RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of a Diet for Improving Osteoarthropathy on Calcium-Phosphorus Metabolism and Bone Health in Senior Dogs

  • XU Jia , 1 ,
  • WANG Guyue 1, 2 ,
  • LENG Chunqing 1 ,
  • GE Bingqian 1 ,
  • WEN Chaoyu 3 ,
  • CHI Chunyan 4 ,
  • YU Dongyou 5
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  • 1 College of Agriculture, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 321007, China
  • 2 College of Veterinary, Chung Hsing University, Taizhong 402202, China
  • 3 Haite Pet Foods Technology (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd., Huangzhou 310057, China
  • 4 Pure & Natural (Shanghai) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201112, China
  • 5 College of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China

XU Jia, associate professor, E-mail: xujia@jhc.cn

Received date: 2023-11-02

  Online published: 2024-08-12

Abstract

Osteoarthropathy, a common disease in senior dogs, could seriously affect the health and the life quality of pets, while dietary interventions have potential beneficial effects to improve skeletal diseases. This study screened 29 senior dogs based on age and osteoarthritis status, with an average of 9 years, range from 6 to 14 year. Through a clinical trial, the effects of feeding a diet designed to improve osteoarthropathy on calcium-phosphorus metabolism and bone health in senior dogs. Self-controlled experimental design was used. Body weight and body condition scores were recorded before and after feeding, and bone health and vitality of the dogs were evaluated before and after feeding. Blood samples were collected before and after feeding for the determination of blood routine, serum biochemical indexes and calcium and phosphorus metabolism related indexes. Bone density of 8 dogs was measured by dual-energy X-ray before and after feeding. The experiment lasted for 56 days. The results showed that compared with before feeding, the mean erythrocyte hemoglobin and mean erythrocyte hemoglobin concentration in the blood of senior dogs significantly increased after feeding (P<0.05), but had no significant effect on other blood hematology parameters (P>0.05). Feeding the experimental diet had no significant effect on serum biochemical indices (P>0.05). The content of serum calcitonin (CT) was significantly higher after feeding (P<0.05), while the contents of calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone (PTH) had no significant changes (P>0.05). Dual-energy X-ray revealed no significant changes in bone density in senior dogs before and after feeding (P>0.05). Feeding experimental diet also significantly reduced the Canine Brief Pain Inventory scores (P<0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant changes in body weight, body condition score and osteoarthritis score of dogs before and after feeding (P>0.05). In conclusion, this diet for improving osteoarthropathy can increase serum CT content, blood hemoglobin concentrations, and relieve pain in senior dogs.

Cite this article

XU Jia , WANG Guyue , LENG Chunqing , GE Bingqian , WEN Chaoyu , CHI Chunyan , YU Dongyou . Effects of a Diet for Improving Osteoarthropathy on Calcium-Phosphorus Metabolism and Bone Health in Senior Dogs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(8) : 5319 -5327 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.452

随着宠物行业的不断发展,宠物的健康成为宠主最关心的问题,而随着宠物的年龄增加,机体的组织器官、生理功能出现一系列退化,易引起多种疾病的产生,其中骨骼疾病是老年宠物中常见的疾病[1]。宠物的骨健康受到钙磷代谢的影响,维生素D不足以及体内的钙稳态紊乱是导致老年犬骨质流失的关键[2-3]。随着机体的骨量减少、骨微结构退化和骨脆性增加,导致骨强度降低并增加骨骼疾病的风险[4]。骨关节炎作为老年犬、猫常见的骨骼疾病严重影响宠物的健康和生活质量[5],其中饮食、肥胖、代谢综合征、运动被认为是导致骨关节炎的主要因素[6]。研究表明,饮食干预对骨关节炎存在一定的益处[7]。因此,为老年犬制定符合其需求、可改善骨关节健康的饲粮可有效地保障犬的骨骼健康。
骨骼的质量主要取决于骨骼的形状、骨转换、骨内微损伤、骨密度、骨骼的组成等[8-11]。骨密度通常使用双能X线吸收法进行评估,此外影像学以及生化标志物也常用于评估骨质量[12-13]。研究表明,随着犬年龄增加,犬血清中骨转换标志物含量增加,钙含量降低[14]。钙磷作为与骨骼形成密切相关的矿物质,宠物体内的钙磷代谢紊乱会严重影响其骨骼健康。研究发现,在饲喂低磷饲粮后,犬出现了肌肉骨骼系统紊乱的症状,而在恢复正常饮食后这种症状得到缓解[15]。对犬进行营养干预可有效改善犬的骨健康、缓解骨关节炎症[16-17]。氨基葡萄糖和硫酸软骨素是常用于治疗骨关节炎的物质[18]。Martello等[19]发现在给予硫酸软骨素、葡萄糖胺和透明质酸的营养补充剂可以有效缓解骨关节炎犬的疼痛,且研究发现绿唇贻贝中的抗炎物质能有效缓解犬的骨关节炎[20]。因此,本试验以老年犬的骨健康为出发点,通过临床试验,初步探究一种有益于改善老年犬骨关节病的饲粮的作用效果,以期为后续研发改善骨健康类犬粮提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

