Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 9: 5557 - 5565

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.474

REVIEW

Research Progress on Bioactive Substances from Scutellaria baicalensis Straw and Application of Scutellaria baicalensis Straw and Its Extract in Livestock Production

  • ZHANG Minghui , 1, 2, 3 ,
  • ZHANG Hua 2 ,
  • ZHANG Zhijun 1, 3 ,
  • GUO Tongjun , 1, 3, *
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  • 1 Institute of Feed Research, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Science, Urumqi 830011, China
  • 2 College of Life Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
  • 3 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Urumqi 830011, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-03-22

  Online published: 2024-09-08

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Abstract

The medicinal part of Scutellaria baicalensis is its root, and the above-ground part of the root where the medicinal part is removed is the Scutellaria baicalensis straw, and its annual yield is considerable. Scutellaria scutellaria straw contains a variety of bioactive substances such as scutellarin, baicalin and baicalein, which has various biological functions such as antioxidant, antipyretic, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor, and has the potential as a functional feed. In this paper, the nutritional value and bioactive substances of Scutellaria baicalensis straw, and the application of Scutellaria baicalensis straw and its extract in livestock production were reviewed, in order to provide theoretical basis for further application of Scutellaria baicalensis straw as functional feed to improve animal production performance and animal product quality.

Key words： Scutellaria baicalensis straw; nutritional value; bioactive substance; livestock production

Cite this article

ZHANG Minghui , ZHANG Hua , ZHANG Zhijun , GUO Tongjun . Research Progress on Bioactive Substances from Scutellaria baicalensis Straw and Application of Scutellaria baicalensis Straw and Its Extract in Livestock Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(9) : 5557 -5565 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.474

饲草供给匮乏已成为畜牧业高质量发展的“卡脖子”问题[1-2],挖掘利用功能性饲料既可缓解饲草供给短缺,又可改善动物生产性能和畜产品品质[3]。黄芩秸秆是黄芩植株去除药用部分根部的地上部分,我国黄芩秸秆年产量约为6.3万t。黄芩根与黄芩秸秆部分的主要化学成分相似,也富含多种黄酮类化合物[4],同样具有抗菌消炎、解热镇痛、抗氧化等功效[5],具备开发为功能性饲草资源的潜力。因此,黄芩秸秆的饲料化应用对畜牧业养殖有重要的支撑意义。当前,大多数研究主要为黄芩根提取物和黄芩秸秆提取物对畜牧生产应用的研究。田慧丽等[6]研究表明,在饲粮中加入250 mg/kg的黄芩根提取物可明显提高肉鸭的生长性能、屠宰性能和免疫性能。韩强等[7]研究发现,饲粮中添加500 mg/kg黄芩根提取物可提高蛋鸡的抗氧化和免疫功能,进而提高生产性能和蛋品质,并能改善蛋鸡的脂质代谢,降低蛋黄胆固醇含量。黄芩秸秆提取物对水产养殖动物有促进生长、抑菌抗炎和提高免疫力等作用[8-9]。目前,黄芩秸秆饲料化利用仅在肉鸡[10]和肉牛[11]上有研究应用。岳彩娟等[12]研究发现,微贮发酵能够延长黄芩秸秆的保存期,且黄芩秸秆青贮的感观评价为良好,青贮品质评定为优。高旭红等[11]研究表明,添加6%~9%的黄芩秸秆对西门塔尔杂交牛的肝脏、肾脏功能无明显影响,并具有促进蛋白质合成与代谢、增强免疫力及抗氧化能力的作用。黄芩秸秆大部分未被有效利用而废弃,造成了大量的饲草资源浪费和环境污染[13]。除了肉牛、肉鸡之外,适量黄芩秸秆添加到饲粮中,能否作为功能性饲料来调控生产功能性畜产品及其合理加工后的饲用价值,目前还没有相关研究。本文就黄芩秸秆中的生物活性物质及其在畜牧生产中的应用进行综述,以期为充分挖掘黄芩秸秆的功能活性成分以及其饲用价值的评价提供理论依据。

