Study on Appropriate Levels of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus for “817” Broilers at 1 to 21 Days of Age

LIU Wenwen; BI Huijuan; CAO Dingguo; LEI Qiuxia; WANG Shubai

doi:10.12418/CJAN2024.428

Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 8: 5026 - 5038

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.428

RESEARCH PAPER

Study on Appropriate Levels of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus for “817” Broilers at 1 to 21 Days of Age

LIU Wenwen ^,¹ ,
BI Huijuan ¹ ,
CAO Dingguo ² ,
LEI Qiuxia ² ,
WANG Shubai ^,¹^,^*

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
² Institute of Poultry Science, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Shandong Province, Ji’nan 250023, China

*professor, E-mail: wshubai@163.com

Received date: 2024-03-04

Online published: 2024-08-12

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the appropriate levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus for “817” broilers (AA parental parent breeder cocks×Roman brown laying hens commercial hens) at 1 to 21 days of age. A two-factor experimental design was used, with calcium levels of 0.90%, 1.00% and 1.10%, and phosphorus levels of 0.65%, 0.68% and 0.71%, respectively. A total of 9 experimental diets were formulated. Eight hundred and sixty-four 1-day-old healthy “817” broilers were randomly divided into 9 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment and 16 chickens in each replicate. The experiment lasted for 21 days. The results showed as follows: 1) dietary calcium level had a significant effect on the average daily gain of hybrid broilers (P<0.05), and the average daily gain of broilers in the 0.90% calcium group was significantly higher than that in the 1.10% calcium group (P<0.05); dietary phosphorus level significantly affected the feed to gain ratio of hybrid broilers (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio of broilers in the 0.71% phosphorus group was significantly lower than that in the 0.68% phosphorus group (P<0.05). 2) Dietary calcium level significantly affected the apparent metabolic rate of phosphorus of hybrid broilers (P<0.05), and the apparent metabolic rate of phosphorus was significantly higher in the 0.90% and 1.10% calcium groups than that in the 1.00% calcium group (P<0.05); dietary phosphorus level significantly affected the apparent metabolic rate of calcium of hybrid broilers (P<0.05), and the apparent metabolic rate of calcium was significantly higher in the 0.68% phosphorus group than that of the 0.65% phosphorus group (P<0.05); there was a significant interaction between the levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the apparent metabolic rates of both calcium and phosphorus (P<0.05). 3) Dietary calcium level had a significant effect on the deposition rates of calcium and phosphorus of hybrid broilers (P<0.05), and the deposition rates of calcium and phosphorus of broilers in the 0.90% calcium group were significantly higher than those of the 1.00% calcium group (P<0.05); dietary phosphorus level had no significant effects on the deposition rates of calcium and phosphorus of hybrid broilers (P>0.05). 4) Dietary calcium level significantly affected the serum phosphorus content of hybrid broilers (P<0.05), and the serum phosphorus content of broilers in the 0.90% and 1.10% calcium groups were significantly higher than that in the 1.00% calcium group (P<0.05); dietary phosphorus levels significantly affected the serum phosphorus content of hybrid broilers (P<0.05), and the serum phosphorus content of the 0.71% and 0.68% phosphorus groups was significantly higher than that of 0.65% phosphorus group (P<0.05). Dietary phosphorus level significantly affected the serum alkaline phosphatase activity of hybrid broilers (P<0.05), and the serum alkaline phosphatase activity of 0.65% phosphorus group was significantly higher than that of the 0.71% phosphorus group (P<0.05). There was a significant interaction between dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on serum phosphorus content and alkaline phosphatase activity of hybrid broilers (P<0.05). 5) The prediction models of daily calcium and phosphorus requirements of hybrid broilers at 1 to 21 days of age were established by factorial method, they were Y_Ca=0.210W^0.75+0.010△W and Y_P=0.124W^0.75+0.008△W (W^0.75 was metabolic weight; △W was average daily gain), respectively. According to the prediction models of daily calcium and phosphorus requirement and average daily feed intake, the appropriate levels of dietary calcium and phosphorus of “817” broilers at 1 to 21 days of age are 0.94% and 0.67%, respectively.

