1 材料与方法
1.1 辣木籽的提取
1.2 乙醇和水提取物的成分分析
1.3 体外培养方法及指标测定
1.3.1 体外瘤胃发酵
1.3.2 高通量测序
1.3.3 发酵参数测定
1.4 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 脱脂辣木籽提取物产率及差异代谢物分析
表1 脱脂辣木籽乙醇提取物和水提取物差异代谢物(相对倍数>4)Table 1 Differential metabolites of ethanol extract and water extract of defatted Moringa oleifera seed (relative fold>4) |
| 类(人类代谢组数据库) Class (HMDB) | 子类(人类代谢组 数据库) Subclass (HMDB) | 名称 Names | 保留时间 Retention time/ min | 分子量 Molecular weight | 水提取物/ 乙醇提取物倍数 Fold of water extract to ethanol extract | 乙醇提取物/ 水提取物倍数 Fold of ethanol extract to water extract | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 苯丙类和聚酮类 Phenylpropanoids and polyketides | 香豆素及衍生物 Coumarins and derivative | 甲氧沙林Methoxsalen | 6.039 | 216.041 92 | 58.86 | |||||||
| 类黄酮 Flavonoids | 花葵苷Pelargonidin | 6.035 | 270.053 42 | 8.99 | ||||||||
| 山柰酚Kaempferol | 5.586 | 286.048 37 | 4.33 | |||||||||
| 橘皮素Tangeritin | 6.857 | 372.120 38 | 12.90 | |||||||||
| 山奈苷Kaempferitrin | 5.574 | 578.162 37 | 21.30 | |||||||||
| 槲皮素Quercetin | 5.044 | 302.045 50 | 5.34 | |||||||||
异黄酮 Isoflavonoids | 黄豆黄素Glycitein | 5.893 | 284.069 02 | 6.69 | ||||||||
| 大豆黄素Daidzein | 5.876 | 254.058 37 | 7.37 | |||||||||
| 直线型1,3-二芳基丙烷 Linear 1,3-diarylpropanoids | 根皮素Phloretin | 5.381 | 274.078 42 | 14.81 | ||||||||
| 对二苯代乙烯Stilbenes | 白皮杉醇Piceatannol | 5.497 | 244.076 11 | 4.77 | ||||||||
| 有机杂环化合物 Organoheterocyclic compounds | 嘌呤及其衍生物 Purines and purine derivatives | 鸟嘌呤Guanine | 4.220 | 151.049 84 | 6.56 | |||||||
| 6-二甲氨基嘌呤 6-dimethylamino purine | 5.473 | 163.086 32 | 5.69 | |||||||||
| 2,6-二羟基嘌呤 2,6-dihydroxy purine | 4.775 | 152.033 45 | 6.58 | |||||||||
| 吲哚及衍生物 Indoles and derivatives | 色氨醇Tryptophanol | 5.397 | 190.111 18 | 10.40 | ||||||||
| 吡啶及衍生物 Pteridines and derivatives | 生物蝶呤 Biopterin | 1.466 | 237.085 47 | 6.76 | ||||||||
| 有机含氧化合物 Organic oxygen-containing compounds | 有机氧化合物 Organooxygen compounds | 泛醇Panthenol | 5.155 | 205.132 10 | 6.18 | |||||||
| D-葡萄糖胺D-glucosamine | 2.370 | 179.079 79 | 16.09 | |||||||||
| D-(-)-奎宁酸D-(-)-quinin acid | 1.438 | 192.062 32 | 6.60 | |||||||||
| L-(-)-阿拉伯糖醇L-(-)-arabitol | 1.359 | 152.067 12 | 7.56 | |||||||||
| D-木糖酸D-xylonic acid | 2.204 | 166.047 67 | 6.15 | |||||||||
有机酸及衍生物 Organic acids and derivatives | 羧酸及衍生物 Carboxylic acids and derivatives | 肌酐Creatine | 1.427 | 131.069 90 | 10.14 | |||||||
| 脯氨酰Prolylleucine | 2.085 | 228.147 66 | 15.31 | |||||||||
| 氧化谷胱甘肽 Glutathione disulfide | 2.224 | 612.153 23 | 8.79 | |||||||||
| 柠檬酸Citric acid | 2.124 | 192.025 83 | 4.74 | |||||||||
拟肽 Peptidomimetics | 肌肽Carnosine | 1.279 | 226.107 55 | 17.51 | ||||||||
| 鹅肌肽Anserine | 1.286 | 240.122 95 | 8.61 | |||||||||
| 有机磺酸及衍生物 Organic sulfonic acids and derivatives | 牛磺酸Taurine | 1.330 | 125.015 14 | 4.93 | ||||||||
| 核苷、核苷酸及类似物 Nucleosides, nucleotides and analogues | 嘌呤核苷 Purine nucleosides | 2'-脱氧腺苷2'-deoxyadenosine | 3.715 | 251.102 37 267.096 08 | 6.48 10.22 | |||||||
| 2'-脱氧肌苷2'-deoxyinosine | 4.233 | 252.085 08 | 5.13 | |||||||||
| 肌苷Inosine | 3.617 | 268.080 14 | 5.33 | |||||||||
| 嘧啶核苷Pyrimidine nucleosides | 胞嘧啶核苷Cytidine | 1.342 | 197.080 73 | 7.19 | ||||||||
| 脂质和类脂分子 Lipids and lipid-like molecules | 脂肪酰基 Fatty acyls | 癸二酸二丁酯Dibutyl sebacate | 7.466 | 314.246 42 | 6.23 | |||||||