1 黄芩秸秆的储量与来源

黄芩是一种传统的中药材,被广泛用于中医药领域。黄芩野生资源主要分布在我国内蒙古中东部和东北三省等地区,生长3~4年后采挖其根。黄芩在山西和陕西等地区均有大面积人工种植,人工种植黄芩的生长时间缩短为2~3年[14],根部外观与野生黄芩相比较有差异,但黄芩苷含量更高[15]。
黄芩一年四季均可种植,可以直播或育苗移栽,黄芩植株成熟后,果实裂开可释放多颗扁平的种子,根经干燥后药用,其余为秸秆部分(图1)。黄芩种植一般春季播种,每年秋季枯黄期收割黄芩秸秆,2年后收获根部。由于黄芩药材临床用量较大,而野生资源逐渐匮乏,为了满足需求,人工栽培的黄芩根已成为黄芩药材的主要来源,且栽培面积和产量日益增加[16]。据天地云图中药产业大数据平台统计,2020、2021、2022年我国黄芩根(风干)年产量分别为24 875、28 089和30 000 t。山西、陕西、新疆等地区为我国黄芩主要种植区域,其中仅新疆黄芩种植面积就达5万亩(1亩≈667 m2)左右。据新疆巴州和硕县阿力木养殖农民专业合作社统计,黄芩根(风干)产量为320~360 kg/亩,而黄芩秸秆(风干)产量为200~300 kg/亩。目前,除根部被用作药物外,黄芩秸秆部分多数被视为农业废弃物,随着中药黄芩需求量的不断增加,黄芩秸秆饲料化前景相当可观。
图1 黄芩秸秆生产流程图

Fig.1 Flow chart of Scutellaria baicalensis straw production

2 黄芩秸秆的营养价值

从表1中绵羊的饲草分级指数(GI)可以看出,黄芩秸秆属于5级粗饲料,但其GI高于同为5级粗饲料的玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆;从表1中奶牛的GI可以看出,黄芩秸秆属于4级粗饲料。从营养价值(表2)上看,黄芩秸秆优于玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆。因此,黄芩秸秆具备作为牛、羊粗饲料的潜力。
表1 绵羊及奶牛饲草分级指数

Table 1 GI of forage for sheep and dairy cows[17]

等级
Grades		 绵羊
Sheep		 奶牛
Dairy cows
特级Special grade >8.08 >53.68
1级Grade 1 5.29~8.08 33.51~53.68
2级Grade 2 3.12~4.75 19.20~29.29
3级Grade 3 1.79~2.76 11.13~16.44
4级Grade 4 1.03~1.55 6.28~10.67
5级Grade 5 <1.03 <6.28
表2 黄芩秸秆与其他常规饲料营养价值比较

Table 2 Comparison of nutritional value between Scutellaria baicalensis straw and other conventional feeds

类型
Types		 干物质
DM/%		 粗蛋
白质
CP/
% DM		 粗脂肪
EE/%
DM		 中性洗
涤纤维
NDF/
%DM		 酸性洗
涤纤维
ADF/
%DM		 粗灰分
Ash/
%DM		 肉牛综
合净能
NEmf of beef
cattle/(MJ/kg
DM)1)		 肉羊代谢能
ME of mutton
sheep/
(MJ/kg
DM)2)		 奶牛产
奶净能
NEL of
dairy cows/
(MJ/kg
DM)2)		 绵羊GI
GI for
sheep3)		 奶牛GI
GI for
dairy
cow3)		 参考文献
References
黄芩秸秆
Scutellaria
baicalensis straw		 92.30 7.36 2.19 54.50 52.30 6.40 3.92 8.13 4.64 0.95 8.28 岳彩娟
等[12]
苜蓿干草(成熟期)
Alfalfa hay
(mature period)		 88 13 1.3 59 45 8 3.60 6.98 4.29 1.23 12.02 《中国饲料成分及
营养价值表(2021
年第32版)》[18]
玉米秸秆
Maize straw		 80 5 1.3 70 44 5 3.00 5.94 3.59 0.29 2.75 《中国饲料成分及
营养价值表(2021
年第32版)》[18]
小麦秸秆
Wheat straw		 90 4 1.9 78 52 8 3.08 6.33 3.85 0.20 1.90 《中国饲料成分及
营养价值表(2021
年第32版)》[18]

