫和抗氧化能力,改善肠道菌群结构。白彪玲等^[3]在饲粮中添加0.4%~0.6%的大豆活性肽,能够改善育肥猪的生长性能和胴体性状,调节血清生化指标,并影响肠道微生物组成。徐文杰等^[4]研究表明,在饲料中添加5%的酶解鱼小肽,能够在不影响生长的情况下,提高牛蛙蝌蚪变态率、存活率及抗氧化能力。海洋鱼类通过酶法水解可将难消化吸收的营养成分转变为更易于消化吸收的优质动物蛋白质,并在动物消化过程中产生数量较多的二肽和三肽^[5-6]。饲粮中添加一些肽类物质可有效调节机体免疫水平,主要作用机理为肽与细菌细胞膜表面相互作用,改变了膜的通透性,破坏了膜结构,影响了渗透压平衡,进而杀灭细菌^[7]。因此,本试验使用水解鱼蛋白肽作为原料,探究杂粕饲粮中添加不同水平的水解鱼蛋白肽替代豆粕对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、肉品质及氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响,以期为预消化蛋白质原料在杂粕饲粮中的科学应用提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验所用水解鱼蛋白肽为市售产品。在饲养试验开始前,对水解鱼蛋白肽的营养成分进行了测定,结果如表1所示。试验所用爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡购自长沙新大成禽业有限公司。

表1 水解鱼蛋白肽的营养成分(干物质基础)

Table 1 Nutrients of hydrolyzed fish protein peptides (DM basis)%

项目 Items	含量Content	项目Items	含量Content
干物质(风干基础) DM (air-dry basis)	93.80	精氨酸 Arg	5.23
粗蛋白质 CP	87.65	亮氨酸 Leu	4.45
相对分子质量<1 000 u的肽段 Peptides with relative molecular mass <1 000 u	78.50	异亮氨酸 Ile	2.45
粗脂肪 EE	0.15	缬氨酸 Val	2.88
粗灰分 Ash	5.44	苯丙氨酸 Phe	2.22
钙 Ca	0.36	组氨酸 His	2.30
总磷 TP	0.41	酪氨酸 Tyr	1.49
总能 GE/(MJ/kg)	19.35	甘氨酸 Gly	10.65
肉仔鸡(7~14日龄)表观代谢能 AME of broilers (7 to 14 days of age)/(MJ/kg)	16.62	丙氨酸 Ala	6.47
肉仔鸡(21~28日龄)表观代谢能 AME of broilers (21 to 28 days of age)/(MJ/kg)	13.38	丝氨酸 Ser	2.80
赖氨酸 Lys	6.74	脯氨酸 Pro	6.74
蛋氨酸 Met	1.25	天冬氨酸 Asp	6.94
苏氨酸 Thr	3.18	谷氨酸 Glu	12.92

1.2 试验设计与试验饲粮

选用300只体重相近、体况良好的1日龄AA肉仔鸡,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只鸡。对照组饲喂玉米-杂粕型基础饲粮(4%菜籽粕+5%棉籽粕,无水解鱼蛋白肽添加),试验组分别在杂粕饲粮中添加1%、2%、3%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽,并配制成等能等氮的全价饲料。试验期42 d。

饲粮及原料代谢能值参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》计算,饲粮营养水平参照Aviagen公司AA+肉鸡品种推荐标准(2014年)配制,分前期(1~21日龄)和后期(22~42日龄)2个阶段,其组成及营养水平见表2。

