1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 主要试剂
1.1.2 候选益生菌
1.1.3 候选益生元和IPEC-J2细胞系
1.2 试验设计
1.2.1 候选益生菌和候选益生元的筛选
1.2.2 体外“肠漏”细胞模型的构建
1.2.3 体外合生元功能试验
1.3 测定方法
1.3.1 SCFA的含量测定
1.3.2 IPEC-J2细胞培养及MTT法测定细胞活性
1.3.3 TEER值测定
1.3.4 细胞通透性测定
1.3.5 实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)
表1 引物序列Table 1 Primer sequence |
| 基因 Genes | 引物序列 Primer sequence (5'—3') | 退火温度 Tm/℃ |
|---|---|---|
| β-肌动蛋白 β-actin | F:TGCGGGACATCAAGGAGAAG R:AGTTGAAGGTGGTCTCGTGG | 58.8 58.6 |
| 闭合蛋白 Occludin | F:ATCAACAAAGGCAACTCT R:GCAGEAGCCATGTACTCT | 50.5 56.1 |
| 闭锁小带蛋白-1 ZO-1 | F:GAGTTTGATAGTGGCGTT R:GTGGGAGGATGCTGTTGT | 51.4 55.9 |
| 跨膜蛋白-1 Claudin-1 | F:TTTCCTCAATACAGGAGG R:CCCTCTCCCCACATTCGA | 56.1 58 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α | F:ATTCAGGGATGTGTGGCCTG R:CCAGATGTCCCAGGTTGCAT | 59 59 |
1.4 统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 益生元的筛选
表2 5种乳酸菌的发酵能力Table 2 Fermentation ability of five kinds of Lactobacillus spp. |
| 糖类 Carbohydrates | 乳酸菌 Lactobacillus spp. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | LRe | LSa | LPa | LRh | |
| 葡萄糖 Glucose | + | + | + | + | + |
| 果糖 Fructose | + | + | + | + | |
| 半乳糖 Galactose | + | + | + | + | + |
| 甘露糖 Mannose | + | + | + | + | |
| 核糖 Ribose | + | + | + | ||
| 鼠李糖 Rhamnose | + | ||||
| 山梨醇 Sorbitlol | + | + | + | ||
| 葡萄糖苷 Glucopyranside | + | ||||
| 甘露醇 Mannitol | + | + | |||
| 乙酰葡萄糖胺 Acety-glucosamine | + | + | + | + | |
| 苦杏仁苷 Amygdalin | + | ||||
| 熊果苷 Arbutin | + | + | |||
| 水杨苷 Salicin | + | + | + | + | |
| 纤维二糖 Cellobiose | + | + | + | ||
| 麦芽糖 Maltose | + | + | + | + | |
| 塔格糖 Tagatose | + | + | |||
| 木糖 Xylose | + | ||||
| 乳糖 Lactose | + | + | + | + | |
| 蜜二糖 Melibiose | + | + | + | + | + |
| 蔗糖 Sucrose | + | + | + | ||
| 海藻糖 Trehalose | + | + | + | ||
| 棉子糖 Raffinose | + | + | + | ||
| 松二糖 Turanose | + | + | |||
| 龙胆二糖 Gentiobiose | + | + | |||
LP:植物乳杆菌177;LRe:罗伊氏乳杆菌KLR3004;LSa:唾液乳杆菌 KLW001;LPa:类干酪乳杆菌 KCTC3510;LRh:鼠李糖乳杆菌 KCTC5033。 “+”表示可以被对应的乳酸菌发酵。表中只列出了24种能被5种乳酸菌发酵的底物,没列出的25种底物不能被5种乳酸菌中任意一种发酵。 | |
LP:Lactobacillus plantarum 177;LRe:Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004;LSa:Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001;LRh:Lactobacillus rhamnose KCTC5033. | |
Symbol “+” means fermented by the corresponding Lactobacillus spp. The table only lists 24 substrates that can be fermented by the 5 Lactobacillus spp. mentioned. The 25 substrates not listed are incapable of being fermented by any of the 5 Lactobacillus spp. |
2.2 合生元组合的筛选
表3 LP与潜在益生元组合发酵SCFA的能力Table 3 Ferment SCFA ability of LP in combination with potential prebioticsmmol/L |
| 项目 Items | 处理 Treatments | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | LP+Tr | LP+So | LP+Ra | LP+Pu | |||
| 乙酸 Acetate | 62.54BCc | 64.58ABb | 62.15Cc | 62.19Cc | 66.41Aa | 0.47 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propionate | 0.09Cc | 0.25Cc | 2.10Aa | 1.96ABab | 1.78Bb | 0.24 | <0.001 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate | 0.00Dd | 0.00Dd | 0.98Cc | 1.56Aa | 1.37Bb | 0.18 | <0.001 |
LP:植物乳杆菌177;LP+Tr:植物乳杆菌177+海藻糖;LP+So:植物乳杆菌177+山梨醇;LP+Ra:植物乳杆菌177+鼠李糖;LP+Pu:植物乳杆菌177+普鲁兰多糖。 同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