1)根据《肉牛饲养标准》[19](NY/T 815—2004)和《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》[18]估算出肉牛的综合净能:肉牛综合净能(MJ/kg DM)=消化能(MJ/kg DM)×Kmf=0.209×粗蛋白质(%)+0.322×粗脂肪(%)+0.084×粗纤维(%)+0.002×无氮浸出物(%)2+0.046×无氮浸出物(%)-0.627×Kmf;Kmf=[0.187 5×(消化能/总能)+0.457 9]×[0.523×(消化能/总能)+0.005 89]×1.5/{[0.523×(消化能/总能)+0.005 89]+0.5×[0.187 5×(消化能/总能+0.457 9)]};总能(MJ/kg DM)=0.239 3×粗蛋白质(%)+0.397 5×粗脂肪(%)+0.200 4×粗纤维(%)+0.168 6×无氮浸出物(%)。利用马绍楠等[20]研究中的公式,计算黄芩秸秆中用于肉牛综合净能的粗纤维含量:粗纤维=-2.512+0.838×酸性洗涤纤维。According to Feeding Standard of Beef Cattle[19] (NY/T 815—2004) and China Feed Composition and Nutritional Value Table (32nd edition, 2021)[18], the comprehensive net energy of beef cattle was estimated as follows: NEmf (MJ/kg DM)=digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)×Kmf=0.209×crude protein (%)+0.322×crude fat (%)+0.084×crude fiber (%)+0.002×nitrogen-free extract (%)2+0.046×nitrogen-free extract (%)-0.627×Kmf; Kmf=[0.187 5×(digestible energy/gross energy)+0.457 9]×[0.523×(digestible energy/gross energy)+0.005 89]×1.5/{[0.523×(digestible energy/gross energy)+0.005 89]+0.5×[0.187 5×(digestible energy/gross energy+0.457 9)]}; gross energy (MJ/kg DM)=0.239 3×crude protein (%)+0.397 5×crude fat (%)+0.200 4× crude fiber (%)+0.168 6×nitrogen-free extract (%). The crude fiber content used in the comprehensive net energy of beef cattle with Scutellaria baicalensis straw was calculated by the formula in Ma, et al[20]: crude fiber=-2.512+0.838×acid detergent fiber.

2)根据《肉羊饲养标准》[21](NY/T 816—2004)和《奶牛饲养标准》[22](NY/T 34—2004)分别计算出肉羊代谢能和奶牛产奶净能:肉羊代谢能(MJ/kg DM)=消化能(MJ/kg DM)×0.82;奶牛产奶净能(MJ/kg DM)=0.550 1×消化能(MJ/kg DM)-0.395 8。According to Feeding Standard for Mutton Sheep[21] (NY/T 816—2004) and Feeding Standard for Dairy Cows[22] (NY/T 34—2004), the metabolic energy of mutton sheep and the net energy for lactation of dairy cows were calculated respectively: metabolic energy of mutton sheep (MJ/kg DM)=digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)×0.82; net energy for lactation of dairy cows (MJ/kg DM)=0.550 1×digestible energy (MJ/kg DM)-0.395 8.

3)根据《饲草营养品质评定 GI法》[17](GB/T 23387—2009)估算出粗饲料分级指数(GI):绵羊GI=代谢能×[29.75×15.91/(中性洗涤纤维×1 000)]×粗蛋白质/中性洗涤纤维;奶牛GI=产奶净能×(720/中性洗涤纤维)×粗蛋白质/中性洗涤纤维。According to the Evaluation of Forage Nutritional Quality-Grading Index (GI) Method[17] (GB/T 23387—2009), the coarse feed grading index (GI) was estimated: sheep GI=metabolic energy×[29.75×15.91/(neutral detergent fiber×1 000)]×crude protein/neutral detergent fiber; dairy cow GI=net energy for lactation×(720/neutral detergent fiber)×crude protein/neutral detergent fiber.

3 黄芩秸秆中的生物活性物质

黄芩秸秆与黄芩根的主要化学成分相近,均含有大量黄酮类化合物[4]。黄芩秸秆中含有等多种活性成分,其中主要的活性成分为野黄芩苷和黄芩苷,二者的含量分别为32.3(3.23%)和3.97 mg/g(0.40%)。黄芩根中的主要活性成分为黄芩苷和黄芩素,二者的含量分别为51.3(5.13%)和23.6 mg/g(2.36%)[5,23]。黄芩秸秆中活性成分野黄芩苷、黄芩苷和黄芩素的基本参数与活性功能如下。

3.1 野黄芩苷

野黄芩苷的化学名称为三羟基黄酮-7-葡糖苷酸,化学式为C21H18O12,相对分子质量为462.37,呈现淡黄色粉末状,具备增强免疫力、抑制细菌、抗炎和抗氧化应激等功能,广泛用于临床治疗炎症性疾病、心脑血管病、肝肾功能损伤以及多种肿瘤等疾病[24]。娄飞等[25]通过细胞表型试验发现,野黄芩苷可以显著抑制志贺毒素引起的细胞死亡,且不影响细菌的生长,因此可以显著抑制细菌耐药性的产生。还有研究发现,野黄芩苷可通过调控白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和细胞黏附因子等多种炎症因子发挥抗炎作用[26]。