| DL-泛醇DL-panthenol | 1.713 | 205.131 94 | 10.38 | |||||||||
苯类化合物 Benzenoids | 苯和取代衍生物 Benzene and substituted derivatives | 丁香酸Syringic acid | 5.569 | 198.051 65 | 265.18 | |||||||
| 酚类Phenols | 高香草酸Homovanillic acid | 6.188 | 136.051 17 | 31.85 | ||||||||
2.2 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵的影响
2.2.1 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵干物质降解率和产气量的影响
图1 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵干物质降解率的影响 柱形标注不同大写字母表示乙醇提取物添加组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),标注不同小写字母表示添加水提取物添加组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。图2同。 Fig.1 Effects of defatted Moringa oleifera seed extracts on dry matter degradability of rumen fermentation in vitro Bars with different capital letters mean significant difference between ethanol extract supplemental group and control group (P<0.05), and with different small letters mean significant difference between water extract supplemental group and control group (P<0.05). The same as Fig.2. |
表2 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵产气量的影响Table 2 Effects of defatted Moringa oleifera seed extracts on gas production of rumen fermentation in vitro mL |
| 时间 Time/h | Con | EE1 | EE2 | EE3 | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | AE1 | AE2 | AE3 | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | |||||||||||
| 2 | 4.52Bc | 8.27A | 7.43A | 8.27A | 1.07 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 10.31a | 10.53a | 8.24b | 0.66 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 4 | 7.11c | 8.11 | 7.39 | 9.45 | 1.07 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 13.66a | 13.56a | 11.98b | 0.65 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 6 | 8.57ABc | 7.62B | 6.59B | 11.26A | 1.17 | <0.01 | 0.12 | 20.30a | 19.69ab | 17.32b | 1.07 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 8 | 11.38Ac | 7.91B | 6.86B | 13.26A | 1.23 | <0.01 | 0.32 | 24.42a | 22.37ab | 21.83b | 0.92 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 10 | 15.04Ac | 9.07B | 8.01B | 16.20A | 1.56 | <0.01 | 0.67 | 28.83a | 27.86ab | 25.57b | 1.11 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 12 | 15.90Ab | 7.90B | 6.44B | 15.73A | 1.86 | <0.01 | 0.77 | 29.46a | 28.45a | 27.34a | 0.96 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 24 | 20.87Ab | 10.97B | 9.59B | 20.16A | 2.62 | <0.01 | 0.72 | 41.73a | 41.00a | 39.50a | 1.34 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 36 | 24.66Ab | 12.41B | 11.58B | 21.71A | 2.53 | 0.01 | 0.31 | 46.47a | 45.34a | 44.53a | 1.41 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 48 | 27.13Ab | 15.13B | 15.88B | 24.30A | 2.54 | 0.02 | 0.41 | 48.88a | 47.69a | 46.66a | 1.4 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 60 | 28.47Ab | 18.76B | 17.91B | 26.05A | 2.3 | <0.01 | 0.35 | 49.34a | 47.39a | 47.29a | 1.41 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 72 | 30.11Ab | 19.59B | 17.61B | 28.58A | 2.08 | <0.01 | 0.40 | 49.34a | 48.67a | 47.31a | 1.51 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示乙醇提取物添加与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),肩标不同小写字母表示水提取物添加组与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 In the same row, values with different capital letters