表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items	1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age						22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age
项目 Items	对照组 Control group	1%水解鱼蛋白肽组 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	2%水解鱼蛋白肽组 2% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	3%水解鱼蛋白肽组 3% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	4%水解鱼蛋白肽组 4% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group		对照组 Control group	1%水解鱼蛋白肽组 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	2%水解鱼蛋白肽组 2% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	3%水解鱼蛋白肽组 3% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	4%水解鱼蛋白肽组 4% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn	46.62	48.25	49.86	51.46	53.10	54.31		55.97	57.63	59.29	60.96
豆粕 Soybean meal	28.57	26.21	23.85	21.52	19.15	21.64		19.28	16.92	14.57	12.20
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00		4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00		5.00	5.00	5.00	5.00
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	3.00		3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
水解鱼蛋白肽 Hydrolyzed fish protein peptides		1.00	2.00	3.00	4.00			1.00	2.00	3.00	4.00
大豆油 Soybean oil	6.72	6.45	6.20	5.93	5.66	7.35		7.05	6.75	6.44	6.14
L-赖氨酸 L-Lys	0.57	0.57	0.57	0.57	0.57	0.40		0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met	0.21	0.21	0.21	0.21	0.21	0.23		0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23
苏氨酸 Thr	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.16	0.23		0.23	0.23	0.23	0.23
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO₄	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	1.90		1.90	1.90	1.90	1.90
石粉 Limestone	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.84		0.84	0.84	0.84	0.84
氯化钠 NaCl	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30		0.30	0.30	0.30	0.30
二氧化钛 TiO₂	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40		0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
预混料 Premix¹⁾	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.40		0.40	0.40	0.40	0.40
合计 Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00		100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels²⁾
表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg)	12.76	12.76	12.76	12.76	12.76	13.18		13.18	13.18	13.18	13.18
粗蛋白质 CP	22.11	22.08	22.05	22.08	22.12	19.14		19.09	19.12	19.17	19.11
粗脂肪 EE	6.97	8.37	8.31	8.21	8.24	7.04		9.04	9.02	8.99	9.09
赖氨酸 Lys	1.30	1.29	1.35	1.31	1.35	1.27		1.32	1.33	1.29	1.26
蛋氨酸 Met	0.42	0.45	0.46	0.42	0.41	0.35		0.38	0.39	0.35	0.39
色氨酸 Trp	0.22	0.23	0.20	0.21	0.20	0.20		0.17	0.19	0.17	0.16
苏氨酸 Thr	0.90	0.92	0.98	0.95	0.98	0.88		0.97	0.94	0.93	0.89
钙 Ca	0.88	0.91	0.90	0.96	0.94	0.85		0.80	0.82	0.86	0.82
总磷 TP	0.46	0.42	0.44	0.44	0.47	0.43		0.39	0.40	0.39	0.44

1)预混料为1~21日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets for 1 to 21 days of age:VA 13 000 IU,VD₃ 5 000 IU,VE 80 IU,VB₁ 5 mg,VB₂ 9 mg,VB₆ 5 mg,VB₁₂ 0.02 mg,VK₃ 4 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 70 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 25 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.35 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 600 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 120 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 120 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 40 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 16 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.25 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。预混料为22~42日龄每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets for 22 to 42 days of age:VA 10 000 IU,VD₃4 000 IU,VE 55 IU,VB₁ 3 mg,VB₂ 7 mg,VB₆ 3 mg,VB₁₂ 0.016 mg,VK₃ 3.2 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 50 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 15 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.8 mg,生物素 biotin 0.22 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 500 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 120 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 120 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 40 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 16 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.25 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。

2)表观代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。AME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

饲养试验采用全封闭式笼养,以上、中、下3层笼养方式饲养。试验开始前,对鸡舍进行打扫、消毒及熏蒸工作。试验期间,24 h光照,鸡只自由采食(前期饲粮为粉料,后期饲粮为颗粒料)和饮水,并按常规程序进行消毒和免疫。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 饲粮及原料营养成分

饲粮及原料干物质含量参照GB/T 6435—2014方法测定,粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018方法测定,粗脂肪含量参照GB/T 6433—2006方法测定,粗灰分含量参照GB/T 6438—2007方法测定,钙含量参照GB/T 6436—2018方法测定,总磷含量参照GB/T 6437—2018方法测定,氨基酸含量参照GB/T 18246—2019方法测定,总能(gross energy,GE)采用氧弹测热仪(IKA-C3000,德国)进行测定。

1.4.2 生长性能

分别于21和42日龄,以重复为单位对试验鸡进行称重,试验期间记录耗料量和死亡鸡数,计算各阶段平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.4.3 屠宰性能

