REVIEW

Research Progress of Nutrients Alleviating Cadmium Stress in Aquatic Animals

  • WANG Yan , 1, 2 ,
  • FAN Ze 2 ,
  • WANG Liansheng , 2, * ,
  • CHENG Zhenyan 1
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  • 1 Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-03-29

  Online published: 2024-09-08

Abstract

As a non-essential trace metal, cadmium is one of the most toxic elements of heavy metals. At present, the problem of cadmium pollution for aquaculture in China is very serious. The increase of cadmium concentration in the aquatic environment will affect the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity of aquatic animals, and indirectly cause harm to food safety and human health through the food chain. Adding nutrients to the diet is one of the main ways to alleviate the cadmium stress, and nutrients include trace elements, polysaccharides, probiotics, proanthocyanidins, phenolic substances, vitamins, sulphur-containing amino acids and so on. This paper summarized the effects of cadmium stress on aquatic animals and the mitigating effects of different nutrients on cadmium stress. This work will provide a reference for reducing or eliminating the negative effects of cadmium stress through nutrient supplementation, and provide a more detailed and systematic scientific basis for the establishment of healthy aquaculture technology.

Cite this article

WANG Yan , FAN Ze , WANG Liansheng , CHENG Zhenyan . Research Progress of Nutrients Alleviating Cadmium Stress in Aquatic Animals[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(9) : 5486 -5496 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.468

重金属镉作为会对生物体造成危害的微量金属元素,已经被联合国环境规划署(UNEP)列为全球性环境污染物之首[1]。与其他重金属相比,镉的流动性相对较高,易通过污水和废水等含水介质运输广泛释放到水环境中[2]。水产动物的生长发育、排泄等所有生命过程均在水环境中进行,水体中含有过量的重金属镉会影响其生命活动。镉在水环境中经常以高浓度存在,镉进入生物体内难以降解、排泄有限[3],开始蓄积并产生毒性,对水产动物造成发育缓慢、生殖内分泌紊乱、抗氧化酶活性降低、免疫功能抑制和组织器官损伤等一系列负面影响,严重危害水产动物的健康[4]
镉胁迫对水产动物造成的负面影响会影响水产品质量安全和养殖效益,通过食物间接导致其积累浓度可能超过人体毒性阈值,危害人体健康[5],因此寻找能快速缓解或消除镉胁迫带来的负面影响的措施非常重要。已有研究表明,在水产养殖中缓解或消除镉胁迫通常采用的方法有改善养殖条件、规范养殖管理、调整投喂策略、添加营养物质以及选择优良品种等,其中添加营养物质是缓解镉胁迫带来的负面影响的最常用且有效的方法之一,在饲料中添加营养物质可增加机体的能量供应,缓解或消除镉胁迫造成的负面影响[6]。目前营养物质缓解镉胁迫的研究主要集中在微量元素、多糖、益生菌、酚类物质、维生素和含硫氨基酸等营养物质。本文综述了镉胁迫对水产动物的影响以及主要营养物质对镉胁迫的缓解作用,为通过添加营养物质来减轻甚至消除镉胁迫对水产动物带来的负面影响提供参考。

1 镉胁迫对水产动物的影响

1.1 对生长性能的影响

在水产养殖中,水体中过量镉会抑制水产动物的生长和发育,甚至出现生长发育异常,并且镉对繁殖能力方面也有明显损害,影响水产动物的繁殖发育和经济效益。当水体中镉浓度达到1.8 mg/L时,斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎出现孵化延迟等异常现象,死亡率增加[7]。Paul等[8]发现,当水体镉浓度为6 μg/L时,斑点叉尾 (Ictalurus punctatus)用于解毒和维持正常代谢的支出逐渐增加,增重率降低,存活时间减少。Hu等[9]对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)幼鱼进行长期水环境镉胁迫,发现镉浓度高于10 μg/L会降低罗非鱼体重和体长,对鱼体生长发育有抑制作用。此外,饲料镉含量过高时也会对水产动物的生长性能产生负面影响,黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)幼鱼摄食含有117.26 mg/kg镉的饲料后,其增重率和特定生长率显著降低[10]。当石斑鱼(Sebastes schlegeli)幼鱼饲料中镉含量为25和125 mg/kg时,其生长速度及增重率相较于对照组明显下降[11]