Key words： “817” broilers; calcium; phosphorus; growth performance; nutrient apparent metabolic rate; nutrient deposition rate

Cite this article

LIU Wenwen , BI Huijuan , CAO Dingguo , LEI Qiuxia , WANG Shubai . Study on Appropriate Levels of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus for “817” Broilers at 1 to 21 Days of Age[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(8) : 5026 -5038 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.428

“817”肉鸡起源于山东省,因于1988年8月17日问世,遂被命名为“817”肉鸡,又称为肉杂鸡,是一类以快大型白羽肉鸡父母代公鸡做父本、高产商品代褐壳蛋鸡做母本配套杂交生产的肉鸡,其父本品种常用科宝、罗斯308、爱拔益加(AA)等,母本品种常用罗曼、海兰等,属于小型白羽肉鸡^[1-2]。该制种模式能够充分利用父本、母本优秀的育种成果保持市场竞争优势,其肉质优于快大类白羽肉鸡,生长速度优于快大类黄羽肉鸡,胸肌率高、腹脂率低,更适合整鸡加工和屠宰分割^[2-3]。因此,“817”肉鸡自问世以来,广受市场欢迎,养殖量逐年迅速上涨,据中国畜牧业协会监测统计,2022年出栏量达到20.41亿只,占我国肉鸡出栏总量的17.2%,产肉量达到235.12万t,占我国鸡肉总产量的10.1%,养殖区域遍布山东、江苏、河北、安徽、湖南等省份,近年来已跃升为我国肉鸡产业的三大主导类型之一。“817”肉鸡产业的迅速发展对调整、优化我国肉鸡产业结构发挥了重要作用^[3-4]。但由于其配套模式多样化,杂交鸡的生长速度及营养需要量也有较大差异,迄今有关不同配套杂交生产的商品鸡饲料营养研究相对较少,缺乏针对每种配套方式杂交鸡的相应国家或行业标准^[1]。

钙(Ca)和磷(P)是家禽必需的重要矿物元素,对维持骨骼和肌肉正常生长、能量代谢和营养物质吸收等生理机能至关重要^[5]。目前有关不同配套模式生产的“817”肉鸡的矿物元素营养需要量的研究报道极少,缺乏相应的需要量参数,生产中多参考肉鸡的营养标准或经验配制饲粮,导致其生长性能和饲料利用率难以达到最佳水平^[6]。以生长性能、养分表观代谢率、骨强度和血清生化指标为评价指标的研究表明,白羽商品肉鸡育雏期1~21日龄饲粮钙适宜水平为0.60%~1.00%^{[7⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-13]}。近年发布的国家标准《产蛋鸡和肉鸡配合饲料》(GB/T 5916—2020)^[14]中给出的1~10日龄白羽肉鸡饲粮钙、磷适宜水平分别为0.70%~1.10%、0.50%~0.75%,1~14日龄肉蛋杂交鸡饲粮钙、磷适宜水平分别为0.80%~1.20%、0.45%~0.75%。由此可见有关肉鸡饲粮钙、磷适宜水平的研究所得结果不尽一致,范围较宽。饲粮钙、磷缺乏或过量除影响肉鸡的生长性能外,还可直接导致钙和磷的利用率低、排放量增加,从而影响养殖环境的生态效益^[15]。以AA父母代肉种鸡为父本、罗曼褐壳商品代蛋鸡为母本杂交生产的“817”肉鸡是目前市场上较为常见的杂交肉鸡生产模式之一,具有制种成本低、生产效率高、加工特性好等优点,研究其不同饲养阶段饲粮中适宜钙、磷水平对于其饲粮精准配制和进一步提高其生长性能和养殖经济效益具有重要意义^[1]。据此,本试验以“817”肉鸡为研究对象,研究饲粮钙和磷水平对1~21日龄(育雏期)杂交肉鸡生长性能、养分表观代谢率和沉积率、血清生化指标的影响,旨在探究其饲粮适宜钙和磷水平,从而为杂交肉鸡饲粮营养标准的确定及饲粮的精准配制提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

采用双因素试验设计,参考AA父母代公鸡、罗曼褐壳蛋鸡饲养管理手册的营养建议量及《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)^[16],确定本试验钙和磷水平,钙水平分别设置为0.90%、1.00%、1.10%,磷水平分别设置为0.65%、0.68%、0.71%,共配制9种试验饲粮。除钙、有效磷和总磷外,9种试验饲粮的其他营养成分含量基本一致,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。将864只1日龄“817”肉鸡(AA父母代种公鸡×罗曼褐壳蛋鸡商品代母鸡)随机分为9个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复16只鸡。试验期21 d。