mean significant difference between ethanol extract supplemental group and control group (P<0.05), and with different small letters mean significant difference between water extract supplemental group and control group (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.2.2 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表3 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 3 Effects of defatted Moringa oleifera seed extracts on rumen fermentation parameters in vitro |
| 项目 Items | Con | EE1 | EE2 | EE3 | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | AE1 | AE2 | AE3 | 均值 标准误 SEM | P值P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | 处理 Treatment | 线性 Linear | |||||||||||
| pH | 6.62a | 6.73 | 6.71 | 6.59 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.62 | 6.42b | 6.47b | 6.45b | 0.02 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 27.35a | 30.31 | 30.44 | 26.39 | 3.35 | 0.56 | 0.67 | 13.99b | 15.56b | 20.18ab | 3.18 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
| 乳酸Lactic acid/(mmol/L) | 0.19Bb | 0.28A | 0.26A | 0.25A | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.32a | 0.34a | 0.30a | 0.04 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 总短链脂肪酸Total SCFA/(mmol/L) | 73.90b | 71.44 | 68.06 | 78.89 | 5.50 | 0.25 | 0.52 | 92.32a | 100.18a | 93.21a | 5.93 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 乙酸Acetate/% | 67.84a | 69.16 | 69.57 | 68.35 | 0.97 | 0.32 | 0.53 | 66.35b | 65.95b | 66.54b | 0.56 | 0.03 | 0.01 | |
| 丙酸Propionate/% | 16.53Bb | 21.94A | 21.76A | 18.00B | 0.99 | <0.01 | 0.20 | 17.40a | 17.65a | 17.40a | 0.28 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 异丁酸Isobutyrate/% | 1.29A | 0.78C | 0.75C | 1.08B | 0.06 | <0.01 | <0.01 | 1.31 | 1.31 | 1.29 | 0.04 | 0.90 | 0.96 | |
| 丁酸Butyrate/% | 10.23A | 6.11B | 5.98B | 9.01A | 0.59 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 10.47 | 10.60 | 10.38 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.24 | |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate/% | 2.40Ab | 1.17C | 1.07C | 1.89B | 0.17 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 2.83a | 2.82a | 2.65b | 0.11 | 0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 戊酸Valerate/% | 1.43Ab | 0.76B | 0.77B | 1.27A | 0.09 | <0.01 | 0.15 | 1.39b | 1.43b | 1.52a | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.20 | |
| 己酸Caproate/% | 0.27B | 0.09C | 0.10C | 0.39A | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.32 | 0.02 | 0.39 | 0.13 | |
2.3 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵细菌群落结构的影响
表4 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵细菌α多样性的影响Table 4 Effects of defatted Moringa oleifera seed extracts on α diversity of bacteria in rumen fermentation in vitro |
| 项目 Items | Con | EE2 | AE2 | 均值标准误SEM | P值P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EE2 | AE2 | EE2 | AE2 | |||||
| 可观测物种Observed_species | 3 066.3A | 2 295.4B | 3 177.6 | 46.17 | 46.77 | <0.01 | 0.18 | |
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 3 552.9A | 2 959.0B | 3 676.6 | 59.45 | 35.43 | <0.01 | 0.10 | |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 6.47A | 4.69B | 6.55 | 0.04 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.19 | |
