Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 8: 5192 - 5206

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.442

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Different Dietary Replacement Levels of Hydroponic Wheat Seedlings on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indices of Sheep

  • TUO Yong , 1, 2 ,
  • GUO Tongjun , 2, 3, * ,
  • ZANG Changjiang , 1, * ,
  • HOU Liangzhong 2 ,
  • GUZALNUR Amat 2 ,
  • LI Jinlong 1, 2 ,
  • XIN Hongze 4
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  • 1 College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 2 Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 3 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 4 Xinjiang Kemit Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830000, China
*GUO Tongjun, professor, E-mail: ;
ZANG Changjiang, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-01-16

  Online published: 2024-08-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of hydroponic wheat seedlings replacing basal diet on growth performance, nutrient apparent digestibility and serum biochemical indices of sheep. Fifty 4-month-old Hu male lambs with similar body weight of (27.93±2.16) kg were randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 replicates per group and 1 lamb per replicate. Sheep in the control group were fed a basal diet, and those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet replaced by hydroponic wheat seedlings at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% levels (dry matter basis), respectively. The experiment lasted for 77 days, including 10 days of pre-trial period and 67 days of trial period, and the digestive experiment was carried out on days 61 to 67 of the trial period. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the average daily gain (ADG) of sheep in hydroponic wheat seedling replacement groups was significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the dry matter intake (DMI) was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01). 2) Compared with the control group, the apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) in 15% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibilities of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) in 10%, 15% and 20% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement groups were significantly or extremely significantly increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 3) Compared with the control group, the serum triglyceride (TG) content of sheep in 10%, 15% and 20% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement groups was extremely significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) content in 15% and 20% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement groups was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01). The serum urea nitrogen (UN) content in 15% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement group was significantly or extremely significantly lower than that in 5%, 10% and 20% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement groups (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the serum alanine transaminase (ALT) activity in 15% and 20% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement groups was significantly or extremely significantly decreased (P<0.05 or P<0.01), and the serum aspartic transaminase (AST) activity in 10% and 20% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of sheep in 15% and 20% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement groups was extremely significantly increased (P<0.01), and the serum interleukin-1β (IL-1β) content was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) Under the dietary conditions of each group, the economic benefit of single sheep in 15% hydroponic wheat seedling replacement group was the highest. In conclusion, partial replacement of basal diet with hydroponic wheat seedlings can improve dietary digestibility and utilization, reduce blood lipid levels, improve protein metabolic utilization, immune performance and antioxidant capacity of sheep, thereby promoting their growth and improving economic benefits. Under the experimental conditions, the optimum supplemental level of hydroponic wheat seedlings is 15%.

Key words： hydroponic wheat seedlings; sheep; growth performance; apparent digestibility; serum biochemical indices

Cite this article

TUO Yong , GUO Tongjun , ZANG Changjiang , HOU Liangzhong , GUZALNUR Amat , LI Jinlong , XIN Hongze . Effects of Different Dietary Replacement Levels of Hydroponic Wheat Seedlings on Growth Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility and Serum Biochemical Indices of Sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(8) : 5192 -5206 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.442

随着我国畜牧业养殖规模的不断扩大,优质粗饲料匮乏已经成为制约我国规模化牧场可持续发展的瓶颈之一[1]。水培小麦苗富含蛋白质、膳食纤维和矿物质以及包括β-胡萝卜素等多种抗氧化剂,茎叶柔嫩多汁、适口性好、易消化,是优质青绿饲料,对降低动物血脂含量和改善机体抗氧化性能有潜在作用[2⇓-4]。此外,水培小麦苗还具备加工过程绿色无污染、生长周期短、土地利用率高以及可持续生产等优点。目前,水培小麦苗已在国内外一些缺乏青绿饲草的地方或季节作为畜禽饲料进行应用[5-6]。据报道,肉鸡饲粮中添加50 g/kg水培小麦苗能提高体增重,降低料重比(F/G),但过量添加(75 g/kg)会导致体增重降低和F/G升高[7];在仔猪饲粮中添加15%和30%水培小麦苗(干物质基础)降低了平均日增重(ADG)和干物质采食量(DMI)[8];仔鹅补饲15%水培大麦苗能提高ADG并降低血脂含量,但补饲水平过高时(40%)会降低ADG和屠宰率[9];用水培小麦苗替代马饲粮中50%苜蓿干草降低了DMI,但对体重无显著影响[10];绵羊单一采食水培小麦苗的ADG要优于放牧或只采食常规精料[11];用水培小麦苗替代妊娠母羊饲粮中20%干轧玉米粒和10%棉籽粕对其繁殖性能无显著影响[12];奶牛饲粮中添加1 kg/(头·d)水培小麦苗提高了DMI和产奶量[13]。目前,关于水培小麦苗在畜牧生产中尤其是规模牧场舍饲绵羊方面的利用十分有限,缺乏水培小麦苗在全混合日粮(TMR)中的最佳适配比例、饲喂水培小麦苗对绵羊养分表观消化率的影响以及饲喂后机体的健康状况等可指导生产实践的关键数据。因此,本研究以育肥期湖羊为研究对象,通过添加不同水平水培小麦苗对饲粮进行替代,探究其对绵羊生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清生化指标的影响,以期为水培小麦苗在舍饲绵羊饲粮中的科学利用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验所用水培小麦苗麦种为新疆昌吉州吉木萨尔县辖区培育的红皮小麦,采用全自动集装箱式种草箱(内设7层立体式种植架台)培育7 d而成,苗丛高15~20 cm,其常规营养成分见表1。
表1 水培小麦苗常规营养成分(干物质基础)