表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目 Items	处理Treatments
项目 Items	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	53.98	53.90	53.90	53.23	53.31	53.26	52.73	52.53	52.54
次粉Wheat middling	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00	6.00
豆粕Soybean meal	30.05	30.08	30.02	30.17	30.10	30.08	30.02	30.24	30.21
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.13	3.00	3.00
鱼粉Fish meal	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
鱼油Fish oil	0.95	0.98	1.00	1.22	1.19	1.22	1.39	1.46	1.45
L-赖氨酸L-Lys	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10	0.10
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	1.11	1.30	1.50	0.81	1.31	1.50	1.12	1.32	1.51
石粉Limestone	1.54	1.37	1.21	2.20	1.72	1.57	2.24	2.08	1.92
预混料Premix¹⁾	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
食盐NaCl	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
合计Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)	12.12	12.12	12.12	12.12	12.12	12.12	12.12	12.12	12.12
粗蛋白质CP	21.01	21.00	21.00	21.02	21.01	20.99	21.01	21.00	21.01
蛋氨酸Met	0.46	0.43	0.44	0.45	0.44	0.46	0.46	0.45	0.44
赖氨酸Lys	1.21	1.18	1.20	1.21	1.19	1.22	1.18	1.19	1.21
钙Ca	0.92	0.90	0.91	1.02	1.01	1.03	1.10	1.12	1.13
有效磷AP	0.41	0.44	0.47	0.41	0.44	0.47	0.41	0.44	0.47
总磷TP	0.64	0.68	0.74	0.65	0.67	0.72	0.66	0.70	0.73

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 16 000 IU,VD 8 000 IU,VK₃ 2.67 mg,VB₁ 3.24 mg,VB₂ 12.80 mg,VB₆ 5.12 mg,VB₁₂ 20.48 mg,VE 44 IU,生物素 biotin 0.32 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 100 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8.33 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 74.67 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 82.67 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.25 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.86 mg。

2)代谢能和有效磷为计算值,其他均为实测值。ME and AP were calculated values, while the others were measured values.

1.2 检测指标及方法

1.2.1 营养成分

饲粮中粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018^[17]中方法测定,钙含量参照GB/T 6436—2018^[18]中方法测定,总磷含量参照GB/T 6437—2018^[19]中方法测定,蛋氨酸和赖氨酸含量参照GB/T 18246—2019^[20]中方法采用日立L-8900全自动氨基酸分析仪测定。代谢能和有效磷参考《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》^[21]计算得出。

1.2.2 生长性能

分别于第1天和第21天以重复为单位对试验鸡进行空腹称重,统计耗料量,计算1~21日龄试验鸡的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.2.3 养分表观代谢率

于试验第19天,每重复选取2只健康且接近平均体重的肉鸡采用全收粪法进行代谢试验,连续3 d采集粪样^[22]。参照1.2.1中方法测定粪中钙和总磷含量。按照如下公式计算钙和磷表观代谢率:

钙或磷表观代谢率(%)=100×(钙或磷摄入量-钙或磷排泄量)/钙或磷摄入量。

1.2.4 比较屠宰试验

随机取6只1日龄雏鸡称重后窒息致死,作为零对照;21日龄时,每个重复选取2只接近平均体重且空腹的鸡窒息致死。处死后的雏鸡均于-20 ℃冷冻保存,测定前进行解冻,去除其消化道内容物,用绞肉机充分搅碎混匀。混匀后的样品在105 ℃的烘箱中灭菌15 min后于70 ℃干燥,粉碎制成风干样品^[23]。参照1.2.1中方法测定风干样品中钙和总磷含量。按照如下公式计算钙或磷沉积率:

钙或磷沉积率(%)=(21日龄空腹活体钙或总磷含量×21日龄空腹活重-1日龄空腹活体钙或总磷含量×1日龄空腹活重)/(饲粮中钙或总磷含量×采食量)。

1.2.5 血清生化指标

于试验第21天每个重复随机取1只鸡,采血后离心分离血清,于-20 ℃保存待测。使用试剂盒(购于南京建成生物工程研究所)检测血清中钙、磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性。

1.2.6 钙、磷需要量预测模型的建立方法

采用析因法建立钙和磷需要量的预测模型^[24]。根据饲养试验和比较屠宰试验结果,计算得出试验鸡每千克代谢体重钙或磷摄入量(Ca/W^0.75或P/W^0.75)及每千克代谢体重钙或磷沉积量(RCa/W^0.75或RP/W^0.75),以Ca/W^0.75或P/W^0.75为依变量(Y),以RCa/W^0.75或RP/W^0.75为自变量(X),以数学模型Y=a+bX进行一元线性回归分析,截距a为每千克代谢体重的维持需要,b为沉积单位钙或磷所需的钙或磷摄入量;根据析因法公式:总营养需要=维持需要+生产需要,1~21日龄肉鸡钙和磷的日均需要量预测模型为:Y_Ca=aW^0.75+b×每克增重所需的钙沉积量×△W;Y_P=aW^0.75+b×每克增重所需的磷沉积量×△W(式中:W^0.75为代谢体重;△W为平均日增重)。根据上述预测模型得出饲粮中钙或磷适宜水平(%)=钙或磷的日均需要量/平均日采食量。