于42日龄时,从每个重复选择2只体重接近该重复平均体重的肉鸡进行屠宰,屠宰前禁食12 h,参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2004)测定屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率和腿肌率。

1.4.4 肉品质

于42日龄时,从每个重复选择1只体重接近该重复平均体重的肉鸡,采集其右侧胸肌和腿肌样品,参照《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)测定肉品质。

1.4.5 氨基酸表观回肠消化率

于42日龄时,从每个重复选择1只体重接近该重复平均体重的肉鸡,立即剖腹并分离整段回肠,对折回肠后取后半段回肠食糜以每个重复为单位轻挤于离心管中,采集完成后转移至-20 ℃冰箱冻存,用冷冻干燥机冻干食糜后备测。饲粮及食糜氨基酸前处理:称取0.2 g样品于安瓿瓶中,加入10 mL的6 mol/L盐酸(HCl)溶液,110 ℃烘22 h,取出转移至50 mL容量瓶中定容,过滤后取原液于水浴蒸干,加入浓度为0.01 mol/L HCl溶液混合,取溶液待用。采用高效液相色谱仪(1100 HPLC,安捷伦,美国)测定16种氨基酸,包含必需氨基酸[赖氨酸(Lys)、蛋氨酸(Met)、苏氨酸(Thr)、精氨酸(Arg)、亮氨酸(Leu)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、缬氨酸(Val)、苯丙氨酸(Phe)和组氨酸(His)]和非必需氨基酸[酪氨酸(Tyr)、甘氨酸(Gly)、丙氨酸(Ala)、丝氨酸(Ser)、脯氨酸(Pro)、天冬氨酸(Asp)和谷氨酸(Glu)]含量,具体参照GB/T 18246—2019方法测定。饲粮及食糜二氧化钛前处理:称取0.1 g样品于坩埚中580 ℃灰化13 h后,加入5 mL浓硫酸煮沸,冷却过滤到50 mL容量瓶,加入10 mL 30%的双氧水,定容。采用分光光度计(Pye Unicam,剑桥)于410 nm处测量,具体参照Short等^[8]的方法进行测定。

氨基酸表观回肠消化率计算公式如下:

氨基酸表观回肠消化率(%)=100-[食糜氨基酸含量(mg/kg DM)×饲粮二氧化钛含量(mg/kg DM)]/[饲粮氨基酸含量(mg/kg DM)×食糜二氧化钛含量(mg/kg DM)]×100。

1.5 数据处理与统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,以P<0.05为差异显著,试验结果以“平均值±标准差”表示。

2 结果

2.1 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,添加1%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高肉鸡42日龄体重、22~42日龄平均日采食量以及1~42日龄平均日增重和平均日采食量(P<0.05)。

表3 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of miscellaneous meal diet supplemented with hydrolyzed fish protein peptides on growth performance of broilers

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	1%水解鱼蛋白肽组 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	2%水解鱼蛋白肽组 2% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group		3%水解鱼蛋白肽组 3% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	4%水解鱼蛋白肽组 4% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	P值 P-value
1~21日龄 1 to 21 days of age
初始体重 IBW/g	42.00±0.25	41.92±0.17	41.75±0.23		41.78±0.22	41.78±0.21	0.266
终末体重 FBW/g	871.67±37.77	912.50±39.47	883.61±55.73		894.35±17.99	855.46±20.02	0.114
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d)	39.51±1.80	41.46±1.88	40.09±2.66		40.60±0.85	38.75±0.96	0.115
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d)	51.86±1.87	53.35±1.23	52.19±2.96		52.54±0.72	50.54±1.25	0.122
料重比 F/G	1.31±0.04	1.29±0.04	1.30±0.03		1.30±0.02	1.31±0.02	0.662
22~42日龄 22 to 42 days of age
终末体重 FBW/g	2 491.30±78.22^b	2 625.90±132.21^a	2 561.60±90.03^ab	2 463.89±80.90^b		2 477.17±65.74^b	0.027
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d)	77.12±3.80	81.60±4.72	79.92±4.44	74.75±3.22		77.23±3.53	0.054
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d)	133.15±4.76^bc	140.09±4.57^a	139.20±7.70^ab	132.23±4.51^c		132.72±4.60^bc	0.036
料重比 F/G	1.73±0.05	1.72±0.06	1.74±0.09	1.77±0.04		1.72±0.03	0.538
1~42日龄 1 to 42 days of age
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d)	58.32±1.86^b	61.52±3.15^a	60.00±2.15^ab	57.67±1.92^b		57.99±1.56^b	0.027
平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d)	92.50±2.73^bc	96.72±2.59^a	95.69±4.59^ab	92.38±2.54^bc		91.63±1.99^c	0.025
料重比 F/G	1.59±0.02	1.57±0.05	1.60±0.05	1.60±0.03		1.58±0.01	0.548