Table 1 Conventional nutrients in hydroponic wheat seedlings (DM basis) %

项目
Item		 干物质
DM		 粗蛋白质
CP		 粗脂肪
EE		 粗灰分
Ash		 中性洗
涤纤维
NDF		 酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF		 钙
Ca		 磷
P
含量Content 18.89 15.83 4.74 4.74 30.12 18.40 0.49 0.79

营养成分均为实测值,其中除干物质为鲜重基础外,其余均为干物质基础测定。

Nutrients were all measured values. Except for DM, which was measured on the basis of fresh weight, the rest were measured on the basis of dry matter.

试验期内每天由固定人员将育成的水培小麦苗运送至试验场地经揉丝粉碎(9RSJ-6型铡草揉丝机,山东铁甲农牧机械制造有限公司)后进行使用。

1.2 试验设计和饲粮

本试验从新疆喀什地区疏附县肉羊良种繁育中心羊场选取50只体重[(27.93±2.16) kg]相近、健康状况良好的4月龄公湖羊,依据体重进行单因素完全随机试验设计,随机分为5组,每组10个重复,每个重复1只,按组散栏饲养。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别用水培小麦苗按5%、10%、15%和20%的水平(干物质基础)替代基础饲粮。试验期77 d,其中预试期10 d,正试期67 d,并在正试期第61~67天进行消化试验。
试验饲粮参照《肉羊饲养标准》(NY/T 816—2021)[14]配制,为满足30 kg育肥羊ADG达200 g的TMR,其组成及营养水平见表2。
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 水培小麦苗替代水平
Hydroponic wheat seedling replacement levels/%
5 10 15 20
原料Ingredients
水培小麦苗Hydroponic wheat seedlings 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00
玉米秸秆Corn straw 32.00 30.40 28.80 27.20 25.60
苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay 10.00 9.50 9.00 8.50 8.00
玉米Corn 30.00 28.50 27.00 25.50 24.00
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 19.50 18.52 17.55 16.57 15.60
麦麸Wheat bran 4.00 3.80 3.60 3.40 3.20
碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 0.70 0.67 0.63 0.60 0.56
氯化钠NaCl 0.80 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.64
预混料Premix1) 3.00 2.85 2.70 2.55 2.40
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
总能GE/(MJ/kg) 16.56 16.64 16.74 16.81 16.88
粗蛋白质CP 14.92 14.97 15.02 15.06 15.10
粗脂肪EE 2.27 2.40 2.54 2.65 2.75
中性洗涤纤维NDF 39.17 38.70 38.17 37.77 37.40
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 21.79 21.61 21.42 21.26 21.13
钙Ca 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.81
磷P 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.41 0.43

1)每千克预混料含有 One kilogram of the premix contained the following:VA 100 000 IU,VD3 40 000 IU,VE 500 mg,Fe 2 000 mg,Cu 280 mg,Zn 1 600 mg,Mn 800 mg,Se 75 mg,I 70 mg,Co 40 mg。

2)营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were all measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验羊于同一圈舍内进行分组散栏饲养,统一消毒、驱虫、打耳标。每日待水培小麦苗运送至试验场地后利用饲草揉丝机将“厚地毯状”水培苗加工为柔软细丝后与其他精料补充料、粗饲料等按比例充分搅拌混匀制得各组饲粮,于09:00和19:30进行饲喂,试验羊自由采食和饮水,每组保证每日不低于15%的剩料量。试验期间保持圈舍干燥通风。

1.4 样品采集及指标测定

1.4.1 生长性能

试验期内每日晨饲前记录各组饲喂量及前日剩料量,计算各组DMI;与正试期第1天和第60天晨饲前称量每只羊的体重,计算ADG和F/G。计算公式如下:
DMI(kg/d)=[每组饲喂量(kg)×饲粮干物质(DM)含量(%)-每组剩料量(kg)×剩余饲粮DM含量(%)]/每组试验羊只数;
ADG(g/d)=(末重-初重)/试验天数;
F/G=DMI/ADG。