1.3 数据处理与分析

用Excel 2019初步整理试验数据,采用SPSS 25.0统计软件以重复为单位先进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan氏法多重比较检验处理间差异显著性,以平均值±标准差表示;再用一般线性模型(GLM)分析钙和磷的主效应及两者的互作效应,以平均值表示。以P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮钙和磷水平对1~21日龄杂交肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,各处理间平均日增重和平均日采食量差异不显著(P>0.05);处理3的料重比最低,与处理4、6差异不显著(P>0.05),处理3、4、6显著低于处理2、5、7、8、9(P<0.05)。由此可见,处理3、4和6杂交肉鸡的生长性能较好。

表2 饲粮钙和磷水平对1~21日龄杂交肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary Ca and P levels on growth performance of hybrid broilers at 1 to 21 days of age

项目 Items			平均日增重 ADG/(g/d)	平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d)	料重比 F/G
处理Treatments	钙Ca/%	磷P/%
1	0.90	0.65	17.90±1.61	29.67±4.15	1.65±0.09^bc
2	0.90	0.68	19.15±0.67	32.63±2.40	1.70±0.08^ab
3	0.90	0.71	19.91±0.65	30.61±4.82	1.54±0.22^c
4	1.00	0.65	17.59±1.45	28.37±4.61	1.61±0.13^c
5	1.00	0.68	17.24±1.20	31.12±5.60	1.80±0.20^a
6	1.00	0.71	18.08±1.63	28.60±4.17	1.58±0.13^c
7	1.10	0.65	16.99±1.56	28.35±1.78	1.67±0.05^b
8	1.10	0.68	17.48±1.74	29.85±2.48	1.71±0.03^ab
9	1.10	0.71	18.04±2.56	30.60±3.33	1.70±0.05^ab
主效应Main effects
钙Ca/%	0.90		18.99^a	30.97	1.63
	1.00		17.64^ab	29.36	1.66
	1.10		17.50^b	29.60	1.69
磷P/%	0.65		17.49	28.80	1.64^ab
	0.68		17.95	31.20	1.74^a
	0.71		18.68	29.94	1.60^b
P值P-value	钙Ca		0.039	0.453	0.223
	磷P		0.222	0.251	<0.001
	钙×磷Ca×P		0.862	0.887	0.134

	同列数据肩标不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same column, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

主效应分析表明,饲粮钙水平对杂交肉鸡的平均日采食量和料重比无显著影响(P>0.05),但对平均日增重有显著影响(P<0.05),0.90%钙组的平均日增重最高,显著高于1.10%钙组(P<0.05)。饲粮磷水平对杂交肉鸡的平均日增重、平均日采食量无显著影响(P>0.05),但对料重比有显著影响(P<0.05),0.71%磷组的料重比最低,显著低于0.68%磷组(P<0.05)。

2.2 饲粮钙和磷水平对杂交肉鸡钙和磷表观代谢率的影响

由表3可知,处理3的钙表观代谢率最高,显著高于处理1、6、9(P<0.05),与其他处理差异不显著(P>0.05);处理2的磷表观代谢率最高,显著高于处理1、5、6(P<0.05),与其他处理差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表3 饲粮钙和磷水平对杂交肉鸡钙和磷表观代谢率的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary Ca and P levels on apparent metabolic rates of Ca and P of hybrid broilers %

项目 Items			钙表观代谢率 Ca apparent metabolic rate	磷表观代谢率 P apparent metabolic rate
处理Treatments	钙Ca/%	磷P/%
1	0.90	0.65	65.42±0.77^d	56.21±2.03^bc
2	0.90	0.68	72.24±0.10^ab	63.49±3.35^a
3	0.90	0.71	72.92±1.23^a	61.60±3.16^a
4	1.00	0.65	70.20±1.98^abc	59.87±3.43^ab
5	1.00	0.68	70.09±0.44^abc	55.91±1.49^bc
6	1.00	0.71	69.67±1.59^bc	55.22±3.02^c
7	1.10	0.65	70.87±1.83^abc	62.24±0.86^a
8	1.10	0.68	70.24±1.00^abc	63.07±1.52^a
9	1.10	0.71	68.27±2.79^c	61.76±1.09^a
主效应Main effects
钙Ca/%	0.90		70.19	60.43^a
	1.00		69.99	57.00^b
	1.10		69.80	62.36^a
磷P/%	0.65		68.83^b	59.44
	0.68		70.86^a	60.83
	0.71		70.29^ab	59.53
P值P-value	钙Ca		0.874	<0.001
	磷P		0.043	0.418
	钙×磷Ca×P		<0.001	<0.001