	同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,添加4%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高肉鸡半净膛率和全净膛率(P<0.05),添加2%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高全净膛率(P<0.05)。各组间肉鸡屠宰率、胸肌率和腿肌率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表4 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of miscellaneous meal diet supplemented with hydrolyzed fish protein peptides on slaughter performance of broilers%

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	1%水解鱼蛋白肽组 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	2%水解鱼蛋白肽组 2% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	3%水解鱼蛋白肽组 3% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	4%水解鱼蛋白肽组 4% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	P值 P-value
屠宰率 Dressing percentage	90.60±1.89	89.88±1.25	89.62±1.46	90.24±1.39	91.34±0.80	0.129
半净膛率 Semi-eviscerated percentage	83.00±2.07^b	83.83±1.75^ab	84.01±1.84^ab	84.22±1.90^ab	85.65±0.94^a	0.032
全净膛率 Eviscerated percentage	70.86±2.23^b	71.83±1.34^ab	72.58±1.47^a	71.89±1.74^ab	73.21±1.30^a	0.025
胸肌率 Breast muscle percentage	23.01±2.03	24.19±1.64	25.00±2.10	24.48±2.73	23.46±1.89	0.230
腿肌率 Leg muscle percentage	20.29±1.99	19.67±2.18	18.83±1.41	19.34±2.11	18.41±6.32	0.381

2.3 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡肉品质的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,添加1%、3%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高肉鸡胸肌红度(a^*)值(P<0.05),添加1%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高胸肌黄度(b^*)值(P<0.05);添加1%、3%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽显著降低胸肌pH_{45 min}(P<0.05);添加1%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽显著降低胸肌剪切力(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,添加1%、2%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽有提高肉鸡腿肌亮度(L^*)值的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);添加2%、3%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高胸肌b^*值(P<0.05);添加1%和3%水解鱼蛋白肽显著降低腿肌pH_{45 min}和pH_{24 h}(P<0.05);添加1%水解鱼蛋白肽有降低腿肌剪切力的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组间肉鸡胸肌和腿肌加压损失和24 h 滴水损失均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表5 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡肉品质的影响

Table 5 Effects of miscellaneous meal diet supplemented with hydrolyzed fish protein peptides on meat quality of broilers