1.4.2 养分表观消化率和水培小麦苗活性成分

正试期间,每15 d采集1次各组饲粮、剩料以及水培小麦苗样品,试验结束后分别用四分法分装取500 g样品,于-20 ℃保存,待测。
正试期第61天晨饲前从每组随机选择5只试验羊进行消化试验,适应期4 d,待采食量稳定后开始为期3 d的“全收粪法”消化试验[15],每日晨饲前从试验羊粪袋取出前1天的粪样并记录总重,取10%的粪样喷洒等质量的10%稀盐酸,于-20 ℃保存,连续收粪3 d后,将每只试验羊3 d的粪便均匀混合后按四分法取500 g样品,统一编号分装后于-20 ℃保存,待测。
饲粮、粪便以及水培小麦苗样品总能(GE)以及DM、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量分别参照ISO 9831:1998、GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018、GB/T 20806—2022和NY/T 1459—2022的方法测定。养分表观消化率计算公式如下:
某养分表观消化率=100×(食入饲粮中该养分含量-粪便中该养分含量)/食入饲粮中该养分含量。
取全株水培小麦苗鲜样10 g送至北京百迈克生物科技有限公司对其含有的生物活性成分进行测定,测定方法为液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)法。

1.4.3 血清生化指标

于正试期第60天晨饲前,使用真空负压采血管对每只试验羊采集颈静脉血样10 mL,于4 ℃、799×g下离心15 min,静置取上层血清,分装于离心管中于-20 ℃保存,待测。
血清葡萄糖(GLU)、尿素氮(UN)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)和低密度脂蛋白(LDL)含量采用全自动生化分析仪测定。血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、干扰素-γ(INF-γ)、CD4抗原含量均使用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)试剂盒并采用比色法进行测定[16],试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所,检测使用酶标仪为华东电子DG5033A酶标仪。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用Excel 2019进行初步整理,并采用SPSS 26.0统计软件中的one-way ANOVA程序进行单因素方差分析,差异显著者采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,并对水培小麦苗替代水平进行线性和二次效应分析,结果数据以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P<0.05表示显差异著,P<0.01表示差异极显著,0.05<P<0.10表示差异有显著趋势。

2 结果与分析

2.1 水培小麦苗中的活性成分

由表3可知,水培小麦苗广泛靶向代谢物共检测出24个不同类型的活性物质,共计1 266种;检出物质数量排前5类的活性物质为生物碱类、酮醛酸类、黄酮类、萜类和多酚类,分别含有199种、151种、137种、124种和88种。
表3 水培小麦苗活性代谢物种类

Table 3 Active metabolite species in hydroponic wheat seedlings

项目Items 数量Quantity 项目Items 数量Quantity
生物碱类Alkaloids 199 核苷酸类Nucleotides 23
酮醛酸类Ketones,aldehydes,acids 151 木脂素Lignans 20
黄酮类Flavonoids 137 醌类Quinones 12
萜类Terpenoids 124 氨基酸及其衍生物
Amino acids and derivatives		 9
多酚类Polyphenols 88 有机酸Organic acid 6
糖及醇类Sugars and alcohols 67 酚酸类Phenolic acids 4
有机酸类Organic acids 55 氧杂蒽酮Xanthones 3
脂质Lipid 46 黃烷酮类Flavanones 2
甾体Steroids 41 维生素类Vitamins 2
苯丙素类Phenylpropanoids 34 核苷酸及其衍生物
Nucleotides and derivatives		 1
氨基酸类Amino acids 31 木脂素和香豆素
Lignans and coumarins		 1
香豆素Coumarins 24 其他Others 186

上述检测结果为京都基因与基因组百科全书和Metabolon,Inc中代谢物的一级物质分类结果。

The above test results were the first-level substance classification results of metabolites in KEGG and Metabolon,Inc.

2.2 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊生长性能的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,各水培小麦苗替代组绵羊ADG显著或极显著提高(P<0.05或P<0.01),DMI极显著提高(P<0.01)。随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,绵羊ADG、DMI和F/G均呈线性变化(P<0.05),并且DMI还呈二次变化(P<0.05),F/G呈二次变化趋势(P=0.08)。
表4 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊生长性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of different dietary replacement levels of hydroponic wheat seedlings on growth performance of sheep (n=10)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 水培小麦苗替代水平
Hydroponic wheat seedling
replacement levels/%		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
5 10 15 20
初重Initial weight/kg 27.81 27.89 27.94 27.98 28.06 0.31 0.99 0.80 0.99
末重Final weight/kg 34.03 35.92 36.76 38.00 37.35 0.51 0.08 0.72 0.82
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 103.65Bc 133.72ABab 147.08Aab 167.07Aa 154.79Aab 5.06 <0.01 <0.01 0.10
干物质采食量DMI(kg/d) 1.10Dd 1.28ABa 1.18Cc 1.30Aa 1.24BCb 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
料重比F/G 10.61 9.57 8.03 7.78 8.01 0.39 0.06 0.02 0.08

同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。表5~表9同。

In the same row, values with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no insignificant difference (P>0.05). The same Table 5 to Table 9.