3.2 黄芩苷

黄芩苷是黄芩素的葡萄糖醛酸酯[27],化学式为C21H18O11,相对分子质量为446.36,呈浅黄色结晶针状,在热乙酸中溶解,在丙酮、甲醇、乙醇等溶剂中不溶,在水中也难溶[28]。
黄芩苷具有抗氧化、抑菌、抗炎和解热作用,并能提高动物的生长性能。黄芩苷抗氧化机制的关键是对核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2,Nrf2)的调控,Nrf2可以诱导抗氧化反应蛋白(antioxidant responsive element,ARE)的活性,从而抑制活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的形成,降低氧化应激,保持细胞内环境的稳定[29]。申佳佳[30]在肉鸡饲粮中添加黄芩苷,发现黄芩苷能明显增加肉鸡肝脏的抗氧化能力,且其最适剂量为100~200 mg/kg。黄芩苷还参与调节多种炎症因子的产生,主要是通过抑制TNF-α、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、IL-6、白细胞介素-17(interleukin-17,IL-17)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)的产生,并调节核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor kappa-B,NF-κB)信号通路而发挥抗炎作用[31]。马改彦等[32]的研究结果显示,夏季泌乳奶牛饲粮中添加10 g/(头·d)的黄芩苷能够减少乳细胞数和乳腺炎发病率,缓解奶牛热应激,改善奶牛健康状况,提高生产性能和乳品质。此外,黄芩苷还能抑制细菌生长,主要通过破坏细菌核酸、改变能量代谢以及抑制细菌生物膜形成来发挥抑菌作用[33]。Zhao等[34]在评价黄芩苷对大肠杆菌抑制作用的试验中发现,黄芩苷的抗菌活性主要是通过提高细菌的质膜和细胞壁通透性,引起胞质溢出而发挥作用的。使用黄芩苷后,大多数菌株对其他抗菌药物的敏感性增强[35]。
陈光立[36]在探究饲粮中黄芩苷酵母培养物最适添加量时发现,0.5%的黄芩苷酵母培养物可显著提高鞍带石斑鱼的生长性能,增强机体的抗氧化能力和免疫能力。Liang等[37]通过在基础饲粮中添加不同剂量的黄芩苷研究其对肉仔鸡生长性能和肠道菌群的影响,结果发现10 mg/kg黄芩苷组肉仔鸡日增重显著提高,5 mg/kg黄芩苷组肉仔鸡日采食量显著提高,且各试验组大肠杆菌和沙门菌数量均有所减少,乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量均有所增加。谢留威等[38]研究表明,饲粮中添加20 mg/kg黄芩苷能够有效地提高犬的抗氧化能力和免疫功能,并且不会对犬的代谢产生负面影响。也有学者发现,在基础饲粮中添加低水平(200 mg/kg)黄芩苷时育肥猪的体重、平均日增重、平均日采食量均显著高于添加高水平(600 mg/kg)黄芩苷时;而添加高水平的黄芩苷较添加低水平的黄芩苷显著提高了育肥猪的免疫机能和抗氧化能力[39]。赖雨宏等[40]研究发现,奶牛饲粮中添加20~40 g/(头·d)含有黄芩苷的复合制剂可以有效提高奶牛的生产性能、乳品质和机体抗氧化能力。Hu等[41]在犊牛饲粮中添加10 g/(头·d)黄芩苷后发现可提高犊牛的抗氧化、抗炎和免疫功能,同时缓解断奶前犊牛腹泻的症状并降低发生率。