主效应分析表明,饲粮钙水平对杂交肉鸡的钙表观代谢率无显著影响(P>0.05),对磷表观代谢率有显著影响(P<0.05),0.90%和1.10%钙组的磷表观代谢率显著高于1.00%钙组(P<0.05)。饲粮磷水平对杂交肉鸡的磷表观代谢率无显著影响(P>0.05),对钙表观代谢率有显著影响(P<0.05),0.68%磷组显著高于0.65%磷组(P<0.05)。饲粮钙和磷水平对钙和磷表观代谢率均存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。

2.3 饲粮钙和磷水平对1~21日龄杂交肉鸡钙和磷沉积率的影响

由表4可知,处理3的钙沉积率最高,显著高于处理4、5、6、7、9(P<0.05),与其他处理差异不显著(P>0.05);处理3的磷沉积率最高,显著高于处理4、5、6、9(P<0.05),与其他处理差异不显著(P>0.05)。

表4 饲粮钙和磷水平对1~21日龄杂交肉鸡钙和磷沉积率的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary Ca and P levels on Ca and P deposition rates of hybrid broilers at 1 to 21 days of age %

项目 Items			钙沉积率 Calcium deposition rate	磷沉积率 Phosphorus deposition rate
处理Treatments	钙Ca/%	磷P/%
1	0.90	0.65	47.16±1.93^ab	46.81±2.62^abc
2	0.90	0.68	47.16±3.05^ab	45.43±2.35^abcd
3	0.90	0.71	50.40±3.44^a	49.24±1.90^a
4	1.00	0.65	42.62±2.06^bc	42.90±2.32^cd
5	1.00	0.68	40.25±3.09^c	41.37±2.73^d
6	1.00	0.71	43.33±3.34^bc	43.84±2.15^bcd
7	1.10	0.65	41.61±1.66^c	49.39±2.19^a
8	1.10	0.68	47.80±3.07^ab	47.51±1.54^ab
9	1.10	0.71	42.89±2.97^bc	44.83±1.69^bcd
主效应Main effects
钙Ca/%	0.90		48.24^a	47.16^a
	1.00		42.07^b	42.71^b
	1.10		44.10^b	47.24^a
磷P/%	0.65		43.80	46.37
	0.68		45.07	44.77
	0.71		45.54	45.97
P值P-value	钙Ca		<0.001	<0.001
	磷P		0.411	0.302
	钙×磷Ca×P		0.064	0.069

主效应分析表明,饲粮钙水平对杂交肉鸡的钙和磷沉积率有显著影响(P<0.05),0.90%钙组钙沉积率显著高于1.00%和1.10%钙组(P<0.05),0.90%和1.10%钙组磷沉积率显著高于1.00%钙组(P<0.05)。饲粮磷水平对杂交肉鸡钙和磷沉积率均无显著影响(P>0.05)。

2.4 饲粮钙和磷水平对21日龄杂交肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表5可知,各处理间血清钙含量差异不显著(P>0.05);处理8的血清磷含量最高,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);处理1、2、9的血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。

表5 饲粮钙和磷水平对21日龄杂交肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary Ca and P levels on serum biochemical indices of hybrid broilers at 21 days of age

项目 Items			钙 Ca/(mmol/L)	磷 P/(mmol/L)	碱性磷酸酶 AKP/(U/L)
处理Treatments	钙Ca/%	磷P/%
1	0.90	0.65	1.54±0.37	1.52±0.16^b	97.43±1.78^a
2	0.90	0.68	1.28±0.21	1.19±0.16^c	96.59±1.59^a
3	0.90	0.71	1.54±0.32	1.20±0.07^c	40.96±1.27^d
4	1.00	0.65	1.68±0.53	0.78±0.07^d	70.93±1.81^c
5	1.00	0.68	1.56±0.32	0.85±0.11^d	84.54±4.89^b
6	1.00	0.71	1.31±0.24	1.35±0.13^bc	79.46±4.84^b
7	1.10	0.65	1.36±0.11	0.99±0.12^d	82.23±1.45^b
8	1.10	0.68	1.70±0.27	1.74±0.03^a	50.49±3.69^d
9	1.10	0.71	1.49±0.46	1.38±0.12^bc	97.16±2.37^a
主效应Main effects
钙Ca/%	0.90		1.45	1.30^a	78.33
	1.00		1.52	0.99^b	78.31
	1.10		1.52	1.37^a	76.63
磷P/%	0.65		1.53	1.10^b	83.53^a
	0.68		1.51	1.26^a	77.21^ab
	0.71		1.45	1.31^a	72.53^b
P值P-value	钙Ca		0.893	<0.001	0.401
	磷P		0.871	<0.001	<0.001
	钙×磷Ca×P		0.395	<0.001	<0.001

