Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 9: 5924 - 5934

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.503

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of “Tributyl Glyceride+Potassium Dicarbonate+Essential Oil” Combined Additives on Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Biochemical and Immune Indexes of Commercial Meat Rabbits

  • ZHAN Haijie ,
  • ZHANG Yuanqing ,
  • DANG Wenqing ,
  • LI Jun ,
  • LIU Huadong ,
  • FAN Aifang ,
  • REN Keliang ,
  • CAO Liang , *
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  • College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030032, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-04-11

  Online published: 2024-09-08

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to research the effects of adding different doses of “tributyl glyceride+potassium dicarbonate+essential oil” combined additives to diets on performance, nutrient apparent digestibility, serum biochemical and immune indexes of commercial meat rabbits. A total of 300 weaned Hyla commercial meat rabbits were randomly divided into 5 groups with each group had 50 rabbits and 1 rabbit as a replicate. The experiment consists of one blank group (group A, ), one antibiotic group (group B), and three experimental groups (groups C, D and E). Rabbits in groups A, B, C, D and E were fed basal diet, basal diet+20 g/t enramycin+52.5 g/t chlortetracycline, basal diet+1.0 kg/t tributyl glyceride+0.6% potassium formate+200 g/t essential oil, basal diet+1.5 kg/t tributyl glyceride+0.8% potassium formate+300 g/t essential oil, basal diet+2.0 kg/t tributyl glyceride+1.0% potassium formate+400 g/t essential oil, respectively. The pre-trial period was 5 days, and the formal trial period was 30 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the final weight, average daily gain, semi-eviscerated percentage, eviscerated percentage and leg muscle percentage of group E were significantly improved compared with group A (P<0.05), but there were no significant differences compared with group B (P>0.05); the feed to gain ratio of each experimental group was not significantly different from group B (P>0.05), but the group E was significantly lower than group A (P<0.05); among experimental groups, as the additive amount of combined additives increased, the diarrhea rate and mortality rate of experimental rabbits showed a decreasing trend, with group E had the lowest. 2) The differences in crude protein and ether extract apparent digestibility between each experimental group and group B were not significant (P>0.05), but were significant compared with group A (P<0.05). 3) The thymus index and sacculus rotundus index were the highest in group E, and they were significantly or extremely significantly different from group A (P<0.05 or P<0.01), but not significantly different from group B (P>0.05). 4) The contents of immunoglobulin A, immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, interleukin-10 and albumin,as well as the total antioxidant capacity in serum of group E were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of group A (P<0.05 or P<0.01), but there were no significant differences compared with group B (P>0.05); for group E, serum alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were the lowest, which were significantly lower than those of group A (P<0.05). On the basis of the above mentioned results, under the condition of this experiment, the appropriate amount of combined additives added to the diet of commercial meat rabbits is 2.0 kg/t tributyl glyceride+1.0% potassium formate+400 g/t essential oil.

Key words： tributyl glyceride; potassium formate; essential oil; meat rabbits; performance; serum biochemical and immune indexes

Cite this article

ZHAN Haijie , ZHANG Yuanqing , DANG Wenqing , LI Jun , LIU Huadong , FAN Aifang , REN Keliang , CAO Liang . Effects of “Tributyl Glyceride+Potassium Dicarbonate+Essential Oil” Combined Additives on Performance, Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Biochemical and Immune Indexes of Commercial Meat Rabbits[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(9) : 5924 -5934 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.503