按照纳入和排除标准从宠物医院招募符合条件的犬进行临床试验。纳入标准为年龄大于7岁,除肥胖和骨关节问题外无其他影响本试验评估的健康问题的犬只;或患有关节疾病但年龄小于7岁的成年犬。排除标准为拒食试验粮;体重减轻超过12%;试验过程中由于非本试验相关的其他因素造成试验终止(如意外、突发疾病等)。饲喂试验为期56 d,在试验第0天(试验当天)对犬进行健康评估以及相关样本检测,随后宠物主人将犬带回家。根据犬的能量需求和试验饲粮的代谢能确定每天的饲喂量,共饲喂56 d,在最后1 d带回医院进行检查。采用自身对照的试验设计,记录饲喂前后动物的体重和体况评分,对饲喂前后受试犬只的骨骼健康、活力进行测量和评估。

1.2 试验饲粮

试验饲粮为商品膨化全价老年犬粮,其组成及营养水平如表1所示。其中粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗纤维(CF)、钙(Ca)和总磷(TP)含量的测定分别参照《饲料中粗蛋白的测定 凯氏定氮法》(GB/T 6432—2018)、《饲料中粗脂肪的测定》(GB/T 6433—2006)、《饲料中粗纤维的含量测定》(GB/T 6434—2022)、《饲料中钙的测定》(GB/T 6436—2018)和《饲料中总磷的测定 分光光度法》(GB/T 6437—2018)。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the experimental diet (DM basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
鲜鸡肉Fresh chicken 20.00
鸡肉粉Chicken meal 16.00
大米Rice 14.00
鸭肉粉Duck meal 12.00
燕麦Oat 6.00
鸡油Chicken oil 5.00
三文鱼肉Salmon 5.00
大麦Barley 3.00
喷雾干燥血浆蛋白粉
Spray dried plasma protein powder
3.00
风味剂Flavor agent 2.00
南瓜Pumpkin 2.00
亚麻籽Flaxseed 2.00
酶解贻贝粉Hydrolyzed mussel powder 1.50
鱼油Fish oil 1.00
葡萄糖胺盐酸盐
Glucosamine hydrochloride
0.08
硫酸软骨素Chondroitin sulfate 0.06
添加剂Additive1) 7.36
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
粗蛋白质CP 40.39
粗脂肪EE 15.25
粗纤维CF 2.30
钙Ca 1.87
总磷TP 1.48

1)添加剂为每千克饲粮提供The additive provided the following per kg of the diet:姜黄turmeric 10 g,果蔬粉fruit and vegetable powder 10 g,褐藻粉brown algae powder 6 g,菊苣根chicory root 5 g,辅酶Q10渣coenzyme Q10 5 g,乳钙milk calcium 5 g,丝兰粉yucca schidigera powder 200 mg,卵磷脂lecithin 3 g,茶多酚tea polyphenols 300 mg,甘露寡糖mannan-oligosaccharide 2 g,果寡糖fructooligosaccharide 2 g,牛磺酸taurine 2 g,酪蛋白磷酸肽casein phosphopeptide 2 g,透明质酸hyaluronic acid 500 mg,微生物添加剂 microbial additive 500 mg,L-肉碱 L-carnitine 100 mg,VA 15 000 IU,VD 1 300 IU,VE 100 IU,VB1 5 mg,VB2 20 mg,VB6 18 mg,VB12 0.12 mg,生物素biotin 0.3 mg,泛酸pantothenic acid 25 mg,叶酸folic acid 0.8 mg,烟酰胺nicotinamide 25 mg,Fe 100 mg,Cu 12 mg,Mn 8 mg,Zn 100 mg,I 2 mg,Se 0.35 mg。