主效应分析表明,饲粮钙水平对杂交肉鸡血清钙含量和碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05),对血清磷含量有显著影响(P<0.05),0.90%和1.10%钙组血清磷含量显著高于1.00%钙组(P<0.05)。饲粮磷水平对杂交肉鸡血清钙含量无显著影响(P>0.05),对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05),0.68%和0.71%磷组血清磷含量显著高于0.65%磷组(P<0.05),0.65%磷组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于0.71%磷组(P<0.05)。饲粮钙和磷水平对杂交肉鸡血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶活性均存在显著的互作效应(P<0.05)。

2.5 1~21日龄杂交肉鸡饲粮钙、磷适宜水平的回归分析结果

分别以Ca/W^0.75和P/W^0.75为依变量(Y),以对应的RCa/W^0.75和RP/W^0.75为自变量(X)进行一元线性回归分析得到回归方程Y=a+bX,回归系数b为沉积单位钙或磷所需要钙或磷摄入量,回归分析结果见表6。

表6 1~21日龄杂交肉鸡Ca/W^0.75与RCa/W^0.75、P/W^0.75与RP/W^0.75的回归分析结果

Table 6 Results of regression analysis between Ca/W^0.75 and RCa/W^0.75, P/W^0.75 and RP/W^0.75 of hybrid broilers at 1 to 21 days of age

因子Factors	回归方程Regression equation	相关系数r	P值P-value
钙Ca	Y=0.210+1.440X	0.890 1	0.001
磷P	Y=0.124+1.533X	0.861 3	0.001

依据回归分析结果和平均日增重得到1~21日龄杂交肉鸡的每日钙和磷需要量预测模型:Y_Ca=0.210W^0.75+0.010△W;Y_P=0.124W^0.75+0.008△W(式中:W^0.75为代谢体重;△W为平均日增重)。根据上述预测模型及平均日采食量计算得到杂交肉鸡饲粮中钙、磷的适宜水平分别为0.94%、0.67%。

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮钙和磷水平对1~21日龄杂交肉鸡生长性能的影响

生长性能是评价家禽饲料营养素水平是否适宜的重要指标,家禽于不同生长阶段对钙和磷的需要量不同,钙和磷的缺乏会导致生长期家禽生长缓慢,严重者可导致患佝偻病或死亡^[25-26],而钙和磷的过度添加会影响机体对矿物质的吸收,饲粮中适宜的钙和磷水平有利于肉鸡生长^[27]。Bai等^[28]研究发现,饲粮钙水平对1~21日龄AA肉鸡平均日增重有显著影响,随着钙水平的增加(0.6%~1.20%),肉鸡的平均日增重呈线性下降趋势。杨云峰^[29]报道,高水平钙(1.18%)会降低1~21日龄肉仔鸡的平均日增重。本试验结果表明,相较于1.00%、1.10%的饲粮钙水平,0.90%的饲粮钙水平更有利于1~21日龄杂交肉鸡的体重增长,究其原因可能为饲粮钙水平过高而产生了抗营养作用,影响了肉鸡对营养物质的吸收,从而降低了平均日增重^[30]。Aderibigbe等^[31]研究表明,饲粮磷缺乏组(1.2 g/kg磷)肉鸡的平均日采食量和平均日增重均显著低于饲粮磷充足组(4.4 g/kg磷)。Hamdi等^[32]研究发现,饲粮磷水平对1~14日龄肉鸡的平均日增重有显著影响,饲粮磷水平为0.78%时比为0.64%时更有利于增重。本试验发现,与0.68%磷组相比,0.71%磷组的料重比显著降低,当杂交肉鸡饲粮钙水平为0.95%、磷水平为0.71%时可获得最小的料重比,这可能因为适宜的钙磷比更有利钙、磷吸收,从而提高生长性能^[33]。综合分析可知,饲粮钙水平为0.90%、磷水平为0.71%时,1~21日龄杂交肉鸡的生长性能最好。NRC(1994)^[34]及《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)^[16]中对于肉用仔鸡的钙推荐水平为1.0%、磷推荐水平为0.68%~0.70%;蛋鸡育雏期钙和磷的推荐水平分别为0.90%、0.70%。本试验得出的1~21日龄杂交肉鸡饲粮钙、磷适宜水平分别低于、略高于NRC(1994)^[34]及《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)^[16]中肉仔鸡的推荐水平,但与蛋鸡育雏期钙和磷的推荐水平接近,其差异应与品种遗传特点不同有关。