2.3 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊养分表观消化率的影响

由表5可知,15%水培小麦苗替代组DM表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);10%、15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组CP表观消化率显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),同时,15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组CP表观消化率显著高于5%水培小麦苗替代组(P<0.05);15%水培小麦苗替代组EE表观消化率显著高于对照组和5%水培小麦苗替代组(P<0.05);10%、15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组NDF表观消化率显著或极显著高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,DM、CP和NDF养分表观消化率均呈线性变化(P<0.05),NDF养分表观消化率还呈二次变化(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊养分表观消化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of different dietary replacement levels of hydroponic wheat seedlings on nutrient apparent digestibility of sheep (n=5) %

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 水培小麦苗替代水平
Hydroponic wheat seedling
replacement levels/%		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
5 10 15 20
干物质DM 67.35b 70.04ab 71.31ab 74.92a 72.85ab 0.95 0.02 0.02 0.33
粗蛋白质CP 69.79Bc 72.20ABbc 74.45ABab 76.46Aa 76.83Aa 0.74 <0.01 <0.01 0.37
粗脂肪EE 66.33b 67.35b 69.28ab 71.94a 69.61ab 0.66 0.02 0.05 0.24
中性洗涤纤维NDF 45.97Cc 50.11BCbc 56.38ABa 56.92Aa 50.96ABCb 1.04 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 36.73 37.82 39.99 40.46 38.12 0.67 0.38 0.26 0.14

2.4 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清生化指标的影响

2.4.1 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清糖代谢指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组绵羊血清LDH活性显著提高(P<0.05)。随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,绵羊血清LDH活性呈线性变化(P<0.05),血清GLU含量呈线性变化趋势(P=0.09)。
表6 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清糖代谢指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of different dietary replacement levels of hydroponic wheat seedlings on serum glucose metabolism indices of sheep (n=10)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 水培小麦苗替代水平
Hydroponic wheat seedling
replacement levels/%		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
5 10 15 20
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 2.95 2.80 2.68 2.56 2.64 0.07 0.45 0.09 0.44
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L) 2 245.21c 2 452.11bc 2 636.02abc 2 666.67ab 2 927.20a 69.64 0.02 0.01 0.50
肌酸激酶CK/(U/L) 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 <0.01 0.48 0.21 0.63

2.4.2 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清脂代谢指标的影响

由表7可知,10%、15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组绵羊血清TG含量极显著低于对照组(P<0.01),且15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组血清TG含量显著或极显著低于5%和10%替代组(P<0.05或P<0.01);20%水培小麦苗替代组血清LDL含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组血清HDL含量极显著高于5%水培小麦苗替代组和对照组(P<0.01),5%水培小麦苗替代组血清HDL含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,绵羊血清TG和HDL含量呈线性变化(P<0.05)。
表7 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清脂代谢指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of different dietary replacement levels of hydroponic wheat seedlings on serum lipid metabolism indices of sheep (n=10) mmol/L

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 水培小麦苗替代水平
Hydroponic wheat seedling
replacement levels/%		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
5 10 15 20
甘油三酯TG 0.31Aa 0.27ABab 0.24BCb 0.20CDc 0.18Dc 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.73
总胆固醇TC 1.03 0.98 0.97 0.93 0.91 0.02 0.38 0.05 0.82
低密度脂蛋白LDL 0.37a 0.35ab 0.33ab 0.30ab 0.28b 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.39
高密度脂蛋白HDL 0.37Cc 0.42BCb 0.45ABab 0.47Aa 0.48Aa 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.11

2.4.3 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

由表8可知,20%水培小麦苗替代组绵羊血清ALB含量显著或极显著高于5%、10%水培小麦苗替代组和对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),15%水培小麦苗替代组血清ALB含量显著或极显著高于对照组和5%水培小麦苗替代组(P<0.05或P<0.01);15%水培小麦苗替代组血清UN含量显著或极显著低于5%、10%和20%水培小麦苗替代组(P<0.05或P<0.01);15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组血清ALT活性显著或极显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01);10%和20%水培小麦苗替代组血清AST活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,绵羊血清ALB含量及ALT和AST活性呈线性变化(P<0.05)。
表8 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

