1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计
1.3 试验饲粮
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | ||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||
| 玉米Corn | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | 40.00 | |||||
| 发酵杂粕Fermented mixed meals | 7.50 | 7.00 | 6.50 | 6.00 | |||||
| 小肽Small peptides | 0.50 | 1.00 | 1.50 | ||||||
| 碳酸钙CaCO3 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | |||||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | |||||
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |||||
| 硫酸钠Na2SO4 | 0.19 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | |||||
| 尿素Urea | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.14 | |||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | |||||
| 皇竹草Pennisetum sinese Roxb | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | |||||
| 发酵酒糟Fermented distillers’grains | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | 25.00 | |||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||||||
| 综合净能NEmf/(MJ/kg) | 6.12 | 6.12 | 6.12 | 6.12 | |||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 13.93 | 13.84 | 13.89 | 13.91 | |||||
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 45.95 | 46.91 | 45.39 | 47.43 | |||||
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 27.20 | 25.61 | 28.08 | 25.54 | |||||
| 粗灰分Ash | 8.43 | 8.69 | 8.38 | 8.43 | |||||
| 钙Ca | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.97 | |||||
| 总磷TP | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.51 | |||||
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provides the following per kg of diets:VA 2 500 IU,VD 550 IU,VE 10 IU,Cu 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 50 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 40 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 40 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.5 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.2 mg,Co(as cobalt chloride) 0.2 mg. 2)综合净能参照《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)计算,其他营养水平为实测值。NEmf is calculated according to Chinese Feeding Standard of Beef Cattle (NY/T 815—2004), while the other nutrient levels are measured values. |
1.4 饲养管理
1.5 样品采集与指标测定
1.5.1 瘤胃液采集
1.5.2 饲粮营养成分测定
1.5.3 瘤胃发酵参数测定
1.5.4 瘤胃微生物区系分析
1.6 数据分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 发酵杂粕型饲粮中添加小肽对肉牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表2 发酵杂粕型饲粮中添加小肽对肉牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 2 Effects of small peptide supplementation in diets with fermented mixed meals on ruminal fermentation parameters of beef cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| pH | 6.50 | 6.55 | 6.48 | 6.55 | 0.02 | 0.135 | 0.367 | 0.638 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 10.50 | 9.34 | 10.92 | 9.98 | 0.57 | 0.269 | 0.999 | 0.985 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 30.06 | 31.03 | 27.79 | 26.46 | 2.07 | 0.412 | 0.133 | 0.286 |
| 乙酸Acetate/% | 62.46b | 65.66a | 63.12b | 64.28ab | 0.68 | 0.022 | 0.452 | 0.370 |
| 丙酸Propionate/% | 22.90 | 19.33 | 20.38 | 21.05 | 0.97 | 0.104 | 0.357 | 0.082 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyrate/% | 1.53 | 1.39 | 1.44 | 1.28 | 0.14 | 0.652 | 0.260 | 0.539 |
| 丁酸Butyrate/% | 9.73 | 10.92 | 12.11 | 10.59 | 0.56 | 0.057 | 0.199 | 0.037 |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate/% | 2.28 | 1.71 | 1.92 | 1.74 | 0.16 | 0.085 | 0.080 | 0.119 |
| 戊酸Valerate/% | 1.11 | 1.00 | 1.03 | 1.07 | 0.09 | 0.837 | 0.873 | 0.686 |
| 乙酸/丙酸Acetate/propionate | 2.75 | 3.40 | 3.17 | 3.08 | 0.18 | 0.106 | 0.387 | 0.104 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 发酵杂粕型饲粮中添加小肽对肉牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.2.1 Alpha多样性分析
表3 发酵杂粕型饲粮中添加小肽对瘤胃菌群Alpha多样性的影响Table 3 Effects of small peptide supplementation in diets with fermented mixed meals on Alpha diversity of rumen microflora |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| Ace指数Ace index | 1 072.32 | 1 196.74 | 1 174.77 | 1 038.11 | 46.76 | 0.338 | 0.611 | 0.030 |
| Chao指数Chao index | 1 053.11 | 1 191.92 | 1 181.83 | 1 040.41 | 50.89 | 0.323 | 0.855 | 0.036 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 4.67 | 4.97 | 4.91 | 4.54 | 0.20 | 0.159 | 0.645 | 0.231 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 0.031 | 0.032 | 0.024 | 0.044 | 0.013 | 0.063 | 0.615 | 0.695 |
| 覆盖度Coverage | 0.991 | 0.990 | 0.990 | 0.991 | <0.001 | 0.251 | 0.861 | 0.096 |
2.2.2 Venn图分析
2.2.3 PCoA
2.2.4 瘤胃菌群组成分析