3.2 饲粮钙和磷水平对杂交肉鸡钙和磷表观代谢率的影响

养分表观代谢率是衡量动物对饲粮养中分吸收利用效率的重要指标,而饲粮营养素水平是否适宜对养分表观代谢率有重要影响^[35]。Noruzi等^[36]研究表明,与正常饲粮相比,饲粮钙水平降低15%或30%均能显著提高肉鸡的钙表观代谢率。康乐等^[37]研究发现,饲粮钙水平从2.20%提高到3.50%时,罗曼蛋鸡对钙和磷的表观代谢率均有下降的趋势。据报道,饲粮中钙水平过高容易与磷在肠道内形成沉淀,影响机体对营养物质的吸收^[38]。本试验结果表明,随着饲粮钙水平的增加,钙表观代谢率有所降低,但没有达到显著水平,说明适当降低饲粮钙水平有利于钙的消化吸收;与0.65%磷组相比,0.68%磷组的钙表观代谢率显著提高,由此可见,0.68%的磷更好地促进了钙的消化吸收。本试验发现,饲粮钙水平为1.10%时,磷表观代谢率显著升高,分析原因可能是钙离子(Ca²⁺)能够激活体内多种酶,如ATP酶、脂酶和蛋白质水解酶等,从而促进家禽对饲粮中营养物质的消化吸收^[39]。Ptak等^[40]研究发现,饲粮钙和磷水平的变化会影响肉鸡肠道菌群的数量,肠道菌群的变化亦会影响养分代谢率。本试验中饲粮不同钙、磷水平对杂交肉鸡养分表观代谢率的影响可能与体内相关酶活性或肠道消化酶活性、微生物群落等变化有关,确切机制有待进一步研究。

3.3 饲粮钙和磷水平对1~21日龄杂交肉鸡钙和磷沉积率的影响

肉鸡活体养分沉积受品种、饲粮营养成分含量等因素影响^[41]。养分沉积率是肉鸡在摄入饲粮后,其营养物质被有效吸收并在体内转化为肌肉和其他组织的程度,可以用来评定饲粮中营养成分的含量是否适宜^[42]。目前,有关饲粮钙和磷水平对肉鸡养分沉积率影响的报道较少。Hamdi等^[32]研究发现,饲粮磷水平提高会增加肉仔鸡的钙沉积率,与本试验结果一致。本试验研究发现,0.90%钙组的钙沉积率显著高于1.00%和1.10%钙组,原因可能是饲粮中钙水平过高时与矿物质在肠道内形成沉淀,影响机体对营养物质的吸收,从而影响钙沉积率^[38]。本试验发现,饲粮钙水平为0.90%、磷水平为0.71%时肉鸡钙和磷沉积率最高。

3.4 饲粮钙和磷水平对21日龄杂交肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清钙和磷含量是反映机体钙和磷营养状况的敏感指标。Li等^[43]研究发现,饲喂低磷适钙(0.48%磷+1.00%钙)饲粮、低钙适磷(0.35%钙+0.71%磷)饲粮的肉鸡,血清磷含量显著降低,而血清钙含量显著升高。宿国强^[44]提出,饲粮钙水平(0.32%、0.96%、2.88%)对雏鹅血清磷含量有显著影响。Zhang等^[45]研究了不同钙和非植酸磷水平对育成期蛋鸡的影响,发现饲粮钙水平显著影响血清磷含量。李文立等^[46]在五龙鹅上的研究发现,血清磷含量与饲粮磷水平呈正相关,而血清磷含量与饲粮钙水平无显著相关性。然而,吴静璇等^[47]研究发现,饲粮钙水平(0.60%~1.00%)和非植酸磷水平(0.35%~0.45%)及其交互作用对21日龄肉鸡血清钙含量无显著影响;Jiang等^[48]报道,饲粮非植酸磷水平(0.09%~0.54%)对4~6周龄肉鸡血清钙含量无显著影响。本试验发现,饲粮钙和磷水平对杂交肉鸡血清钙含量均无显著影响,而血清磷含量随饲粮磷水平的上升而显著提高,饲粮钙水平对血清磷含量有显著影响,1.00%钙组血清磷含量最低,这可能是饲粮钙和磷水平对血清磷含量产生了互作效应导致的,也可能是与饲粮中钙磷比有关^[49-50],具体机制还有待进一步研究。