1.2 对机体镉蓄积的影响

镉通过水产动物体表、鳃、摄食等多种途径进入生物体内,降低机体代谢水平,其不易排出体外,小部分可通过尿液或粪便排出,剩余部分主要累积于肝脏、肾脏、脾脏等组织,蓄积量与镉浓度和胁迫时间存在明显的剂量效应关系。水体中镉浓度高于0.43~1.29 mg/L时,鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)肝脏、肾脏、鳃、肌肉内镉蓄积量逐渐增加,说明镉蓄积量与水体中镉浓度呈正相关[12]。Cao等[13]研究发现,当水体镉浓度高于2 mg/L时,日本比目鱼(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼肝脏中镉蓄积量最多,其次是肾脏、鳃和肌肉。将大泷六线鱼(Hexagrammos otakii)分别放入含有0.2、2.5、10 μg/L镉的水体中,发现随着镉浓度和胁迫时间的增加,组织中镉蓄积量持续上升,肾脏的镉蓄积量低于肝脏中[14]。不同鱼种对镉的蓄积存在差异,研究发现,在镉浓度为9 mg/L的水体中,二倍体红鲫(Carassius auratus)死亡率为83.3%,湘云鲫无死亡;镉浓度为15 mg/L的水体中,二倍体红鲫死亡率为100%,湘云鲫死亡率为66.7%;鲫各组织镉蓄积量逐渐增加,肾脏和肝脏中最多,有明显的组织学损伤,出现血窦扩张、上皮细胞浊肿等病变现象[15]

1.3 对抗氧化能力的影响

镉诱导水产动物通过多种途径产生大量的活性氧自由基,使机体内脂质过氧化物增多,出现DNA突变及蛋白质平衡失调,降低组织总抗氧化能力和细胞清除氧自由基能力,破坏细胞结构和功能[16]。当水体中镉浓度为2.4 mg/L时,黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)体内产生大量自由基,本身的抗氧化酶系统并不能将其完全清除,进而抑制机体抗氧化和免疫应答体系[17]。当水体中镉浓度高于0.41 mg/L时,瓯江鲤(Cyprinus carpio)肝脏中丙二醛含量增加,影响机体的抗氧化能力,造成机体脂质过氧化和DNA损伤[18]。Zhang等[19]研究发现,水体中镉浓度高于1 mg/L时,可诱导克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)脂质代谢紊乱和氧化应激,并抑制引发自噬的基因表达。当水体中镉浓度高于0.37 mg/L时,巨趾长臂虾(Palaemon macrodactylus)肝胰腺的总抗氧化能力和过氧化氢酶活性会降低,丙二醛含量升高,使抗氧化系统受到损害,降低能量代谢水平,导致脂质过氧化和组织病理学损伤[20]。不同水产动物水源性和饲源性镉胁迫及变化情况见表1
表1 不同水产动物水源性和饲源性镉胁迫及影响变化

Table 1 Waterborne and feedborne cadmium stress and changes in its effects in different aquatic animals

水产动物
Aquatic animals
镉浓度
Cadmium concentrations
变化
Changes
参考文献
References
水源性Waterborne
斑马鱼Danio rerio ≥1.8 mg/L 增加胚胎死亡率 Risnawati等[7]
斑点叉尾鮰
Ictalurus punctatus
≥6 μg/L 降低特定生长率、增重率、存活时间;
增加组织中镉蓄积;加快葡萄糖代谢
Paul等[8]
尼罗罗非鱼
Oreochromis niloticus
≥10 μg/L 降低增重率、特定生长率、抗氧化能力、
DNA甲基化水平;增加氧化应激、
DNA氧化损伤
Hu等[9]
鲢鱼
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix
≥0.43 mg/L 降低肌肉和血浆中能量物质含量;增加
组织中镉蓄积;提高血浆中葡萄糖和乳酸含量
皮杰等[12]
日本比目鱼
Paralichthys olivaceus
≥2 mg/L 降低增重率、特定生长率、抗氧化活性;
增加组织镉积累;诱导脂质过氧化;
Cao等[13]
大泷六线鱼Hexagrammos otakii ≥0.2 μg/L 降低抗氧化活性;增加组织镉积累 Hu等[14]
Carassius auratus ≥9 mg/L 增加组织镉积累;发生肝血窦扩张、气球变样、
脂肪变性、肾上皮细胞浊肿和凝固性坏死
桂赛玉[15]
黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus fulvidraco 2.4 mg/L 降低抗氧化能力、免疫应答;产生大量自由基 朱星樽等[17]
瓯江鲤Cyprinus carpio ≥0.41 mg/L 降低抗氧化能力;增加DNA损伤、
脂质过氧化,发生氧化应激
Jia等[18]
克氏原鳌虾
Procambarus clarkii
≥1 mg/L 降低腹肌的基因表达量;造成脂质
代谢紊乱、氧化应激
Zhang等[19]
巨趾长臂虾
Palaemon macrodactylus
≥0.37 mg/L 降低抗氧化能力、耗氧率;增加组织中
镉蓄积;提高氨排泄率;引起氧化
应激和能量代谢功能障碍
Zhang等[20]
饲源性Feedborne
黒鲷
Acanthopagrus schlegelii
≥117.26 mg/kg 降低增重率、特定生长率;增加组织中
镉蓄积;引起氧化和内质网应激、细胞
凋亡、炎症反应
Zhao等[10]
石斑鱼
Sebastes schlegeli
≥25 mg/kg 降低增重率、特定生长率、血清总蛋白含量;
增加血清中镁浓度、葡萄糖含量
Kim等[11]