表4 发酵杂粕型饲粮中添加小肽对肉牛瘤胃菌群组成的影响(门水平)Table 4 Effects of small peptide supplementation in diets with fermented mixed meals on rumen microflora composition of beef cattle (phylum level) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | ||
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 63.33 | 52.07 | 58.26 | 60.62 | 6.68 | 0.676 | 0.948 | 0.594 |
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 22.27 | 39.45 | 32.39 | 24.59 | 5.40 | 0.140 | 0.997 | 0.097 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 7.92 | 3.75 | 4.05 | 11.07 | 3.70 | 0.470 | 0.566 | 0.274 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 4.04 | 1.33 | 2.02 | 1.06 | 1.32 | 0.398 | 0.168 | 0.318 |
| 螺旋菌门Spirochaetae | 1.18 | 1.04 | 1.17 | 1.00 | 0.29 | 0.962 | 0.747 | 0.950 |
| 柔膜菌门Tenericutes | 0.31 | 0.63 | 0.69 | 0.49 | 0.12 | 0.168 | 0.322 | 0.074 |
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacteres | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.53 | 0.13 | 0.628 | 0.238 | 0.436 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia | 0.16 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.227 | 0.921 | 0.143 |
| Saccharibacteria | 0.07b | 0.47a | 0.16b | 0.12b | 0.09 | 0.028 | 0.876 | 0.077 |
| 蓝藻菌门Cyanobacteria | 0.20 | 0.27 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.430 | 0.201 | 0.322 |
表5 发酵杂粕型饲粮中添加小肽对肉牛瘤胃菌群组成的影响(属水平)Table 5 Effects of small peptide supplementation in diets with fermented mixed meals on rumen microflora composition of beef cattle (genus level) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ⅰ | Ⅱ | Ⅲ | Ⅳ | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 二次 Quadratic | |||||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌属1 Prevotella_1 | 31.17 | 26.96 | 26.73 | 38.88 | 4.18 | 0.180 | 0.261 | 0.089 | |||||||||
| 瘤胃球菌属2 Ruminococcus_2 | 3.48 | 7.10 | 3.72 | 2.53 | 1.76 | 0.311 | 0.452 | 0.318 | |||||||||
| 丹毒丝菌科UCG-004 Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-004 | 1.83 | 2.68 | 9.57 | 5.34 | 2.25 | 0.106 | 0.119 | 0.176 | |||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001 Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 | 4.12 | 3.87 | 3.30 | 5.10 | 1.30 | 0.800 | 0.679 | 0.666 | |||||||||
| 拟杆菌目S24-7群 Bacteroidales_S24-7_group | 3.18 | 4.78 | 4.40 | 2.24 | 1.16 | 0.415 | 0.549 | 0.230 | |||||||||
| 琥珀酸弧菌属Succinivibrio | 2.45 | 1.20 | 0.79 | 3.25 | 1.21 | 0.475 | 0.723 | 0.296 | |||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003 Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 | 2.31 | 3.56 | 2.67 | 3.06 | 0.65 | 0.577 | 0.644 | 0.730 | |||||||||
| 拟杆菌目BS11肠道群 Bacteroidales_BS11_gut_group | 2.14 | 1.80 | 4.14 | 2.38 | 1.28 | 0.581 | 0.594 | 0.750 | |||||||||
| 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 1.94 | 3.17 | 3.07 | 1.79 | 0.47 | 0.104 | 0.821 | 0.042 | |||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-004 Prevotellaceae_UCG-004 | 1.48 | 3.50 | 1.99 | 2.80 | 0.88 | 0.408 | 0.547 | 0.676 | |||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌属9 Prevotella_9 | 6.61 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 0.93 | 2.04 | 0.117 | 0.097 | 0.654 | |||||||||
| 拟杆菌目RF16群 Bacteroidales_RF16_group | 1.21 | 3.28 | 2.21 | 1.16 | 0.75 | 0.192 | 0.736 | 0.138 | |||||||||
| 琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum | 1.94 | 1.93 | 2.41 | 1.46 | 0.41 | 0.479 | 0.611 | 0.479 | |||||||||
| Phocaeicola | 1.35 | 1.13 | 2.82 | 1.00 | 0.75 | 0.323 | 0.859 | 0.597 | |||||||||
| 未分类的普雷沃氏菌科 Unclassified_f_Prevotellaceae | 1.51 | 1.12 | 2.36 | 1.14 | 0.56 | 0.397 | 0.959 | 0.787 | |||||||||
| 琥珀酸弧菌科UCG-002 Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 | 1.71 | 0.73 | 1.27 | 2.32 | 0.54 | 0.232 | 0.361 | 0.121 | |||||||||
| 双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium | 3.09 | 0.81 | 0.92 | 0.71 | 1.20 | 0.461 | 0.195 | 0.303 | |||||||||
| 克里斯滕森菌科R7群 Christensenellaceae_R7_group | 0.67b | 2.36a | 1.36ab | 0.85b | 0.28 | 0.002 | 0.797 | 0.011 | |||||||||
| 瘤胃球菌科UCG-002 Ruminococcaceae_UCG-002 | 1.32 | 1.25 | 1.54 | 0.85 | 0.24 | 0.259 | 0.327 | 0.280 | |||||||||
| 未明确的普雷沃氏菌科 Norank_f_Prevotellaceae | 2.03 | 0.75 | 1.25 | 0.65 | 0.48 | 0.192 | 0.105 | 0.221 | |||||||||
2.2.5 属水平细菌相对丰度与瘤胃发酵参数的相关性分析
图3 瘤胃属水平细菌相对丰度与发酵参数的相关关系每一对变量之间的相关强度用颜色和*表示,*表示P<0.05,**表示P<0.01,***表示P<0.001。用深蓝色表示正相关系数接近+1,砖红色表示负相关系数接近-1。 Fig.3 Correlation between rumen bacteria relative abundances and fermentation parameters The correlation strength between each pair of variables is represented by color and *. The * indicates P<0.05, ** indicates P<0.01, and ** indicates P<0.001. Dark blue indicates a positive correlation coefficient close to +1, and brick red indicates a negative correlation coefficient close to -1. |