2)营养水平为测定值。Nutrient levels were measured values.

1.3 血液样品采集和保存

在饲喂前后采集动物的新鲜血液样本。每只犬在空腹状态下通过前肢静脉采集5 mL新鲜血液,分装于乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)抗凝采血管、肝素锂抗凝采血管、无抗凝剂采血管。EDTA采血管中的血液样本立即进行血常规检测;将肝素锂采血管中的血液样本离心(3 000×g,10 min,4 ℃),分离血浆后-20 ℃保存用于测定血浆生化指标;将无抗凝采血管中的血液样本离心(3 000×g,10 min,4 ℃),分离血清后-20 ℃保存用于测定血清中钙磷代谢相关指标。

1.4 测定指标及方法

1.4.1 血液指标测定

使用迈瑞全自动血液细胞分析仪BC-5000Vet对血液样本进行五分类血常规检测。
使用爱德士全自动生化分析仪Catalyst One测定血浆中生化指标,包括葡萄糖、肌酐、尿素氮、总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白含量,尿素氮/肌酐、白蛋白/球蛋白及天门冬酸转氨酶活性。
利用偶氮砷Ⅲ比色法测定血清钙含量;磷钼酸盐比色法测定血清磷含量;利用化学发光免疫分析法测定血清中甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、降钙素(CT)含量;利用胶体金法测定血清中25-羟基维生素D3(25-OH-VD3)含量。

1.4.2 数字化成像

使用数字化成像在饲喂前后对每只犬的骨骼状况进行评估。将犬只保定在MIKASA (型号HF4WA)X光工作台,对其骨关节进行拍片,结合其临床症状评估其是否患有骨关节相关疾病。

1.4.3 骨密度测定

经过主人同意,8只老年犬使用双能X线吸收法测定饲喂前后的骨密度。测定前需要对犬只进行镇静,使用10 μg/kg盐酸右美托咪定肌肉注射,然后通过静脉注射丙泊酚2~4 mg/kg进行麻醉。使用GE Lunar iDXA骨密度仪测定老年犬饲喂前后的骨密度。扫描结束后,运用Lunar Prodigy软件选择图像文件进行分析,从分析工作栏选择ROIs,根据需要调整图像,选择ROI标画,对系统自动识别的骨骼组织进行微调,主要调整部位为没有骨组织和脂肪组织或其他器官识别为骨骼的部位。

1.4.4 活力评估

老年犬的活力评估采用犬简要疼痛量表(CBPI)[21]分数以及利物浦犬骨关节炎评估(LOAD)[22]分数。

1.5 统计分析

在对数据进行统计分析前首先进行Shapiro-Wilk检验以判断数据是否符合正态分布。对检验结果符合正态分布(P>0.05)的数据采用SPSS 21.0软件进行t检验分析,不符合正态分布(P<0.05)的数据进行非参数检验,对数据进行统计分析,0.05<P<0.10时有显著的趋势,P<0.05时差异显著,对分类数据进行卡方检验。

2 结果与分析

2.1 试验动物情况

本研究通过纳入标准筛选出34只符合要求的犬只进行试验,试验过程中由于与试验无关的其他原因导致5只犬退出试验(2只犬平时干粮吃的比较少,2只犬无法按期开始试验,1只犬主人不配合),共29只犬最后完成了试验。这29只犬平均年龄为9岁,年龄范围为6~14岁,中位数为8岁。品种多为小型犬,其中贵宾犬16只,杂交犬4只,金毛寻回猎犬3只,法国斗牛犬、史宾格犬、萨摩耶犬、雪纳瑞犬、腊肠、柯基各1只。