Table 8 Effects of different dietary replacement levels of hydroponic wheat seedlings on serum protein metabolism indices of sheep (n=10)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 水培小麦苗替代水平
Hydroponic wheat seedling
replacement levels/%		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
5 10 15 20
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 53.68 55.64 56.37 57.79 59.18 1.12 0.62 0.12 0.96
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 13.12BCcd 12.29Cd 14.40ABCbc 15.38ABab 16.43Aa 0.37 <0.01 <0.01 0.23
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 5.73ABab 6.09Aa 6.05ABa 5.53Bb 5.95ABa 0.07 <0.01 0.78 0.48
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 3.32Aa 2.96ABab 2.72ABab 2.49ABb 2.41Bb 0.11 <0.01 <0.01 0.05
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 8.78c 9.08bc 10.45ab 10.27abc 10.96a 0.27 0.03 <0.01 0.70

2.4.4 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

由表9可知,15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组绵羊血清SOD活性显著或极显著高于对照组和5%水培小麦苗替代组(P<0.05或P<0.01);15%和20%水培小麦苗替代组血清IL-1β含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05);各组间其余血清抗氧化和免疫指标差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,绵羊血清SOD活性和MDA、IL-1β含量呈线性变化(P<0.05)。
表9 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

Table 9 Effects of different dietary replacement levels of hydroponic wheat seedlings on serum antioxidant and immune indices of sheep (n=10)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control
group		 水培小麦苗替代水平
Hydroponic wheat seedling
replacement levels/%		 均值
标准误
SEM		 P值P-value
处理
Treatment		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
5 10 15 20
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 121.10Bb 128.11ABb 137.65ABab 148.26Aa 149.07Aa 3.14 <0.01 0.01 0.41
谷胱甘肽过氧化酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 23.70 26.65 27.63 29.36 28.09 1.12 0.61 0.17 0.43
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 3.39 3.34 3.12 2.98 2.82 0.09 0.23 0.02 0.86
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β/(pg/mL)		 23.92a 21.98ab 20.64ab 20.25b 18.53b 0.56 0.03 0.02 0.66
白细胞介素-2
IL-2/(pg/mL)		 26.86 26.04 26.71 25.57 25.69 0.49 0.90 0.45 0.99
干扰素-γ
INF-γ/(pg/mL)		 60.12 61.19 61.75 60.42 60.36 1.27 1.00 0.98 0.72
CD4抗原
CD4 antigen/(ng/mL)		 203.80 207.97 217.01 219.50 223.65 4.44 0.63 0.12 0.86

2.5 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊经济效益的影响

由表10可知,各组饲粮条件下每只绵羊的平均净利润为37.80~90.97元,净利润最高的为15%水培小麦苗替代组,分别较对照组及5%、10%和20%水培小麦苗替代组提高了140.66%、75.79%、9.99%和40.08%。
表10 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊经济效益的影响

Table 10 Effects of different dietary replacement levels of hydroponic wheat seedlings on economic benefits of sheep (n=10)1)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 水培小麦苗替代水平
Hydroponic wheat seedling replacement levels/%
5 10 15 20
总增重Total weight gain/(kg/只) 6.22 8.03 8.82 10.02 9.29
饲粮单价Unit price of diet/(元/kg)2) 2.29 1.99 1.77 1.61 1.48
总耗料量Total diet consumption/(kg/只) 72.98 107.07 117.56 149.19 163.63
饲粮成本Diet cost/(元/只) 167.46 213.24 208.35 239.69 241.63
增重收益Weight gain income/(元/只)3) 205.26 264.99 291.06 330.66 306.57
净利润Gross profit/(元/只) 37.80 51.75 82.71 90.97 64.94
利润差额Profit difference/(元/只)4) 0.00 13.96 44.92 53.18 27.15

1)此处为本试验各组饲粮条件下单只绵羊饲喂60 d产生的经济效益。This was the economic benefit of feeding a single sheep for 60 days under the feeding conditions of each group in this experiment.

2)饲粮原料单价:玉米秸秆0.85元/kg,脱水紫花苜蓿1.80元/kg,整粒玉米2.65元/kg,棉籽粕3.75元/kg,麦麸2.80元/kg,小苏打2.80元/kg,食盐0.85元/kg,预混料5.80元/kg。本试验水培小麦苗为新疆柯米特农业科技有限公司免费提供,其总生产成本约为500元/t,此处将水培小麦苗单价拟定为0.80元/kg。饲粮单价(元/kg)=Σ[原料单价(元/kg)×饲粮中该原料鲜重占比(%)]。Feed cost unit price: corn straw 0.85 CNY/kg, dehydrated alfalfa 1.80 CNY/kg, whole corn 2.65 CNY/kg, cottonseed meal 3.75 CNY/kg, wheat bran 2.80 CNY/kg, baking soda 2.80 CNY/kg, salt 0.85 CNY/kg, premix 5.80 CNY/kg. The hydroponic wheat seedlings in this experiment were provided by Xinjiang Kemit Agricultural Science and Technology Co., Ltd. The total production cost was about 500 CNY/t. The unit price of hydroponic wheat seedlings was set at 0.80 CNY/kg. Unit price of diet (CNY/kg)=Σ[unit price of raw material (CNY/kg)×proportion of fresh weight of the raw material in the diet (%)].