2 微量元素对镉胁迫的缓解作用

2.1 硒

微量元素硒以无机硒和有机硒2种形式存在,在水产养殖中有机硒更容易被水产动物吸收。镉胁迫会提高硒的利用率,因此添加适量的硒可以作为发生镉胁迫时的一种缓解措施,促进机体过氧化物分解,减少自由基损伤,保护机体中DNA及生物膜的完整性[21]
在饲料中添加硒可以改善水产动物的生理参数,提高肝脏和肾脏的抗氧化能力,促进体内重金属的排泄。Saffari等[22]研究发现,饲料中添加适量纳米硒可提高镉胁迫下鲤的上皮细胞的蛋白质含量,降低肝脏丙二醛含量,提高抗应激能力和抗炎性。与对照组相比,给吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)投喂添加0.25和0.5 mg/L纳米硒的饲料均可以改善罗非鱼血清中溶菌酶活性,提高白细胞的吞噬活性和总抗氧化能力,降低丙二醛含量,降低0.5 mg/L镉对机体产生的毒性[23]。Nermeen等[24]给尼罗罗非鱼投喂含有1 mg/kg硒纳米颗粒的饲料,发现硒纳米颗粒可以在2周后提高血清中吞噬酶和溶菌酶活性,4周后提高吞噬指数和生长性能,可维持罗非鱼的正常生长代谢,缓解5 mg/L镉引起的病理障碍。外源添加硒可以提高鱼体硒利用率,增加硒蛋白基因的表达,促进体内重金属的排泄。硒可以降低镉胁迫下华贵栉孔扇贝闭壳肌、外套膜和消化腺中硒质量分数,缓解消化腺多种蛋白表达,减少相关代谢紊乱,差异表达蛋白主要显著富集在泛素介导的蛋白质水解通路、苯丙氨酸代谢通路[25]。硒的添加可以抑制炎症因子的表达,研究发现,饲料中添加15 mg/kg硒可以缓解镉胁迫造成的小龙虾增重率和存活率降低这种情况,提高肠道抗氧化能力,通过活性氧和短链脂肪酸直接或间接调节磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/丝-苏氨酸蛋白激酶(phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase/serine-threonine kinase,PI3K/Akt)和核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappaB,NF-κB)信号通路通路的分子机制,对抗镉诱导的肠道炎症,降低镉毒性作用[26]

2.2 钙

钙是水产动物骨头、鳞片、甲壳的重要组成成分,在水产养殖的环境修复和调节上发挥关键作用。在水体中,镉离子和钙离子之间具有物理、化学相似性,对镉非常敏感,镉的摄取与机体的钙含量呈负相关[27]
由于镉和钙之间竞争,添加适量钙可以降低镉胁迫对水产动物产生的毒性,减轻氧化应激或代谢损伤,调节抗氧化免疫系统,维持细胞内环境稳定。Meinelt等[28]研究发现,添加钙对斑马鱼胚胎有保护作用,可以减少斑马鱼对镉的蓄积,抑制镉的毒性,降低死亡率。在镉浓度为3 μg/L的水体中加入钙,发现在水体中添加1.5~3.5 mg/L的钙可以稳定草鱼血浆中钠、钾、氯离子的浓度,减少镉在鳃、肠道、肝脏、肾脏的积累,降低肝脏中丙二醛含量,增强超氧化物歧化酶活性,调控支链ATP酶,缓解PI3K-Akt信号通路、细胞外基质受体相互作用(ECM-receptor interaction)信号通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路、钙离子信号通路等多种通路的表达[29]。用低钙和高钙水驯化罗非鱼,发现高钙水可以保护镉胁迫下罗非鱼,降低镉对其产生的毒性[30]。Li等[31]研究了钙对鲢和三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)镉吸收的保护作用,显示钙可以减少鲢肌肉、鳃、肝脏等组织以及三角帆蚌内脏对镉的吸收量,提高三角帆蚌生产珍珠的质量。在水体中添加400 mg/L钙对镉胁迫的鰕虎鱼(Synechogobius hasta)具有保护作用,可降低死亡率,减少镉在肌肉、鳃、肝脏等多个组织中的蓄积量,改变肝脏中间代谢,调节组织超微结构[32]