随着我国畜牧业养殖规模在不断扩大,并且呈现集约化发展的样式,同时在非洲猪瘟长期共存的情况下,从2020年7月1日起,我国严禁在饲料中添加除中草药外的所有促生长药物饲料添加剂。我国饲料禁抗工作已全面展开,为了保证家兔养殖安全生产,研究、筛选出绿色、低毒、低残留、高效环保的替代抗生素添加剂尤为重要。畜禽饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯能起到促生长、抗应激、改善肠道和提高免疫等功能[1]。三丁酸甘油酯是丁酸和甘油的酯化产物,在医疗、饲料等领域得到了广泛的应用,其可以通过分解产生丁酸作用于肠道,调节肠道菌群、抑制肠道炎症、提升畜禽的生产性能和免疫水平[2]。二甲酸钾是一种抑菌剂,其抑菌促生长的作用机制主要通过调节动物消化道内pH来实现的,已在养殖业及饲料行业中得到广泛应用[3]。当前,抗生素在动物体内的耐药性及药物残留问题严重影响人类食品安全及健康,寻求有效、稳定的替抗产品已成为迫在眉睫的需求,因而越来越多的科研人员致力于从天然植物中寻找抗生素替代品[4]。植物精油作为一种新型的绿色饲料添加剂,具有安全、天然、稳定、无残留、无毒副作用等特点,应用于畜牧生产中可增强动物机体的免疫、抗病和抗应激能力,并具有改善畜产品品质等功效[5]。近年来,本课题组研究结果表明,在家兔饲粮中添加单一酸化剂或组合添加剂对提高家兔日增重,降低料重比(F/G),减少腹泻率、死亡率及提高机体免疫力等方面效果明显[6-7]。因此,本试验在前期研究的基础上,对“三丁酸甘油酯+二甲酸钾+植物精油”复合制剂对商品肉兔生产性能、养分表观消化率及血清生化、免疫指标的影响进行研究,为其作为家兔饲料添加剂推广使用提供科学依据,进而促进畜牧业健康稳定的发展。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用三丁酸甘油酯(≥45%)、二甲酸钾(≥95%)、植物精油(肉桂醛含量为25%)均为市购产品。

1.2 试验饲粮

参考《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[8]标准推荐的营养水平,结合当地饲料资源设计基础饲粮配方,其组成及营养水平见表1。在基础饲粮配方中添加抗生素,配制含抗生素饲粮,在基础饲粮配方中添加3种不同剂量的“三丁酸甘油酯+二甲酸钾+植物精油”复合制剂,配制试验饲粮。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 20.00
麦麸Wheat bran 15.00
豆粕Soybean meal 12.00
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal 2.00
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 3.00
玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal 7.00
苜蓿草粉Alfalfa meal 5.00
葵花皮Sunflower skin 31.00
预混料Premix1) 5.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 9.62
粗蛋白质CP 15.30
中性洗涤纤维NDF 33.65
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 22.98
酸性洗涤木质素ADL 5.02
粗灰分Ash 6.56
赖氨酸Lys 0.86
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.62
钙Ca 1.03
总磷TP 0.64

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 6 000 IU,VD3 950 IU,VE 40 mg,赖氨酸 Lys 2.5 g,蛋氨酸 Met 1.8 g,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 50 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 8.0 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 50 mg,CaHPO4 25 000 mg,NaCl 4 000 mg。

2)消化能参考《肉兔营养需要量》(NY/T 4049—2021)[8]数据计算得出,其余为实测值。DE was calculated reference to Nutrient Requirements of Meat Rabbit(NY/T 4049—2021)[8], while the others were measured values.

1.3 试验设计

试验选取300只体重、体况相近的35日龄断奶伊拉商品肉兔,随机分为5组,每组60个重复(公母各占1/2),每个重复1只兔。A组为空白对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;B组为抗生素对照组,饲喂基础饲粮+恩拉20 g/t霉素+52.5 g/t金霉素;C、D、E组为试验组,分别饲喂基础饲粮+1.0 kg/t三丁酸甘油酯+0.6%二甲酸钾+200 g/t植物精油、基础饲粮+1.5 kg/t三丁酸甘油酯+0.8%二甲酸钾+300 g/t植物精油、基础饲粮+2.0 kg/t三丁酸甘油酯+1.0%二甲酸钾+400 g/t植物精油。预试期5 d,正试期30 d。本试验肉兔根据生产实际进行饲养管理,兔舍干净整洁,空气流通,早、晚各饲喂1次,自由采食和饮水。