3)湖羊活重单价:33.00元/kg(参考试验期内当地当季活羊价格)。Unit price of Hu sheep live weight: 33.00 CNY/kg (referred to the local seasonal live sheep price during the trial period).

4)利润差额为水培小麦苗替代组与对照组之间的净利润差值。The profit difference was the net profit difference between the hydroponic wheat seedling replacement group and the control group.

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊生长性能的影响

水培小麦苗柔嫩多汁,适口性好,可促进草食动物采食[17],但关于饲喂水培小麦苗对反刍动物生长性能的影响报道并不一致。Castillo等[11]研究发现,给绵羊饲喂水培小麦苗,增重效果优于放牧或舍饲精料。Guerrero-Cervantes等[12]用水培小麦苗替代精料降低了哺乳期母羊的ADG,但对DMI和羔羊ADG没有显著影响。上述研究结果不一致的原因可能是不同动物或是动物处于不同的生理阶段对所需的营养供给不同导致的[18]。还有研究发现,将水培小麦苗添加到饲粮中虽然能提高采食量、ADG和饲料利用效率,但添加水平过高不利于动物的生长[19⇓-21]。本试验中,水培小麦苗替代组绵羊DMI和ADG均高于对照组,且当替代水平为15%时对绵羊DMI和ADG提高效果最佳,说明饲粮添加水培小麦苗有利于增加饲粮适口性并促进绵羊采食。但随着替代水平升高到20%时,DMI和ADG开始下降。这可能是由于绵羊瘤胃容量有限,而水培小麦苗水分高达80%以上,当饲粮中水培小麦苗添加水平过高时(本试验为20%时),减少了可用于消化其他固体饲粮成分的空间,导致此时绵羊的DMI开始下降[22];另外,5%水培小麦苗替代组DMI也处于较高水平,但受饲粮中DM、CP和NDF表观消化率降低的影响,使得ADG低于其余替代组。综上所述,在育肥期绵羊饲粮中添加水培小麦苗部分替代基础饲粮具有积极效应,但添加水平不宜过高,干物质基础添加水平应低于20%。

3.2 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊养分表观消化率的影响

养分表观消化率是指饲粮在动物机体内被消化和吸收的比例,是衡量饲粮营养价值的重要指标之一[23]。Farghaly等[24]给绵羊饲喂水培大麦苗发现其EE和粗纤维(CF)表观消化率高于饲喂常规牧草[埃及三叶草(Egyptian clover)],水培大麦苗(40%)与精料预混料(60%)混合饲用对绵羊DM和有机物(OM)等养分表观消化率提升效果优于单一饲喂水培大麦苗。本试验结果与上述研究基本一致。一方面,水培小麦苗是嫩芽型青绿饲料,细胞壁未完全形成,纤维素成分易被机体消化吸收,本试验用其替代基础饲粮,不仅能提高饲粮适口性增加DMI,还能增加饲粮中易消化纤维素占总纤维的比例,通过增加瘤胃反刍次数与纤维素在瘤胃内的分解效率,从而提高机体对DM和NDF的表观消化率[25];另一方面,水培小麦苗等发芽谷物中的营养成分更容易被微生物消化和利用,同时其中含有多种生物活性物质和益生菌,可以改善瘤胃内环境,促进微生物的生长和代谢,从而提高瘤胃的消化能力[26]。Arif等[27]在山羊饲粮中分别添加20%的水培大麦苗和水培玉米均能提高DM、CP、NDF和ADF的表观消化率,但添加40%时其DM、NDF和ADF表观消化率会降低,说明不适宜在饲粮中添加过高水平的水培谷物幼苗。本研究中,使用水培小麦苗替代基础饲粮后,单位饲粮内CP和EE含量随替代水平的提高而提高,其中15%替代水平下DMI最高,绵羊从饲粮中摄取的CP和EE最高;此外,水培小麦苗还能为饲粮提供丰富的氨基酸、小肽和消化酶等生物活性物质,可提高饲粮在瘤胃内被分解为小分子肽和短链脂肪酸的效率,从而进入到肠道内被机体吸收,进而提高机体对CP和EE的分解和利用效率[28-29]。20%水培小麦苗替代组EE表观消化率低于15%水培小麦苗替代组的原因可能是该替代水平下绵羊DMI低于15%水培小麦苗替代组,并且,在保障足够DM摄入条件下,其水分摄入较高,可能对瘤胃消化产生负担,从而影响了EE的分解和利用。