2.3 硅

硅是构成动物机体的基础元素之一,存在于水稻、燕麦、大麦、豆类和骨头等物质中。可溶性硅参与机体蛋白质合成、DNA合成和细胞分裂等代谢过程。添加适量硅可以减少水产动物对镉的吸收,提高生长性能,调节免疫功能,减少脂质氧化,但过量添加硅对水产动物会产生毒性,使其免疫应答受到抑制[33]。市面上水产养殖户采购的硅产品主要是硅酸钠、硅酸钾等化工原料,少部分为商品硅肥。目前对于饲料中添加硅对水产动物影响的相关研究尚未报道,需进一步研究其作用机制,为水产养殖技术提供科学参考。

3 多糖对镉胁迫的缓解作用

3.1 壳聚糖

壳聚糖是具有正电荷的碱性多糖,存在大量胺基活性基团,孤对电子通过配位键与镉离子相结合,得到结构稳定的螯合聚合物,吸附过量金属元素,从而缓解镉胁迫带来的负面影响,具有来源广、安全、无毒、环保等优点[34]
饲料中加入壳聚糖可以降低镉在水产动物体内的残留,提高肠道消化酶活性,调节抗氧化防御系统,改善血清生化指标,对水产动物有保护作用[35]。研究发现,低分子质量的壳聚糖也可以有效吸附水体中的镉,形成复合物后发挥保护作用,降低镉胁迫对长江华溪蟹(Sinopotamon yangtsekiense)鳃产生的毒性,减轻应激压力,提高存活率[36]。饲料中添加壳聚糖可以降低虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)肝脏中镉蓄积量,缓解镉胁迫带来的负面影响,维护机体健康[37]。翟少伟等[38]对吉富罗非鱼进行镉胁迫,发现投喂添加1.5%壳聚糖的饲料可以促进吉富罗非鱼的生长发育,提高肠道消化酶的活性,减少肌肉中镉含量,提高粪便中镉含量,减少机体内镉的残留量。王贤波等[39]研究发现,在水体中添加0.1 g/L的壳聚糖和羧甲基壳聚糖,螺蛳体内铅、镉的消除效果优于对照组,可有效减轻重金属对机体产生的毒性,提高螺蛳的存活率。

3.2 其他多糖

硫酸软骨素是一种硫酸化糖胺聚糖,具有提高机体抗炎、抗氧化、有效降低血脂血糖、调节免疫能力等有益作用,并且食用安全,对机体没有危害作用[40]。酸解氧化魔芋葡甘聚糖是魔芋葡甘聚糖通过氧化酸化后生成的一种物质,使魔芋葡甘聚糖的溶胶黏度和分子质量均降低,进而提高应用范围,具有提高水产动物生长性能、增强抗氧化和免疫能力等作用[41]。李彦红等[42]对镉胁迫下的齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)投喂含有硫酸软骨素和酸解氧化魔芋葡甘露聚糖的饲料,发现添加这2种多糖均能促进其生长发育,清除活性氧自由基,提高抗氧化能力,降低镉胁迫下鱼体肝脏、肾脏和鳃中镉的蓄积,缓解镉胁迫带来的氧化损伤。

4 益生菌对镉胁迫的缓解作用

益生菌是一种活的微生物成分,在水产养殖中可以改善宿主体内或水环境的微生物群、保护肠道屏障、抑制病原体生长、提高生长性能、提高抗氧化及免疫能力等。益生菌根据性质可以分为芽孢杆菌、乳杆菌、酵母菌等不同菌种[43]