1.4 指标测定

1.4.1 生产性能

试验期间每天记录饲喂量,每周空腹称重1次,计算平均日采食量(ADFI)、平均日增重(ADG)和F/G;记录每日试验兔腹泻、死亡数据,计算腹泻率和死亡率[9]。
试验结束当天从每个组选取10只(5公5母)试验兔,屠宰前1天晚上禁食,记录宰前活重以及屠宰后试验兔胴体重,并对各内脏器官、免疫器官分别进行称重记录。采用试验数据分别计算全净膛屠宰率、半净膛屠宰率、腿肌率与背腰最长肌率及免疫器官指数。

1.4.2 养分表观消化率

试验兔达到65日龄时,每个组选取体重、体况相近的试验兔8只(4公4母),单笼饲喂,采用全收粪法进行消化试验。将每只试验兔每天收集好的粪样混合均匀剔除其中的饲粮、毛发等杂质,烘干粉碎后保存待测。饲粮和粪便样品养分含量测定方法:干物质含量参照GB/T6435—2014测定,粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018测定,淀粉含量参照 GB/T 20194—2018测定,粗脂肪含量参照 GB/T 6433—2006测定,粗灰分含量参照GB/T 6438—2007测定,中性洗涤纤维含量参照GB/T 20806—2022测定,酸性洗涤纤维含量参照NY/T 1459—2022测定,酸性洗涤木质素含量参照GB/T 20805—2006测定,钙含量参照GB/T 6436—2018测定,总磷含量参照GB/T 6437—2018测定,氨基酸含量参照GB/T 18246—2019测定。
养分表观消化率计算公式如下:
某养分表观消化率(%)=100×(饲粮中该养分摄入量-粪中该养分排出量)∕饲粮中该养分摄入量。

1.4.3 血清免疫和生化指标

试验结束时每个组选10只(5公5母)健康试验兔进行耳缘静脉采血,静置30 min后采用离心机分离血清,将血清装入样品管中于-20 ℃冰箱保存待测。采用间接酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)方法测定血清免疫和生化指标。

1.5 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,数据结果以“平均值±标准差”表示;腹泻率、死亡率采用卡方检验。设定P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 复合制剂对商品肉兔生长性能、腹泻率、死亡率和屠宰性能的影响

由表2可知,与A组相比,E组的末重(FBW)、ADG有显著提高(P<0.05),B组、C组、D组则无显著变化(P>0.05);各组之间ADFI无显著差异(P>0.05);E组的F/G与B组差异不显著(P>0.05),但显著低于A组(P<0.05);饲粮中添加复合制剂对各组试验兔的腹泻率和死亡率无显著影响(P>0.05),但3个试验组之间,随着复合制剂添加量的增加,试验兔腹泻率和死亡率有降低的趋势,以E组的腹泻率和死亡率最低。
表2 复合制剂对商品肉兔生长性能和健康状况的影响

Table 2 Effects of combined additives on growth performance and health status of commercial meat rabbits

项目
Items		 A组
Group A		 B组
Group B		 C组
Group C		 D组
Group D		 E组
Group E
始重IBW/g 908.65±35.78 905.32±39.18 907.03±40.89 908.75±36.25 908.58±35.96
末重FBW/g 2 209.69±264.92b 2 322.86±227.03ab 2 318.91±204.67ab 2 345.07±208.55ab 2 385.76±263.14a
平均日增重ADG/g 31.94±8.14b 35.04±4.95ab 34.66±4.29ab 35.24±4.97ab 37.34±5.76a
平均日采食量ADFI/g 120.67±15.05 116.78±10.02 118.02±10.95 120.06±9.35 118.77±11.07
料重比F/G 3.49±0.87a 3.28±0.65ab 3.32±0.43ab 3.30±0.37ab 3.18±0.76b
腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% 1.05 0.45 0.99 0.76 0.56
死亡率Mortality/% 20.00 6.67 16.67 11.67 8.33

同行数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), and with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

由表3可知,E组的半净膛屠宰率、全净膛屠宰率、腿肌率显著高于A组(P<0.05),其他组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);各组之间背腰最长肌率无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表3 复合制剂对商品肉兔屠宰性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of combined additives on slaughter performance of commercial meat rabbits %