图2 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵细菌β多样性的影响A:维恩图 Venn diagram;B:主成分分析 principal component analysis。 Fig.2 Effects of defatted Moringa oleifera seed extracts on bacterial β diversity in rumen fermentation in vitro |
表5 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵细菌在门水平上相对丰度的影响(前10)Table 5 Effects of defatted Moringa oleifera seed extracts on relative abundance of bacteria at phylum level in rumen fermentation in vitro (top 10) % |
| 项目 Items | Con | EE2 | AE2 | 均值标准误SEM | P值P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EE2 | AE2 | EE2 | AE2 | |||||
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 50.97A | 34.71B | 46.16 | 3.18 | 0.61 | <0.01 | 0.10 | |
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 32.91 | 29.25 | 36.85 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobiota | 7.28Ab | 0.84B | 11.13a | 0.21 | 0.26 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 5.28Ba | 32.16A | 1.46b | 1.36 | 0.28 | <0.01 | 0.03 | |
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetota | 0.62Ab | 0.17B | 0.97a | 0.38 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.02 | |
| 浮霉菌门Planctomycetota | 0.57Ab | 0.19B | 1.29a | 0.04 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.02 | |
| 脱硫杆菌门Desulfobacterota | 0.66A | 0.18B | 0.56 | 0.04 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.67 | |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteriota | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.15 | 0.33 | |
| 髌骨菌门Patescibacteria | 0.25Ab | 0.20B | 0.42a | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
| 梭杆菌门Fusobacteriota | 0.07 | 1.46 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.27 | |
表6 脱脂辣木籽提取物对体外瘤胃发酵厌氧细菌相对丰度的影响(相对丰度>0.1%)Table 6 Effects of defatted Moringa oleifera seed extracts on relative abundance of anaerobic bacteria in rumen fermentation in vitro (relative abundance>0.1%) % |
| 门 Phylum | 科 Family | 属 Genus | Con | EE2 | AE2 | 均值标准误SEM | P值P-value | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EE2 | AE2 | EE2 | AE2 | ||||||||||||||||
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidota | 理研菌科Rikenellaceae | 理研菌科RC9肠道群 Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group | 21.39Aa | 2.32B | 18.13b | 0.17 | 0.28 | <0.01 | 0.03 | ||||||||||
| 拟杆菌科Bacteroidaceae | 拟杆菌属Bacteroides | 1.22B | 18.18A | 0.83 | 0.27 | 0.16 | <0.01 | 0.23 | |||||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌科Prevotellaceae | 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 6.45A | 1.23B | 4.82 | 0.38 | 0.48 | <0.01 | 0.29 | |||||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-001 Prevotellaceae_UCG-001 | 0.81 | 1.82 | 0.55 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.68 | 0.18 | ||||||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003 Prevotellaceae_UCG-003 | 1.33A | 0.20B | 0.88 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.39 | ||||||||||||
| 伯克氏菌科Tannerellaceae | 马其顿菌属 Macellibacteroides | 0.23B | 4.67A | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.46 | |||||||||||
| 营发酵单胞菌科 Dysgonomonadaceae | Petrimonas | 0.06B | 1.06A | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.27 | |||||||||||