3.3 黄芩素

黄芩素的化学名称为5,6,7-三羟基黄酮,化学式为C15H10O5,相对分子质量为270.24,黄芩素结晶为黄针状,易溶于乙醇、丙酮,微溶于氯仿,具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化应激和增强免疫力等生物学功能[42]。黄芩素能在体内通过脱羧作用清除自由基,调节氧化应激,对过氧化物、超氧阴离子等自由基有较强的清除作用[43];它还通过抑制白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8,IL-8)的释放和环氧化酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)的合成,以及增加热休克蛋白的形成,提高机体的抗炎能力,从而阻断炎症因子引起的炎症损伤[44]。Duan等[45]在D-半乳糖(D-galactose,D-gal)诱导的大鼠衰老模型中发现,黄芩素显著抑制一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)、IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α等炎症介质的释放,从而发挥保护细胞的作用。黄芩素还可以阻止细菌生物膜的形成,破坏生物膜,从而减少金黄色葡萄球菌肠毒素A和α-溶血素的产生,进而抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的生长[46]。此外,Farhadi等[47]研究发现,黄芩素可通过破坏金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌等细菌的细胞壁完整性,降低细菌的酶活性,抑制细菌的能量生产和核苷酸合成,从而降低细菌的致病性。徐禛等[48]研究表明,黄芩素对草鱼的生长性能、机体抗氧化性能和免疫力都有不同程度的改善,并推荐草鱼饲料中黄芩素的添加量为0.2 g/kg。Zhou等[49]研究发现,饲粮中添加100~200 mg/kg黄芩素对肉鸡的平均日采食量无显著影响,但能显著提高21~42日龄和7~42日龄肉鸡的平均日增重和饲料转化率。高书锋等[50]研究发现,黄芩素对22~63日龄湘黄肉鸡的生长发育、免疫调节及肉品质等均有明显的促进作用,其适宜添加量为0.20~0.30 g/kg。

4 黄芩秸秆与其提取物在畜牧生产中的应用

黄芩秸秆营养较为丰富且含有野黄芩苷、黄芩苷和黄芩素等活性成分,可提高动物的生长性能、抗病能力和抗应激能力[43,51],因此黄芩秸秆饲料化在畜牧生产应用中具有可行性。

4.1 黄芩秸秆提取物在畜牧生产中的应用

黄芩秸秆提取物对水产养殖动物具有促进生长、抑菌抗炎和提高免疫力等功能。Xia等[8]将黄芩秸秆水提取物混入用病原菌混合物养殖的褐篮子鱼的饲料中,发现黄芩秸秆水提取物具有很强的抗炎作用,不仅抑制LPS诱导的炎性细胞因子(即IL-1β)的表达,还能抑制LPS诱导的由NF-κB介导的转录活性。也有研究表明,饲喂含1%的黄芩秸秆水提取物1个月后,褐篮子鱼体长和体重显著增加,且肌肉中苏氨酸和蛋氨酸含量增加,亮氨酸含量减少,肌肉中脂肪酸,包括二十二碳六烯酸、磷脂酰胆碱和磷脂酰乙醇胺含量增加,而甘油三酯含量减少[9]。由此可见,在饲粮中添加黄芩秸秆水提取物不仅促进了褐篮子鱼的生长,还能提高鱼肉的营养价值。

4.2 黄芩秸秆在畜牧生产中的应用

当前,黄芩秸秆在畜牧生产中的应用研究较少,已有的研究主要集中在肉鸡和肉牛上。岳彩娟等[12]为探索黄芩秸秆发酵后的品质特性,解决黄芩收获期秸秆产量大、不宜保存等环境污染和资源浪费问题,对黄芩秸秆进行了微贮,发现其pH可降至4.6以下,说明可进行青贮或者微贮,且感观评价为良好,青贮品质评定为优。胡会玲等[10]将黄芩秸秆添加至肉鸡饲粮中,研究发现其显著增加了肉鸡的平均日增重,降低了料重比,干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分的表观消化率均有显著提高,脾脏、胸腺和法氏囊指数与血清中免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)含量也均显著提高。高旭红等[11]研究发现,6%~9%的黄芩秸秆对西门塔尔杂交牛的肝脏、肾脏功能无明显影响,并具有促进蛋白质合成与代谢、增强免疫力及抗氧化能力的作用。综上可知,黄芩秸秆具有改善肉鸡生长性能和免疫力、提高西门塔尔杂交牛机体免疫和抗氧化性能的作用。

5 小结和展望

黄芩是一种药用价值高的中药,由于其特殊的药理作用和功能生物活性成分被广泛用于医疗行业。随着黄芩种植面积和需求量的不断扩大,其副产物黄芩秸秆的开发利用越来越受到重视,已在肉鸡、肉牛和水产养殖中有一定的应用,饲粮中适量添加黄芩秸秆可提高生产性能、预防动物疾病等。尽管如此,关于黄芩秸秆在绵羊、骆驼等反刍动物以及马、驴等单胃动物生产中应用的研究相对较少;另外,黄芩秸秆在饲粮中的适宜添加量,以及其能否作为功能性饲料来调控生产功能性畜产品以及合理加工后的饲用价值,目前还没有相关研究。
用天然草药及其活性化合物替代抗生素的今天,黄芩秸秆作为一种含生物活性物质的“药饲兼用”资源,无论是作为非常规饲料开发利用,还是作为功能性饲料开发利用,均具有较好的远景经济收益和市场应用前景。

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