2.2 血常规指标

表2所示,与饲喂前相比,饲喂后平均红细胞血红蛋白含量与平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度均显著提高(P<0.05),而其他血常规指标均无显著差异(P>0.05),但其中血红蛋白浓度有升高的趋势(P=0.096)。在正常生理范围内,这些指标的升高表明饲喂该饲粮可能在一定程度上提升老年犬的营养状况和携氧能力。
表2 饲喂前后老年犬血常规指标的变化

Table 2 Changes of blood routine indexes of senior dogs before and after feeding

项目Items 饲喂前Before feeding 饲喂后After feeding PP-value
白细胞数目WBC/(×109个/L) 9.58±3.11 8.40±2.83 0.140
中性粒细胞数目NC/(×109个/L) 6.97±2.82 5.63±2.39 0.057
淋巴细胞数目LY/(×109个/L) 2.12±0.69 2.22±0.97 0.919
单核细胞数目MON/(×109个/L) 0.38±0.20 0.34±0.26 0.155
中性粒细胞百分比GRA/% 71.36±8.38 66.52±13.59 0.184
淋巴细胞百分比LYM/% 23.60±8.55 27.97±13.39 0.250
单核细胞百分比MON/% 3.99±1.46 3.62±2.00 0.168
红细胞数目RBC/(×1012个/L) 6.91±1.04 7.00±0.80 0.663
血红蛋白浓度HGB/(g/L) 158.38±24.12 168.20±23.46 0.096
红细胞压积PCV/% 47.01±6.76 48.78±6.36 0.253
平均红细胞体积MCV/fL 69.15±2.69 69.73±2.38 0.390
平均红细胞血红蛋白MCH/pg 23.35±1.04 24.02±1.14 0.025
平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度MCHC/(g/L) 336.62±9.80 344.22±11.13 0.008
红细胞分布宽度变异系数RDW/% 13.61±0.87 13.49±1.02 0.608
红细胞分布宽度标准差RDW-SD/fL 36.69±1.70 36.83±2.28 0.805
血小板数目PLT/(×109个/L) 211.03±172.34 246.05±170.50 0.460
平均血小板体积MPV/fL 9.32±1.27 9.60±1.19 0.403
血小板分布宽度PDW/% 16.40±1.35 16.06±0.80 0.597
血小板压积PCT/% 0.20±0.16 0.24±0.17 0.514

2.3 血浆生化指标

表3所示,饲喂前后血浆生化指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。同时,这些结果也表明饲喂该饲粮并未对犬的生化指标造成影响。
表3 饲喂前后老年犬血浆生化指标的变化

Table 3 Changes of plasma biochemical indexes in senior dogs before and after feeding

项目Items 饲喂前Before feeding 饲喂后After feeding PP-value
葡萄糖GLU/(mg/dL) 99.03±9.42 104.14±13.35 0.114
肌酐CREA/(mg/dL) 0.68±0.22 0.74±0.22 0.209
尿素氮UN/(mg/dL) 15.28±6.78 18.07±7.24 0.135
尿素氮/肌酐UN/CREA 22.66±9.48 26.38±13.09 0.427
总蛋白TP/(g/dL) 6.94±0.50 3.26±0.32 0.241
白蛋白ALB/(g/dL) 3.16±0.31 3.29±0.37 0.138
球蛋白GLOB/(g/dL) 3.78±0.43 3.90±0.67 0.720
白蛋白/球蛋白ALB/GLOB 0.86±0.13 0.88±0.17 0.751
天门冬酸转氨酶AST/(U/L) 32.86±10.85 39.21±17.70 0.266

2.4 血清钙磷代谢相关指标

表4所示,与饲喂前相比,饲喂后血清钙、磷、PTH和25-OH-VD3含量均无显著差异(P>0.05),而血清CT含量显著提高(P<0.05)。
表4 饲喂前后老年犬血清钙磷代谢相关指标的变化

Table 4 Changes of serum calcium and phosphorus metabolism indexes in senior dogs before and after feeding