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 克里斯滕森菌科 Christensenellaceae | 克里斯滕森菌科R-7群 Christensenellaceae_R-7_group | 2.27Ab | 0.98B | 4.90a | 0.08 | 0.24 | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||||||||
| 韦荣球菌科Veillonellaceae | 韦荣球菌属Veillonella | 0.27B | 5.41A | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.29 | |||||||||||
| 链球菌科Streptococcaceae | 链球菌属Streptococcus | 0.36B | 4.91A | 0.19 | 0.01 | 0.05 | <0.01 | 0.09 | |||||||||||
| 毛螺菌科Lachnospiraceae | 毛螺菌科NK3A20群 Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group | 0.41Ab | 0.08B | 0.69a | 0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||||||
| 毛螺菌科XPB1014群 Lachnospiraceae_XPB1014_group | 0.89Ab | 0.27B | 1.54a | 0.02 | 0.22 | <0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||||||||
| 毛螺菌科AC2044群 Lachnospiraceae_AC2044_group | 0.72A | 0.10B | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.04 | <0.01 | 0.24 | ||||||||||||
| 丁酸弧菌属Butyrivibrio | 1.90Aa | 0.20B | 1.16b | 0.03 | 0.08 | <0.01 | 0.02 | ||||||||||||
| 假丁酸弧菌属Pseudobutyrivibrio | 1.16A | 0.17B | 0.47 | 0.10 | 0.06 | <0.01 | 0.05 | ||||||||||||
| 颤螺旋菌科Oscillospiraceae | 颤螺旋菌科UCG-002 Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002 | 0.99b | 1.33 | 2.56a | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.19 | <0.01 | |||||||||||
| 颤螺旋菌科UCG-005 Oscillospiraceae_UCG-005 | 0.54b | 0.31 | 0.98a | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.07 | <0.01 | ||||||||||||
| 氨基酸球菌科 Acidaminococcaceae | 解琥珀酸弧菌属Succiniclasticum | 1.51A | 0.60B | 1.37 | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.03 | 0.69 | |||||||||||
| 亨盖特梭菌科 Hungateiclostridiaceae | Saccharofermentans | 0.68Ab | 0.09B | 0.96a | 0.01 | 0.06 | <0.01 | 0.03 | |||||||||||
| 肠球菌科 Enterococcaceae | 肠球菌属Enterococcus | 0.08B | 1.34A | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0.10 | |||||||||||
| 变形菌门 Proteobacteria | 肠杆菌科 Enterobacteriaceae | 埃希氏-志贺氏菌属Escherichia-Shigella | 1.24B | 15.27A | 0.57 | 0.33 | 0.16 | <0.01 | 0.09 | ||||||||||
| 莫拉氏菌科 Moraxellaceae | 不动杆菌属Acinetobacter | 0.76B | 10.32A | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.08 | <0.01 | 0.07 | |||||||||||
| 丛毛单胞菌科 Comamonadaceae | 丛毛单胞菌属Comamonas | 0.37Ba | 3.70A | 0.12b | 0.06 | 0.03 | <0.01 | <0.01 | |||||||||||
| 梭杆菌门 Fusobacteriota | 梭杆菌科Fusobacteriaceae | 梭杆菌属Fusobacterium | 0.07 | 1.46 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.23 | ||||||||||
| 疣微菌门 Verrucomicrobiota | Oligosphaeraceae | horsej-a03 | 1.04Aa | 0.05B | 0.62b | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||||||
| 螺旋体门Spirochaetota | 螺旋体科 Spirochaetaceae | 密螺旋体属Treponema | 0.42A | 0.12B | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.10 | ||||||||||
| 脱硫杆菌门 Desulfobacterota | 脱硫杆菌科 Desulfovibrionaceae | 脱硫弧菌属Desulfovibrio | 0.61A | 0.12B | 0.52 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.47 | ||||||||||
2.4 瘤胃发酵参数与主要菌属相对丰度之间Spearman相关性分析
图4 瘤胃发酵参数与主要菌属相对丰度之间Spearman相关性分析*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**和***表示极显著相关(P<0.01和P<0.001)。 Fig.4 Spearman correlation analysis between rumen fermentation parameters and relative abundance of major bacterial genus * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05), and ** and *** indicated extremely significant correlation (P<0.01 and P<0.001). |