碱性磷酸酶是一种参与骨矿化和钙、磷沉积过程的水解酶,是调控钙、磷代谢的重要化学物质。Wang等^[51]报道,42日龄肉仔鸡的血清碱性磷酸酶活性不受饲粮钙水平(0.5%~1.10%)的影响。Liu等^[52]研究发现,饲粮磷水平对1~21日龄肉仔鸡血清碱性磷酸酶活性有显著影响,且随着磷水平的升高而降低。Yang等^[53]的研究结果也同样表明,血清碱性磷酸酶活性随肉鸡饲粮中非植酸磷水平的升高而呈线性下降。Li等^[43]研究表明,血清碱性磷酸酶活性的增加通常与饲粮中钙或磷不足有关。血清中的碱性磷酸酶大部分来源于骨骼,当饲粮中钙和磷缺乏时,成骨细胞活性增强,碱性磷酸酶被释放入血,从而使血清中碱性磷酸酶活性升高^[54]。本试验中,饲粮钙水平对杂交肉鸡血清碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响,而饲粮磷水平显著影响血清碱性磷酸酶活性,0.71%磷组血清碱性磷酸酶活性显著低于0.68%磷组。由此可见,杂交肉鸡血清碱性磷酸酶活性对饲粮磷水平的变化更为敏感。

4 结论

① 本试验结果表明,提高1~21日龄“817”肉鸡平均日增重的最佳饲粮钙水平为0.90%,料重比最低时的饲粮磷水平为0.71%;使饲粮磷表观代谢率最高的饲粮钙水平为1.10%,使饲粮钙表观代谢率最高的饲粮磷水平为0.68%;使钙和磷沉积率最高的饲粮钙水平为0.90%,饲粮磷水平以0.65%为宜;饲粮钙水平为0.90%和1.10%时可提高血清磷含量,饲粮磷水平为0.71%时可提高血清磷含量,降低血清碱性磷酸酶活性。

② 结合回归分析结果,1~21日龄“817”肉鸡(AA父母代种公鸡×罗曼褐壳蛋鸡商品代母鸡)饲粮钙和磷的适宜水平分别为0.94%和0.67%。

References

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[1]	刘松柏, 谭会泽, 温志芬, 等. 817肉杂鸡营养需要量参数研究进展[J]. 饲料研究, 2016(17):7-8,19. LIU S B, TAN H Z, WEN Z F, et al. Research progress on the parameters of nutritional requirements of 817 broiler chickens[J]. Feed Research, 2016(17):7-8,19. (in Chinese)

[2]	吕玉霞, 王桂元. “817”肉鸡生产现状、发展趋势及企业发展策略[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2023, 19(1):49-51. LYU Y X, WANG G Y. “817” broiler production status, development trend and enterprise development strategy[J]. The Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2023, 19(1):49-51. (in Chinese)

[3]	周艳, 雷秋霞, 曹顶国, 等. 817肉鸡产业近五年发展回顾与展望[J]. 中国禽业导刊, 2023, 40(7):27-29. ZHOU Y, LEI Q X, CAO D G, et al. Review of the development of 817 broiler industry in the past five years and the future prospect of the industry[J]. Guide To Chinese Poultry, 2023, 40(7):27-29. (in Chinese)

[4]	雷秋霞, 刘杰, 周艳, 等. 中国特色小型白羽肉鸡产业取得的成就与发展趋势[J]. 中国畜禽种业, 2023, 19(12):190-197. LEI Q X, LIU J, ZHOU Y, et al. Achievements and development trends of small white-feathered broiler industry with Chinese characteristics[J]. The Chinese Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2023, 19(12):190-197. (in Chinese)

[5]	邵玉新. 肉鸡钙、磷营养与骨骼发育研究[D]. 博士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2019. SHAO Y X. The nutrition of calcium and phosphorus and bone development of broilers[D]. Ph.D.Thesis. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2019. (in Chinese)

[6]	陆壮, 吕武兴, 舒剑成, 等. 817肉鸡营养需要研究进展[J]. 湖南饲料, 2021(2):27-29. LU Z, LYU W X, SHU J C, et al. Research progress on nutritional needs of 817 broilers[J]. Hunan Feed, 2021(2):27-29. (in Chinese)

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中华人民共和国国家市场监督管理总局, 中国国家标准化管理委员会. 饲料中氨基酸的测定:GB/T 18246—2019[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2019.

State Administration for Market Regulation of the People’s Republic of China,National Standardization Administration of China. Determination of amino acids in feeds:GB/T 18246—2019[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2019. (in Chinese)

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