项目Items 饲喂前Before feeding 饲喂后After feeding PP-value
钙Ca/(mmol/L) 2.49±0.14 2.46±0.15 0.545
磷P/(mmol/L) 1.41±0.32 1.36±0.31 0.523
甲状旁腺激素PTH/(ng/L) 71.52±44.99 72.55±46.84 0.909
25-羟基维生素D3 25-OH-VD3/(ng/mL) 34.12±4.84 33.00±4.24 0.479
降钙素CT/(pg/mL) 0.36±0.02 0.36±0.06 0.012

2.5 骨密度

表5所示,8只老年犬在饲喂前后所有骨密度指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。该结果可能与试验饲粮饲喂时间较短有关。
表5 饲喂前后老年犬骨密度的变化

Table 5 Changes of bone mineral density in senior dogs before and after feeding g/cm2

项目Items 饲喂前Before feeding 饲喂后After feeding PP-value
头Head 0.96±0.23 1.00±0.24 0.678
上肢Upper limb 0.43±0.10 0.45±0.10 0.798
大腿Thigh 0.43±0.09 0.44±0.10 0.801
躯干Torso 0.43±0.09 0.44±0.08 0.573
肋骨Rib 0.30±0.06 0.30±0.06 1.000
脊柱Spine 0.55±0.11 0.58±0.13 0.577
骨盆Pelvis 0.48±0.09 0.50±0.07 0.747
全身Whole body 0.51±0.11 0.53±0.11 0.684

2.6 体重、体况、骨关节炎症、疼痛量情况

表6所示,老年犬体重在饲喂前后没有显著变化(P>0.05),体况评分、骨关节炎评估分数在饲喂前后均无显著差异(P>0.05),而犬简要疼痛量表分数在饲喂前后具有显著差异(P<0.05)。
表6 饲喂前后老年犬体重、骨关节炎、疼痛量的变化

Table 6 Changes of body weight, osteoarthritis and pain in senior dogs before and after feeding

项目Items 饲喂前Before feeding 饲喂后After feeding PP-value
体重Body weight/kg 10.33±10.48 10.42±10.24 0.870
体况评分BCS 5.41±1.02 5.38±1.12 0.773
骨关节炎评估分数LOAD score 0.45±0.74 0.24±0.58 0.220
犬简要疼痛量表分数CBPI score 5.52±8.53 2.00±4.64 0.013