3.3 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清能量代谢指标的影响

血清生化指标是反映动物机体健康状态和营养代谢等状况的重要指标[30],是从动物机体内环境变化来反映机体对当前所处生理状态、环境和对饮食的耐受情况的体现[31],与动物机体内组织或器官发育情况、免疫应答与抗氧化能力以及基础养分吸收与代谢等基本生命活动密切相关[32]。GLU作为供能物质用于维持体内各器官和组织的基本需要[30]。Kim等[33]在奶牛TMR中分别添加10%和30%的水培大麦苗替代玉米,提高了试验末期奶牛血清GLU含量;而本试验各组间绵羊血清GLU含量不存在显著差异,说明饲粮中添加5%~20%的水培小麦苗未对绵羊血液GLU代谢产生不利影响。当GLU含量过低且糖代谢不足以供应机体的能量消耗时,会通过脂代谢等一系列的代谢途径将脂肪转化为能量以满足机体能量供应需求[34]。TG是脂代谢主要产物,可以反映机体对脂质的利用状况,利用程度越高其含量越低;HDL和LDL作为载脂蛋白主要参与血液中TC的运输与血脂的代谢,HDL是将脂类由外周转运至肝脏,并将其分解代谢;LDL则是将TC由肝脏向外周转运[35]。Raeisi等[36]在绵羊饲粮中添加水培大麦苗降低了血清TC和TG含量;本试验用10%~20%的水培小麦苗替代基础饲粮,结果表明,试验组绵羊血清TG和LDL含量低于对照组且随着替代水平的提高呈持续降低的趋势;试验组血清HDL含量高于对照组且随着替代水平的提高呈持续上升的趋势,这与本研究中所得到的饲粮中添加水培小麦苗能够提高绵羊对饲粮中EE表观消化率的结果相呼应,通过血清脂代谢指标反映出,用10%~20%水培小麦苗替代基础饲粮可以改善绵羊血脂代谢,其中替代20%时效果较好。这一方面可能是由于水培小麦苗中富含维生素、类黄酮、钾元素及膳食纤维等成分,具有扩张血管的作用,能够改善血液循环,达到促进血脂代谢的功效;另一方面,本试验中血清GLU含量随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高呈具线性下降趋势,可能是水培小麦苗中丰富的多酚类物质通过调节胰岛素信号通路调控胰岛素分泌,促进了机体对血液中葡萄糖的利用,抑制了机体血糖→磷酸二羟丙酮→甘油→脂肪酸的转化途径,从而改善了动物机体的糖、脂代谢水平,这进一步说明了饲粮中添加水培小麦苗能显著提高绵羊的脂代谢水平,促进机体对脂质更好的吸收和利用。

3.4 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

血清TP是指血液中所有蛋白质的总和,通常包括ALB、球蛋白(GLB)和纤维蛋白原等,是反映动物机体蛋白质营养状况和肝脏功能的重要指标之一[37⇓-39]。ALB是血液中最主要的胶体渗透压维持者,对机体内营养物质代谢运输环节有重要意义。董佳强等[9]在仔鹅饲粮中添加15%的水培大麦苗提高了其生长性能和屠宰性能,还提高了血清TP和ALB含量;Hayati等[40]在奶山羊饲粮中用水培大麦苗替代饲粮中33%、66%和100%的大麦籽粒不仅提高了产奶量,还显著提高了血清TP含量。本试验中,虽然绵羊血清TP含量随着水培小麦苗添加水平的提高而提高,但差异并不显著,而血清ALB含量除5%水培小麦苗替代组外其余水培小麦苗替代组均高于对照组,原因可能是一方面,随着饲粮中水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,单位饲粮内CP含量逐渐增加,各组DMI也有不同程度的提高,机体通过增加ALB提高机体对蛋白质分子的转运能力,进而提高CP表观消化率;另一方面,水培小麦苗是短期内快速催芽而成,种子胚乳部吸收水或营养液后诱导蛋白酶的活性提高,使胚乳中的蛋白质降解为小分子肽,进一步水解为多种丰富的游离态氨基酸等物质,绵羊采食后更有利于促进机体对蛋白质的吸收和转运,从而提高了血清ALB含量[40-41];此外,还可能与水培小麦苗经催芽育成后芳香及药效氨基酸含量升高,且富含矿物质和维生素等多种生物活性成分有关,其中,维生素B6、维生素B12和锌、硒等元素对维持肝脏正常功能和促进蛋白质代谢起着重要作用,而缬氨酸、亮氨酸和异亮氨酸等支链氨基酸对机体蛋白质的合成和ALB的产生至关重要,从而提高了绵羊对蛋白质的吸收和利用[24,42-43]。UN是机体蛋白质代谢的终末产物,不仅可以反映机体对蛋白质的利用情况,还与机体肾脏对营养物质滤过和重吸收功能密切相关[44]。Guerrero-Cervantes等[12]在哺乳期母羊饲粮中添加水培小麦苗替代干轧玉米粒和棉籽粕显著降低了血清GLU含量,并且还降低了血清UN和非酯化脂肪酸含量;Slack等[45]在肉牛饲粮中添加15%水培小麦苗提高了DMI以及ADG和CP表观消化率,并且发现血清UN含量等指标与CP表观消化率呈负相关。本试验中,饲粮中添加15%水培小麦苗时降低了绵羊血清UN含量,且此时绵羊对饲粮CP的表观消化率提升效果最好,说明此添加水平的水培小麦苗和饲粮搭配饲用时,绵羊对饲粮中蛋白质的营养配比最为适应。
ALT和AST是胞质酶,主要分布在肝细胞内,通过转氨基作用参与机体的氨基酸代谢过程[46-47]。临床上,一般认为ALT与AST比值在两者都升高时才有判断肝病的病程和预后的意义[48]。本研究中,随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,绵羊血清ALT活性呈现下降趋势且均低于对照组,而试验组血清AST活性均高于对照组,表明饲粮中添加5%~20%的水培小麦苗对饲粮进行替代并未对绵羊肝脏造成负面影响。