4.1 芽孢杆菌

在水产养殖中,芽孢杆菌是一种应用广泛的饲料添加剂,其能够有效吸附或去除污染环境中过量的重金属离子,减轻水产动物因镉胁迫带来的负面影响,降低机体毒性损伤[44]。在饲料中添加107 CFU/g凝结芽孢杆菌SCC-19可提高镉胁迫后鲤的生长性能,减少肝脏和肾脏中镉的蓄积,调节抗超氧阴离子和抑制羟自由基能力[45],恢复肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)、转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)等基因的异常表达,抑制炎症反应[46]。研究发现,饲料中添加凝结芽孢杆菌SCC-19可以降低异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)内脏中镉蓄积,缓解镉诱导的氧化应激,恢复细胞因子(如TGF-βTNF-αIL-1β)的转录水平,提高异育银鲫的免疫力[47]

4.2 乳杆菌

乳杆菌是革兰氏阳性、不形成孢子、异型发酵的乳杆菌群,其分布和用途广泛,添加乳杆菌可以减轻镉对水产动物产生的毒性,改善生长性能,减少组织中镉的蓄积,保护肠道屏障,降低镉引起的氧化应激反应。研究显示,饲料中添加干酪乳杆菌可以增加鲤对营养物质的吸收,改善淋巴细胞指数和单核细胞累加作用,调节溶性黏液蛋白含量,从而降低镉蓄积量[48]。李俊芳等[49]研究发现,饲料添加1×108 CFU/g植物乳杆菌ND14可以提高镉胁迫下黄河鲤的生长速度和体重,降低饲料系数和死亡率,降低肾脏、肝脏、肌肉和鳃中镉蓄积,增加肠道和粪便中镉含量。Zhai等[50]研究发现,每天2次施用植物乳杆菌CCFM8610可以逆转镉胁迫下尼罗罗非鱼的肠道菌群组成变化,降低黄杆菌和假单胞菌的丰度,降低尼罗罗非鱼的死亡率。Abubraka等[51]研究发现,饲料中添加嗜酸乳杆菌可以提高尼罗罗非鱼的存活率和增重率,减少微核形成数量,嗜酸乳杆菌与镉形成络合物,使得镉不易被宿主吸收。

5 酚类物质对镉胁迫的缓解作用

5.1 原花青素

原花青素是由2种单体儿茶素和表儿茶素以低聚或多聚结合形成的酚类化合物,主要存在于葡萄、山楂、花旗松等多种植物中,其中以葡萄籽的含量最高,具有很强的自由基清除能力[52]。在饲料中添加原花青素可维持自由基和抗氧化剂之间的平衡,增强水产动物肝脏抗氧化能力,有效清除体内多种自由基,吸附游离镉离子,快速降低镉毒性[53]。赵盼月等[54]研究发现,饲料中添加400 mg/kg原花青素可降低镉胁迫下吉富罗非鱼血清转氨酶活性和肝胰脏自由基产生,与多种活性氧自由基竞争性结合,保护脂质免于氧化,阻断自由基链式反应,降低丙二醛含量,提高肝胰脏金属硫蛋白含量,有效改善吉富罗非鱼的健康状况。黄林鑫等[55]研究显示,饲料中添加葡萄籽原花青素可以改善罗非鱼的血清生化指标,提高血清中维生素E和维生素C含量,降低肠道活性氧、过氧化氢和一氧化氮含量,提高抗超氧阴离子和抑制羟自由基能力,改善肠道健康。葡萄籽原花青素的抗氧化性和重金属螯合性可以提高珍珠龙胆石斑鱼的解毒能力,降低机体中镉含量,提高肠道抗氧化能力,通过改善肠道健康促进钙、磷的吸收和积累[56]

5.2 黄芩素

黄芩素是一种天然植物提取物,因其抗氧化、抗菌和抗病毒特性得到广泛关注和应用。饲料中添加适量黄芩素可以降低镉胁迫下水产动物活性氧的产生,缓解肝脏损伤,降低炎性细胞因子水平,减少氧化应激和细胞凋亡[57]。当水体中镉浓度为0.22 mg/L时,饲料中添加0.10 g/kg黄芩素能有效缓解鲤鳃组织病变和结构损伤,通过激活核因子E2相关因子2/血红素加氧酶-1(nuclear factor erythropoietin-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1,Nrf2/HO-1)通路降低氧化应激和内质网应激,减少细胞因子失衡和炎症反应,通过内质网应激信号通路维持鳃对镉中毒的稳态[58]