3 讨论

随着年龄增长,宠物的各项身体机能的降低以及组织器官的退行性变化,使其对各种疾病的抵抗能力减弱。衰老中的炎症、慢性疾病、认知退化等严重影响着宠物的生活质量[23],较低的生活质量是宠主为宠物选择安乐死的常见原因[24]。本研究评估了一种改善骨关节病的饲粮对老年犬骨健康的影响。本试验结果表明,在饲喂后犬血液中平均红细胞血红蛋白含量和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度出现显著增加。平均红细胞血红蛋白含量是指每升血液中血红蛋白含量/每升血液中红细胞个数,即每个红细胞内所含血红蛋白的平均量;平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度是指每升血液血红蛋白浓度与红细胞比容的比值,其为计算值[25]。二者与平均红细胞体积共同构成红细胞平均指数,能深入地反映红细胞的内在特征,可用于分析贫血形态分类,临床上常用于各类贫血的诊断和鉴别诊断[26-27]。而相对性贫血是老年犬最常见的血液学问题[1]。在本试验中,饲喂后血液平均红细胞血红蛋白含量和平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度显著提高。这可能是由于长期的慢性炎症诱导的细胞因子和铁调素抑制肠道对铁的吸收,进而导致炎症性贫血[28],而本研究中的饲粮含有贻贝、姜黄等抗炎物质可以在一定程度上缓解了犬的炎症,减轻了犬的疼痛,并改善了铁的吸收障碍,这可能在一定程度上改善老年犬的携氧能力和营养状况。
骨骼作为身体的重要组织,具有支撑身体结构、参与机体活动、储存钙磷等矿物质的作用,而随着年龄增加,骨骼的损失累积以及骨骼脆性增加易导致骨折的风险上升[29]。骨关节炎是犬中常见的疾病,且随着年龄增长患病几率越高[30],会引起功能障碍以及疼痛,严重影响患者的生活质量[31]。目前主要使用一些非甾体抗炎药来缓解骨关节炎,但长期服用会引起一定的副作用[32],而氨基葡萄糖和硫酸软骨素作为关节软骨的重要组成被广泛地用于缓解骨关节炎[33]。绿唇贻贝中的新omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸,具有抗炎和保护关节的特性,也用于缓解犬骨关节疼痛[34]。但在本试验中,该饲粮并未改善犬的骨密度和骨关节炎评估分数。双能X线法是评估骨折风险的有效手段,较低的骨密度与骨折的风险增加有关[35]。DEXA骨密度分析在人上的使用非常成熟[36],选用肱骨进行测定,但是犬、猫上的相关信息较少,动物扫描使用的是全身的结果,导致结果差异会比较大。关于犬骨密度相关研究非常少,仅有的1篇文章来自1例喂食自制生肉粮的4月龄幼犬,其改变饮食4个月后骨密度发生了明显变化,但同时该犬也处于生长阶段[37]。有研究表明,患早期骨关节炎的犬,其骨密度增加[38],而年龄增长会导致骨密度降低[39],因此,可能由于本试验中的老年犬和患骨关节炎犬共同影响导致骨密度未出现明显改变。此外,骨密度受到饮食、运动、年龄、体重等多种因素影响[40],可能仅通过56 d的饮食干预无法明显改变其骨密度。Moschonis等[41]通过补充钙和维生素D3饮食干预绝经后妇女,12、30个月后骨密度发生明显变化。有研究表明,添加绿唇贻贝对轻度或中度退行性关节病的临床症状存在益处,但需长期治疗才能明显改善[42]。因此,本试验56 d饲喂期可能不足以明显改变犬的骨关节炎水平和骨密度。
在犬关节炎的诊断和早期治疗中,进行疼痛评估至关重要,犬简要疼痛量表和利物浦犬骨关节炎犬只主人的调查问卷可以有效用于评估犬的疼痛以及骨关节炎状况[22]。在本研究中,饲喂后犬的骨关节炎评估分数没有显著差异,但降低了犬简要疼痛量表分数,这可能是由于骨关节炎产生疼痛的机制较为复杂,饲喂该饲粮可能并未能改善犬的骨关节炎,但缓解了犬的疼痛[43]
钙磷作为骨骼的组成成分,机体摄入的钙磷主要以骨盐的形式沉积在骨质中,促进骨骼生长,因此动物体内的钙磷代谢情况影响着机体的骨骼健康。饲粮中的钙磷主要通过肠道吸收后转运进入血液,其代谢受到激素、钙磷比等因素的调节,高钙摄入会影响机体对磷的吸收,而高磷摄入同时也会影响钙的吸收,此外钙磷的代谢还受到25-OH-VD3、PTH、CT的调节[44-45]。CT是一种由甲状腺滤泡旁细胞(又称C细胞)合成和分泌的多肽激素,可降低血液中钙含量,最早是由生物学家Copp等[46]在犬的甲状腺和甲状旁腺的试验中发现的,因其是一种能降低钙的激素,所以命名为降钙素。CT属于钙磷代谢调节指标,是参与钙磷代谢调节的重要多肽类激素,与PTH、25-OH-VD3共同维持机体血钙的稳定[47]。当血钙含量减少时,PTH分泌增加,CT含量减少,从而增加骨骼中羟基磷灰石释放钙,同时PTH含量增加1,25-羟基维生素的合成,促进肠道对钙的吸收;当血钙含量增加时,CT会增加钙的排泄并抑制破骨细胞的生成,降低血钙含量[48]。因此,本研究中观察到血清CT含量的增加可能表明老年犬通过增加CT的分泌来调节饮食中的高钙摄入。

4 结论

本研究证实了饲喂试验饲粮可提高老年犬血清中的CT含量,提高血液中血红蛋白的含量,但并未改善老年犬的骨密度以及骨关节炎症;此外,饲喂该饲粮后还可缓解老年犬骨关节炎产生的疼痛。
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