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	1%水解鱼蛋白肽组 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	2%水解鱼蛋白肽组 2% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	3%水解鱼蛋白肽组 3% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	4%水解鱼蛋白肽组 4% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	P值 P-value
胸肌 Breast muscle
加压损失 Pressure loss/%	13.06±3.53	15.31±3.44	18.30±3.23	19.13±6.19	22.05±10.68	0.205
24 h滴水损失 Drip loss at 24 h/%	7.15±2.40	7.22±1.76	6.08±2.71	7.11±2.38	6.18±2.57	0.976
亮度 L^*	48.85±2.16	47.52±1.65	48.57±3.09	48.51±3.73	48.58±2.74	0.769
红度 a^*	5.43±0.83^b	7.14±1.69^a	6.02±1.39^b	7.19±1.37^a	7.40±1.55^a	<0.001
黄度 b^*	9.29±0.95^c	12.98±1.58^a	10.59±2.04^bc	10.16±2.52^bc	11.45±1.90^b	<0.001
pH_{45 min}	6.88±0.20^a	6.45±0.46^c	6.72±0.27^ab	6.62±0.26^bc	6.44±0.41^c	0.002
pH_{24 h}	6.14±0.13	6.11±0.14	6.10±0.12	6.03±0.13	6.05±0.16	0.127
剪切力 Shear force/N	19.23±1.50^b	14.74±3.32^c	17.97±3.03^b	21.73±3.57^a	14.41±4.33^c	<0.001
腿肌 Leg muscle
加压损失 Pressure loss/%	13.68±6.03	20.87±9.90	25.59±11.06	22.76±8.47	25.44±7.57	0.286
24 h滴水损失 Drip loss at 24 h/%	6.26±2.72	7.59±3.88	7.43±3.91	8.47±3.88	6.34±2.30	0.828
亮度 L^*	54.03±1.98^ab	55.56±3.03^a	55.88±2.36^a	52.32±2.55^b	55.45±3.69^a	0.002
红度 a^*	9.99±2.22	10.42±1.03	10.42±2.25	10.70±0.63	11.88±2.96	0.105
黄度 b^*	12.23±2.39^c	12.79±1.34^bc	14.51±2.41^a	13.93±1.58^ab	14.55±1.65^a	0.003
pH_{45 min}	6.69±0.45^a	6.28±0.38^b	6.41±0.24^b	6.40±0.29^b	6.41±0.40^b	0.032
pH_{24 h}	6.27±0.14^a	6.15±0.12^b	6.21±0.09^ab	6.17±0.13^b	6.19±0.12^ab	0.039
剪切力 Shear force/N	16.81±3.48^bc	14.54±3.57^c	21.41±4.59^a	21.53±6.87^a	19.80±5.54^ab	<0.001

2.4 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,1%水解鱼蛋白肽组蛋氨酸(94.31%)、苏氨酸(79.32%)和缬氨酸(71.97%)表观回肠消化率显著提高(P<0.05),分别提高了17.80%、12.80%和10.89%;1%水解鱼蛋白肽组非必需氨基酸中的谷氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬氨酸和脯氨酸表观回肠消化率显著提高(P<0.05),其他氨基酸表观回肠消化率均无显著差异(P>0.05)。此外,2%和3%水解鱼蛋白肽组苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸和脯氨酸表观回肠消化率均显著低于1%水解鱼蛋白肽组(P<0.05)。

表6 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响

Table 6 Effects of miscellaneous meal diet supplemented with hydrolyzed fish protein peptides on apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids of broilers%

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	1%水解鱼蛋白肽组 1% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	2%水解鱼蛋白肽组 2% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	3%水解鱼蛋白肽组 3% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	4%水解鱼蛋白肽组 4% hydrolyzed fish protein peptide group	P值 P-value
必需氨基酸 EAA
赖氨酸 Lys	66.96±9.49^ab	67.07±4.21^ab	64.22±5.07^b	51.42±4.83^c	73.52±4.54^a	<0.001
蛋氨酸 Met	80.06±4.34^b	94.31±1.72^a	93.98±0.60^a	74.46±3.51^c	91.56±3.21^a	<0.001
苏氨酸 Thr	70.32±1.42^b	79.32±2.90^a	70.68±2.81^b	70.00±3.51^b	78.76±2.49^a	<0.001
缬氨酸 Val	64.90±6.60^b	71.97±3.85^a	63.34±3.62^b	55.10±1.70^c	67.25±4.19^ab	<0.001
亮氨酸 Leu	69.13±6.67^a	70.62±3.64^a	71.02±3.16^a	62.32±2.31^b	69.44±3.79^a	0.007
异亮氨酸 Ile	65.72±6.35^ab	72.04±3.64^a	63.63±5.64^bc	53.48±2.58^d	57.48±8.58^cd	<0.001
苯丙氨酸 Phe	72.12±5.25^ab	78.73±2.81^a	69.15±4.52^b	65.52±4.88^b	70.71±8.60^b	0.007
精氨酸 Arg	82.02±2.97^ab	84.84±2.66^a	78.42±2.41^b	73.50±1.52^c	84.23±5.69^a	<0.001
组氨酸 His	75.23±3.11^a	73.49±4.71^a	65.46±3.13^b	60.37±2.79^c	71.96±4.89^a	<0.001
非必需氨基酸 NEAA
酪氨酸 Tyr	77.06±1.02^a	80.05±0.88^a	66.24±3.86^b	60.75±4.79^c	75.58±5.62^a	<0.001
丝氨酸 Ser	72.19±3.35^a	75.71±2.81^a	67.49±4.09^b	62.26±3.34^c	73.27±5.12^a	<0.001
谷氨酸 Glu	73.83±2.99^c	81.57±2.21^a	72.70±3.08^cd	70.02±2.18^d	77.56±3.53^b	<0.001
甘氨酸 Gly	58.58±5.08^c	63.88±4.00^ab	66.63±5.28^a	60.58±3.08^bc	66.78±2.87^a	0.009
丙氨酸 Ala	56.31±8.35	60.51±0.49	59.01±4.26	55.24±6.76	58.91±4.05	0.553
天冬氨酸 Asp	63.51±6.06^b	70.67±1.98^a	62.11±4.78^b	55.41±2.83^c	66.56±5.16^ab	<0.001
脯氨酸 Pro	63.43±6.71^c	77.88±2.34^a	72.01±2.44^b	60.51±3.29^c	68.58±4.68^b	<0.001