项目
Items		 A组
Group A		 B组
Group B		 C组
Group C		 D组
Group D		 E组
Group E
半净膛屠宰率
Semi-eviscerated percentage		 51.91±1.12b 56.50±1.57ab 53.47±2.18ab 54.73±2.69ab 58.27±2.34a
全净膛屠宰率
Eviscerated percentage		 47.91±1.52b 52.47±1.28ab 50.08±1.97ab 51.37±2.59ab 53.96±2.24a
背腰最长肌率
Longissimus dorsi muscle percentage		 12.71±0.98 12.69±1.17 13.01±0.87 12.90±1.05 13.16±1.13
腿肌率Leg muscle percentage 31.35±2.43b 34.04±2.14ab 33.74±1.51ab 34.52±2.97ab 36.39±3.08a

2.2 复合制剂对商品肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

由表4可知,各组试验兔的干物质、淀粉、粗灰分、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率无显著影响(P>0.05);各试验组的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪表观消化率均显著高于A组(P<0.05),与B组差异不显著(P>0.05),其中E组与B组试验结果最为接近。
表4 复合制剂对商品肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

Table 4 Effects of combined additives on nutrient apparent digestibility of commercial meat rabbits %

项目
Items		 A组
Group A		 B组
Group B		 C组
Group C		 D组
Group D		 E组
Group E
干物质DM 87.85±0.52 89.28±0.30 88.63±0.64 88.96±0.31 89.10±0.74
粗蛋白质CP 65.74±4.51c 76.06±4.73a 73.98±2.23ab 74.40±2.21ab 75.35±3.37ab
淀粉Starch 97.85±0.84 99.48±0.44 98.17±0.69 99.60±0.04 98.96±1.07
粗脂肪EE 87.27±1.01c 96.19±1.83a 93.84±1.41ab 95.35±2.12ab 95.83±2.54ab
粗灰分Ash 21.57±2.26 22.75±16.90 22.54±5.76 22.17±10.63 21.19±11.70
中性洗涤纤维NDF 41.77±2.19 42.23±11.97 41.44±4.24 40.51±4.31 42.65±9.05
酸性洗涤纤维ADF 10.58±1.74 12.32±15.67 9.87±4.41 10.41±6.71 11.68±11.56

2.3 复合制剂对商品肉兔免疫器官指数的影响

由表5可知,胸腺指数以E组最高,与A组差异极显著(P<0.01),与C、D组差异显著(P<0.05),与B组差异不显著(P>0.05);脾脏指数各组之间均没有显著差异(P>0.05);圆小囊指数以E组最高,与A组差异显著(P<0.05),与B、C、D组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 复合制剂对商品肉兔免疫器官指数的影响

Table 5 Effects of combined additives on immune organ indexes of commercial meat rabbitsg/kg

项目
Items		 A组
Group A		 B组
Group B		 C组
Group C		 D组
Group D		 E组
Group E
胸腺指数Thymus index 1.52±0.27Bd 2.18±0.42ABab 1.79±0.57ABc 1.85±0.44ABbc 2.36±0.53Aa
脾脏指数Spleen index 0.62±0.17 0.66±0.29 0.59±0.20 0.64±0.26 0.65±0.23
圆小囊指数
Sacculus rotundus index		 0.78±0.12b 0.92±0.14ab 0.95±0.34ab 0.99±0.12ab 1.04±0.19a

2.4 复合制剂对商品肉兔血清免疫和生化指标的影响

由表6可知,E组的血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量与A组相比极显著增加(P<0.01),与B组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);各组之间试验兔的血清分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表6 复合制剂对商品肉兔血清免疫指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of combined additives on serum immune indexes of commercial meat rabbits