6 维生素对镉胁迫的缓解作用

6.1 维生素C

维生素C是一种自由基清除剂,可改善抗氧化能力,减少镉对水产动物产生的毒性作用。饲料中镉含量为25 mg/kg时,添加100 mg/kg维生素C可以增加尼罗罗非鱼的日增重和采食量,提高血清中血红蛋白和总红细胞含量,降低体内镉残留量,改善肾脏和肝脏功能[59]。在饲料中添加100和500 mg/kg维生素C均可减轻比目鱼所有组织中镉蓄积量,镉蓄积量与维生素C添加量成反比,同时可改善血红蛋白功能,并在细胞呼吸中起重要作用,有效减轻镉的毒性作用[60]。水体中镉浓度为0.2 mg/L时,给鲤投喂添加1 000 mg/kg维生素C的饲料,可以提高鲤的抗氧化能力,减少活性氧自由基的形成,提高肝脏中葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶活性,从而保持肝细胞细胞膜的完整性和正常的生理功能[61]

6.2 维生素E

维生素E是一种天然存在的抗氧化剂,可以减少各种胁迫产生的有害自由基,维持重要免疫细胞的功能和结构完整性,改善水产动物的生长性能和健康状况。水体中镉浓度为1.5 mg/L时,饲料中添加100 mg/kg维生素E可以改善鲤的生长性能,维持血浆酶活性,调节血糖负荷,对肾脏损伤有保护作用[62]。当水体镉浓度为4.64 mg/L时,投喂添加50 mg/kg维生素E的饲料可以改善尼罗罗非鱼的血液学参数和血糖水平,降低肝脏脂质过氧化和DNA片段化水平[63]

6.3 硫辛酸

硫辛酸是属于B族维生素的一类化合物,是线粒体脱氢酶和脱羧酶的辅助因子,具有良好的抗氧化性能,可作为金属螯合剂。添加适量硫辛酸可以减少肌肉脂质过氧化,并提高解毒和抗氧化能力,直接清除氧化应激诱导的活性氧自由基。将鲍鱼放入镉浓度为0.35 mg/L的水体中,投喂添加2 100 mg/kg α-硫辛酸的饲料可以降低鲍鱼血清和各组织中镉蓄积量,通过增强抗氧化酶活性和上调HdhMTF-1(金属反应性转录因子)介导的HdhMT(金属硫蛋白)转录和合成来减轻镉诱导的氧化损伤[64]。当水中镉浓度为1 mg/L时,饲料中添加硫辛酸可以减少对虾肝胰腺和肌肉的镉蓄积量,避免或减少鳃损伤,提高对虾对金属元素污染的抵抗力[65]

7 含硫氨基酸对镉胁迫的缓解作用

牛磺酸是调节机体正常生理活动的含硫氨基酸,通常作为水产动物饲料中的添加剂,可以维持机体渗透压平衡,调节脂类消化与吸收,提高机体免疫能力和抗氧化能力等。给异育银鲫投喂8周添加1%牛磺酸的饲料后,将其放入镉浓度为11.9 mg/L的水中,发现牛磺酸可以缓解镉胁迫后内质网应激诱导的自噬和细胞凋亡,并刺激抗氧化途径[66]。当水中镉浓度为5.6 mg/L时,饲料添加中50 mg/kg牛磺酸可以提高红鲷(Pagrus major)的机体耐受性,降低肝脏和肌肉的镉含量,缓解不平衡代谢和肝脏功能损伤,促进生物合成,保护氧化防御系统,从而降低红鲷的镉毒性死亡[67]

8 小结

综上所述,通过添加适宜营养物质的方式可以缓解镉胁迫对水产动物生长发育、免疫功能和抗氧化能力等造成的严重影响。然而,目前研究存在检测指标简单和具体机理不明、缓解策略缺乏针对性、营养物质单一等问题,因此对于未来营养物质缓解水产动物镉胁迫的研究可以重点关注的以下几个方向:1)筛选出能快速准确反映营养物质缓解镉胁迫水产动物状况的各项指标,并进一步研究营养物质缓解镉胁迫的具体作用机理;2)根据水产动物的种类、生长阶段、饲料配方来确定适宜的缓解镉胁迫的营养物质的种类、添加量和使用时间;3)深入研究一种营养物质与其他营养物质的复合效应以获得更好的缓解镉胁迫策略,为水产养殖过程中建立绿色健康高效养殖技术提供更详细、更系统的科学依据。
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