3 讨论

3.1 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡生长性能的影响

水解鱼蛋白肽是将大分子蛋白水解成小肽段,具有氨基酸和生物活性肽的双重营养特性,主要包括抗氧化、抗高血压、免疫调节和抗菌等^[9]。本试验使用的水解鱼蛋白肽粗蛋白质含量高达87.65%,相对分子质量小于1 000 u的肽段占粗蛋白质比例为78.50%,1 000~2 000 u的肽段占粗蛋白质比例为15.40%。动物源多肽类饲料必需氨基酸含量高,氨基酸比例较平衡,消化性较好。研究表明,与添加鱼粉和植物性蛋白质为基础的2种饲粮相比,饲喂添加5%水解鲑鱼蛋白质的肉鸡具有更好的生长性能,且与植物蛋白质为基础的饲粮相比,饲喂添加水解鲑鱼蛋白的肉鸡十二指肠和回肠绒毛有变长的趋势,回肠中的绒毛吸收面积更大^[10]。目前,水解鱼蛋白肽在水产饲料中研究较多且应用效果显著^[11-12],但水解鱼蛋白肽在家禽上的研究很少。陈文雅等^[13]研究证明,在种鸡饲粮中添加0.1%深海鱼肽可显著提高种鸡的产蛋性能。饲喂4种海洋鱼类水解物对肉仔鸡生长性能有显著影响,屠宰率受鱼类品种的影响^[14]。姚巧粉等^[15]在72周龄强制换羽肉种鸡饲粮中添加0.3%深海鱼肽能够促进营养物质的吸收,有助于蛋白质在体内的沉积,对强制换羽肉种鸡的产蛋率有一定的促进作用。本试验结果表明,肉鸡杂粕饲粮中添加1%的水解鱼蛋白肽显著提高了肉鸡生长后期的末重和平均日采食量以及全期的平均日增重和平均日采食量,有降低料重比的趋势。而当水解鱼蛋白肽添加水平超过1%后逐渐降低了肉鸡的采食量,原因可能有:1)水解鱼蛋白肽含盐量达4%,随着添加水平的提高,饲粮中的含盐量也随之升高;2)夏季高温高湿环境下,水解鱼蛋白肽易分解产生挥发性氨和胺类碱性含氮物质,影响了饲粮的适口性,从而降低了鸡群的采食量。与本研究结果类似,Alizadeh-Ghamsari等^[16]在肉鸡饲粮中分别添加2.5%、5.0%和7.5%的水解干鱼蛋白,发现2.5%水解干鱼蛋白组肉鸡末重与对照组无显著差异,而肉鸡的生长性能随着添加水平的提高而降低。