项目
Items		 A组
Group A		 B组
Group B		 C组
Group C		 D组
Group D		 E组
Group E
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) 128.71±18.71Bb 182.46±34.59ABab 149.66±16.68Bb 142.67±38.90Bb 200.77±35.49Aa
分泌型免疫球蛋白A
sIgA/(μg/mL)		 28.97±5.73 33.25±4.93 28.76±5.26 33.27±4.68 34.17±6.15
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL) 18.50±2.62Cc 21.63±2.48ABCab 20.47±1.35BCbc 22.71±0.89ABab 24.17±1.48Aa
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) 314.53±76.71Bc 421.86±38.20ABab 336.73±87.32ABbc 378.89±76.90ABabc 461.33±64.37Aa
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(pg/mL) 43.03±13.38 45.54±17.39 47.04±9.83 48.29±11.92 48.94±17.28
白细胞介素-10
IL-10/(pg/mL)		 523.30±75.58Bb 631.05±104.42ABab 613.28±36.95ABab 624.18±97.40ABab 680.22±84.95Aa
由表7可知,E组的血清白蛋白(ALB)含量与A组相比极显著增加(P<0.01),与B组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);E组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)较A、C组显著提高(P<0.05),与B、D组差异不显著(P>0.05);血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性均以E组最低,与A组差异显著(P<0.05),与其他组差异不显著(P>0.05);各组试验兔的血清总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLB)含量与超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表7 复合制剂对肉兔血清生化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of combined additives on serum biochemical indexes of commercial meat rabbits

项目
Items		 A组
Group A		 B组
Group B		 C组
Group C		 D组
Group D		 E组
Group E
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 64.09±6.00 70.71±7.16 69.67±12.17 65.63±13.09 67.39±6.96
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 29.41±5.70Cc 43.83±6.70ABab 35.87±8.55ABCbc 31.70±5.25BCc 46.52±9.27Aa
球蛋白GLB/(g/L) 40.46±4.71 39.88±4.61 40.21±8.67 40.33±6.62 38.42±4.94
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 45.03±8.39a 38.73±12.39ab 40.95±11.08ab 35.83±7.92ab 32.91±5.34b
谷草转氨酶
AST/(U/L)		 254.67±38.28a 213.00±28.69ab 224.03±53.12ab 237.26±44.66ab 194.13±46.02b
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 14.57±2.62b 16.21±1.58ab 14.31±2.11b 15.30±3.18ab 18.06±2.51a
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 92.33±20.60 103.50±22.63 95.15±11.96 101.26±18.04 104.63±30.75

3 讨论

3.1 复合制剂对商品肉兔生产性能的影响

三丁酸甘油酯分解产生的丁酸可改善肠道形态结构,调节肠道微生物菌群比例,对断奶仔猪健康发育具有一定的促进作用[10]。曹阳[11]研究发现,饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯能降低22~42日龄肉仔鸡的ADFI、F/G,提高肉仔鸡的生长性能。二甲酸钾是有机酸化剂的一种,具有无污染、抗菌性强、促生长效果明显、使用方便等特点[12]。二甲酸钾可显著改善生长猪的生长性能,提高其日增重和饲料转化率,并对生长猪的腹泻具有一定的抑制作用[13]。Windisch等[14]研究表明,不同剂量二甲酸钾的添加均可促进仔猪生长,同时还能显著降低F/G。周寰宇等[15]研究发现,在白羽肉鸡的基础饲粮中添加二甲酸钾能够显著降低F/G,改善肉鸡的生长性能。植物精油是一种以植物为原料提取的油状液体,具有提高动物机体免疫器官指数、促进抗体及补体生成、增强免疫功能的作用[16]。动物饲粮中添加植物精油具有抑菌、抗氧化和防霉作用,不仅能够提高采食量和日增重,调节肠道菌群,还能提高动物产品品质,改善动物健康[17]。李彬等[18]在麻黄肉鸡饲粮中添加复合植物精油后发现,FBW增加,ADFI和F/G均得到有效改善,同时显著提高了麻黄肉鸡的胴体屠宰率和肉品质。同样,Tiihonen等[19]也发现植物精油对肉鸡的生产性能、肉品质均有提高。以上研究结果显示,三丁酸甘油酯、二甲酸钾和植物精油单一添加在一定程度上可以提高畜禽的生产性能、屠宰性能并能提高畜禽的免疫力。
依据单一添加剂在畜禽饲粮中的应用效果,本试验为了能更科学、合理、有效地利用酸化剂、植物精油,将三丁酸甘油酯、二甲酸钾和植物精油组合添加到肉兔基础饲粮中进行替抗研究,研究结果发现,复合制剂的添加可以提高试验兔的生长性能,同时各试验组随着复合制剂添加量的增加,试验兔的腹泻率和死亡率有降低的趋势,并且复合制剂的添加可提高试验兔的屠宰性能。前人在复合添加剂方面的研究发现,复合酸化剂和植物精油两者联合使用能促进白羽肉鸡生长,改善屠宰性能和胸肌肉品质[20]。在犊牛哺乳期饲粮中添加适量三丁酸甘油酯和精油可有效提高犊牛的采食量,降低犊牛腹泻率与死亡率[21]。植物精油和酸化剂复合物能够通过提高动物消化吸收能力和增强机体免疫功能促进动物生长[22]。本试验结果与前人的研究结果基本一致,表明饲粮中添加“三丁酸甘油酯+二甲酸钾+植物精油”复合制剂具有提高肉兔生长性能、屠宰性能、降低腹泻率和死亡率的功效。