3.5 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响

抗氧化能力是指在机体代谢过程中产生过多的自由基,细胞分泌SOD、GSH-Px等抗氧化酶帮助清除自由基的应激体现,在这一过程中会产生MDA等氧化应激产物[49-50],所以血清MDA含量可以反映机体抗氧化损伤的能力。Abouelezz等[51]在鹌鹑饲粮中添加水培大麦苗提高了血清总抗氧化能力;Ma等[52]在哺乳期母羊饲粮中添加10%和20%的水培大麦苗提高了羔羊血清SOD活性,降低了血清MDA含量。而本试验在绵羊饲粮中添加15%~20%的水培小麦苗提高了血清SOD活性,且血清MDA含量呈线性降低,可能是因为水培小麦苗中富含多酚类物质,其结构中的不饱和键和酚羟基具有一定的还原性,能够有效清除体内自由基,从而提高机体抗氧化能力;但低水平替代组绵羊血清SOD活性变化并不显著,可能是由于水培小麦苗添加水平过低,水培小麦苗中的维生素C和多酚等活性成分不足以提高抗氧化酶的活性。
免疫细胞识别到外来抗原或病原体时会合成并分泌白细胞介素、干扰素和肿瘤坏死因子等具有广泛生物学活性的小分子蛋白质——细胞因子,其具有调节固有免疫和适应性免疫及修复损伤组织等多种功能[53-54],在机体炎症反应中起到十分重要的作用。本试验中,随着水培小麦苗替代水平的提高,绵羊血清中促炎因子IL-1β含量呈线性降低,这可能是水培小麦苗中富含的黄酮类物质可以刺激巨噬细胞的增殖和提高其吞噬能力,降低促炎因子和炎症介质的表达有关。综上所述,饲粮中添加15%~20%的水培小麦苗可通过影响绵羊免疫细胞的活性和功能来调控免疫系统,加强绵羊机体的免疫应答能力。

3.6 饲粮不同替代水平水培小麦苗对绵羊经济效益的影响

肉羊养殖经济效益主要受羊只增重效率、市场价格和饲粮成本等多方因素的影响[55]。本试验条件下,各组的经济效益从高到低依次为15%水培小麦苗替代组>10%水培小麦苗替代组>20%水培小麦苗替代组>5%水培小麦苗替代组>对照组。这可能是由于饲粮中添加水培小麦苗后增加了饲粮的适口性,促进绵羊采食;同时,其作为“优质的青绿饲料”添加到饲粮中不仅能够帮助绵羊更好的消化和吸收饲粮的养分,还能降低饲粮的成本。综上所述,饲粮中添加适宜水平水培小麦苗有利于提高饲粮的利用率和绵羊的增重效率,且以15%的添加水平为佳。但在绵羊生产中,要注意控制水培小麦苗的饲粮投入成本,否则很难达到理想的经济收益。

4 结论

在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加15%~20%水培小麦苗有利于促进绵羊生长和采食,降低F/G,提高饲粮消化利用率,降低血脂水平,提高蛋白质代谢利用率,提高机体免疫性能和抗氧化能力;考虑到水培小麦苗的饲料投入成本,以绵羊饲粮中添加15%的水培小麦苗(DM基础下替代基础饲粮)养殖效益较佳。

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