LP: Lactobacillus plantarum 177; LP+Tr: Lactobacillus plantarum 177+trehalose; LP+So: Lactobacillus plantarum 177+sorbitol; LP+Ra: Lactobacillus plantarum 177+raffinose; LP+Pu: Lactobacillus plantarum 177+pullulan. | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
表4 LRe与潜在益生元组合发酵SCFA的能力Table 4 Ferment SCFA ability of LRe in combination with potential prebioticsmmol/L |
| 项目 Items | 处理 Treatments | SEM | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LRe | LRe+Ra | LRe+Xyo | LRe+Pu | |||
| 乙酸 Acetate | 80.05Bb | 82.88Aa | 77.13Cc | 79.70Bb | 0.64 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propionate | 1.51Aa | 1.29Bb | 1.13Bb | 0.75Cc | 0.08 | <0.001 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate | 0.79a | 0.40ab | 0.19b | 0.64ab | 0.08 | 0.021 |
LRe:罗伊氏乳杆菌KLR3004;LRe+Ra:罗伊氏乳杆菌KLR3004+棉子糖;LRe+Xyo:罗伊氏乳杆菌KLR3004+低聚木糖;LRe+Pu:罗伊氏乳杆菌KLR3004+普鲁兰多糖。 | |
LRe: Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004; LRe+Ra: Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004+raffinose; LRe+Xyo: Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004+xylo-oligosacchaide; LRe+Pu: Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004+pullulan. |
表5 LPa与潜在益生元组合发酵SCFA的能力Table 5 Ferment SCFA ability of LPa in combination with potential prebioticsmmol/L |
| 项目 Items | 处理 Treatments | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LPa | LPa+Ma | LPa+Tr | |||
| 乙酸 Acetate | 58.96 | 58.88 | 58.77 | 0.13 | 0.875 |
| 丙酸 Propionate | 1.35 | 1.30 | 1.44 | 0.03 | 0.248 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate | 0.43Aa | 0.27Bc | 0.30Bb | 0.45 | <0.001 |
LPa:类干酪乳杆菌KCTC3510;LPa+Ma:类干酪乳杆菌KCTC3510+甘露醇;LPa+Tr:类干酪乳杆菌KCTC3510+海藻糖。 | |
LPa: Lactobacillus paracasei KCTC3510; LPa+Ma: Lactobacillus paracasei KCTC3510+mannitol; LPa+Tr: Lactobacillus paracasei KCTC3510+trehalose. |
表6 LSa与潜在益生元组合发酵SCFA的能力Table 6 Ferment SCFA ability of LSa in combination with potential prebioticsmmol/L |
| 项目 Items | 处理 Treatments | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LSa | LSa+So | LSa+Ma | LSa+Pu | LSa+Ra | |||
| 乙酸 Acetate | 57.82Bb | 56.83Bbc | 56.79BCbc | 65.44Aa | 55.97Cc | 0.94 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propionate | 1.60 | 1.63 | 1.70 | 1.65 | 1.61 | 0.01 | 0.099 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate | 0.35b | 0.65a | 0.51ab | 0.61ab | 0.49ab | 0.04 | 0.034 |
LSa:唾液乳杆菌KLW001;LSa+So:唾液乳杆菌KLW001+山梨醇;LSa+Ma:唾液乳杆菌KLW001+甘露醇;LSa+Pu:唾液乳杆菌KLW001+普鲁兰多糖;LSa+Ra:唾液乳杆菌KLW001+棉子糖。 | |
LSa: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001; LSa+So: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001+sorbitol; LSa+Ma: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001+mannitol; LSa+Pu: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001+pullulan; LSa+Ra: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001+raffinose. |
表7 LRh与潜在益生元组合发酵SCFA的能力Table 7 Ferment SCFA ability of LRh in combination with potential prebioticsmmol/L |
| 项目 Items | 处理 Treatments | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LRh | LRh+So | LRh+Pu | LRh+Rh | LRh+Tr | |||
| 乙酸 Acetate | 61.96Aab | 62.34Aa | 60.30ABab | 58.16Bd | 59.20Bcd | 0.45 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propionate | 1.74ab | 1.68b | 1.77ab | 1.87ab | 1.91a | 0.03 | 0.023 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate | 0.49Bc | 0.65ABab | 0.52Bbc | 0.73Aa | 0.76Aa | 0.03 | <0.001 |