3.2 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡屠宰性能和肉品质的影响

肉鸡的屠宰性能是评价生长性能和营养物质沉积效率的重要指标,不仅可以直观反映不同组织部位质量占总质量的百分比,同时还反映出营养成分在各个组织部位中沉积量的差异,直接影响到养殖经济效益。本试验中,添加2%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽可显著提高肉鸡全净膛率,添加4%水解鱼蛋白肽可显著提高半净膛率,其余指标在各组之间均无显著差异。Alizadeh-Ghamsari等^[16]研究表明,在饲粮中添加5.0%和7.5%水解干鱼蛋白提高了肉鸡腿肌率,同时降低了肌胃的相对重量。

评定肌肉理化性质的指标主要包括pH、肉色、滴水损失、加压损失和剪切力等,这些指标与肌肉嫩度和风味联系密切^[17]。Shaviklo等^[18]研究发现,鱼类水解肽由谷氨酸和天冬氨酸产生,在饲粮中添加2.5%鱼类水解肽能改善肉鸡的肉品质。活体禽肉一般为中性偏碱的状态,屠宰后由于肌肉中肌糖原的无氧酵解生成乳酸,使pH迅速降低^[19]。本研究发现,添加1%和3%水解鱼蛋白肽显著降低肉鸡腿肌pH_{45 min}和pH_{24 h},添加1%、3%和4%水解鱼蛋白肽显著降低胸肌pH_{45 min}。肌肉保持水分的能力可以用滴水损失和加压损失来反映,滴水损失和加压损失越小,肌肉保持水分的能力越强^[20]。剪切力是衡量肌肉嫩度的直接指标,肌肉含水量越大,剪切力越小,嫩度越高,更受市场认可^[21]。本试验中,添加1%水解鱼蛋白肽显著降低肉鸡胸肌剪切力,提示水解鱼蛋白肽饲粮对这些肉品质指标无不利影响,且能够增加肌肉含水量,使得剪切力变小,嫩度变高。综上可知,杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡肉品质有一定的改善作用。

3.3 杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽对肉鸡氨基酸表观回肠消化率的影响

蛋白质的消化和吸收在小肠黏膜中,寡肽的消化吸收通过2种途径:一是黏膜上皮细胞表面刷状缘途径,完成氨基酸和肽的转运;二是细胞内途径,与肽的转运有关^[22]。刘卫东等^[23]研究表明,杂粕饲粮中添加1.8%和2.2%大米蛋白肽能提高总氨基酸和蛋氨酸的表观利用率和真利用率,也能提高异亮氨酸、苏氨酸和缬氨酸的表观利用率和真利用率。陈文雅等^[24]研究发现,肉仔鸡游离氨基酸吸收主要部位是空肠,而肽的主要吸收部位是回肠,肽比苏氨酸、甘氨酸、脯氨酸和组氨酸在肉鸡小肠内有吸收优势,且小肠后段的吸收优势更明显。本试验与陈文雅等^[24]的研究结果相似,在1%水解鱼蛋白肽组中,蛋氨酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、天冬氨酸和脯氨酸表观回肠消化率显著提高。本研究在饲粮中添加了4%的菜籽粕和5%的棉籽粕,菜籽粕和棉籽粕粗纤维高且含有抗营养因子,会导致蛋白质和氨基酸利用效率降低,本试验一方面探究了在含有菜籽粕和棉籽粕的饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽能否改善杂粕带来的负面影响,结果证明添加水解鱼蛋白肽不仅能够提高饲料利用率,而且能提高肉鸡的生长性能;另一方面确定了水解鱼蛋白肽在杂粕饲粮的最适添加水平,本试验中以添加1%水解鱼蛋白肽效果较佳。

4 结论

杂粕饲粮中添加水解鱼蛋白肽可以提高肉鸡生长性能,且以饲粮中添加1%水解鱼蛋白肽的效果较佳,其可在一定程度上改善肉鸡肉品质,提高氨基酸表观回肠消化率,从而提高饲粮的转化效率。

References

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DOI

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