LRh:鼠李糖乳杆菌KCTC5033;LRh+So:鼠李糖乳杆菌KCTC5033+山梨醇;LRh+Pu:鼠李糖乳杆菌KCTC5033+普鲁兰多糖;LRh+Rh:鼠李糖乳杆菌KCTC5033+鼠李糖;LRh+Tr:鼠李糖乳杆菌KCTC5033+海藻糖。 | |
LRh: Lactobacillus rhamnose KCTC5033; LRh+So: Lactobacillus rhamnose KCTC5033+sorbitol; LRh+Pu: Lactobacillus rhamnose KCTC5033+pullulan; LRh+Rh: Lactobacillus rhamnose KCTC5033+rhamnose; LRh+Tr: Lactobacillus rhamnose KCTC5033+trehalose. |
2.3 体外“肠漏”细胞模型的构建
表8 体外“肠漏”细胞模型的构建Table 8 Construction of an in vitro “leaky gut” cell model |
| 项目 Items | LPS浓度 LPS concentration/(μg/mL) | SEM | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 0.1 | 1 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 200 | |||
| 单层细胞渗透性 Monolayer permeability/μg | 3.33Bb | 3.37Bb | 3.77ABb | 4.13ABab | 3.80ABb | 5.03Aa | 4.87Aa | 0.16 | <0.001 |
| 跨细胞上皮电阻值变化 TEER value change/% | 11.33Aa | 5.00Bb | -3.00Cc | -41.33Dd | -47.67Ee | -77.67Ff | -80.33Ff | 7.95 | <0.001 |
| 细胞存活率 Cell survival rate/% | 102.33Aa | 100.00Aa | 102.33Aa | 103.33Aa | 100.33Aa | 102.00Aa | 85.33Bb | 1.34 | <0.001 |
图1 IPEC-J2细胞经LPS处理后Occludin、ZO-1和TNF-α的mRNA表达Occludin:闭合蛋白;ZO-1:闭锁小带蛋白-1 zonula occluden-1;TNF-α: 肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α。 Fig.1 mRNA expression of Occludin, ZO-1 and TNF-α in IPEC-J2 cells treated with LPS Value columns with the same letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05), with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.4 合生元发酵能力测定
表9 无细胞培养液中SCFAs含量的测定Table 9 Determination of SCFAs content in cell-free culture solutionmmol/L |
| 项目 Items | 处理 Treatments | SEM | P值 P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LP | LP+Pu | LSa | LSa+Pu | LRe | LRe+Ra | |||
| 乙酸 Acetate | 62.54Dd | 66.41Cc | 57.82Ee | 65.44Cc | 80.05Bb | 82.88Aa | 2.22 | <0.001 |
| 丙酸 Propionate | 0.08Dd | 1.78Aa | 1.60ABab | 1.65ABab | 1.51BCb | 1.29Cc | 0.14 | <0.001 |
| 丁酸 Butyrate | 0.00Cc | 1.37Aa | 0.35BCb | 0.61Bb | 0.58Bb | 0.40Bb | 0.10 | <0.001 |
LP:植物乳杆菌177;LP+Pu:植物乳杆菌177+普鲁兰多糖;LSa:唾液乳杆菌KLW001;LSa+Pu:唾液乳杆菌KLW001+普鲁兰多糖;LRe:罗伊氏乳杆菌KLR3004;LRe+Ra:罗伊氏乳杆菌KLR3004+棉子糖。 | |
LP: Lactobacillus plantarum 177; LP+Pu: Lactobacillus plantarum 177+pulullan; LSa: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001; LSa+Pu: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001+pulullan; LRe: Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004; LRe+Ra: Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004+raffinose. |
2.5 合生元对肠道屏障的作用
2.5.1 治疗试验
图2 治疗试验IPEC-J2细胞中ZO-1、Occludin、Claudin-1的mRNA表达和TEER值的改变ZO-1: 闭锁小带蛋白-1 zonula occluden-1; Occludin:闭合蛋白;Claudin-1:跨膜蛋白-1;TEER: 跨上皮细胞电阻trans-epithelial electrical resistance。 下图同 the same as below。 Fig.2 Changes in ZO-1, Occludin, Claudin-1 mRNA expression and TEER values in IPEC-J2 cells of curing test C: blank control; NC: negative control; LP: Lactobacillus plantarum 177; LP+Pu: Lactobacillus plantarum 177+pullulan; LSa: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001; LSa+Pu: Lactobacillus salivarius KLW001+pullulan; LRe: Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004; LRe+Ra: Lactobacillus reuteri KLR3004+raffinose. The same as below. |