3.2 复合制剂对商品肉兔养分表观消化率的影响

养分表观消化率是指动物机体对某一种养分的消化利用能力。卢炜等[23]试验结果表明,饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯能显著提升肉鸡对不同营养物质的表观消化率,有效改善生长性能。侯改凤等[24]在断奶仔猪基础饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯后发现,饲粮中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和能量的表观消化率均有提高。Øverland等[25]的研究也认为,在妊娠期和哺乳期母猪饲粮中添加1.2%二甲酸钾可显著提高母猪对饲粮中营养物质的消化利用率。饲粮中添加苯甲酸和二甲酸钾复合添加剂可显著提高獭兔饲粮中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪以及中性洗涤纤维的表观消化率[26]。何琴等[27]研究发现,在泌乳期奶牛饲粮中添加植物精油可显著提高植物精油组奶牛粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维表观消化率。张晓燕等[28]在试验中发现,在广西灵山土鸡饲粮中添加植物精油后,与对照组相比,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、钙、磷以及能量的表观消化代谢率均有所提高。同样,在本试验中,各试验组的粗蛋白质、粗脂肪表观消化率均较空白对照组显著提高,接近抗生素对照组。在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加酸化剂复合精油混合物显著改善了粗蛋白质的消化率,提高了饲料效率[29]。饲料中添加复合酸化剂和植物精油能促进白羽肉鸡生长,提高了营养物质表观消化率,同时还发现两者联合使用效果优于单独使用[20]。本试验取得了类似结果,“三丁酸甘油酯+二甲酸钾+植物精油”复合制剂对肉兔营养物质的消化吸收有显著影响,提高了肉兔饲粮营养物质消化利用率。

3.3 复合制剂对商品肉兔免疫器官指数的影响

免疫器官指数是反映免疫器官发育程度的重要指标。饲粮中添加二甲酸钾显著提高了肉鸡的脾脏指数,表明酸化剂对动物免疫器官的发育具有一定的促进作用[30]。在肉鸡饲粮中添加0.6%二甲酸钾可以显著提高胸腺指数,增强肉鸡的免疫性能[31]。李晨阳[32]研究发现,丁酸钠对生长肉兔胸腺重、脾脏重、肝脏重、肾脏重及其各自脏器指数均无显著影响。任鋆等[33]的研究表明,在肉鸡饲粮中添加柠檬酸对肉鸡的免疫器官指数未产生不良影响。在南宁良凤肉仔鸡饲粮中添加不同水平的植物精油后发现植物精油的添加可增强肉鸡机体免疫力[34]。而张凯歌[35]在试验中发现,在肉兔饲粮中添加植物精油后其脾脏指数和胸腺指数无显著变化。综合分析以上研究结果发现,植物精油多数情况下对免疫器官发育未产生显著影响,结果不完全一致的原因可能是由于动物种类、酸化剂种类及添加剂量不同等造成的。本试验中,在商品肉兔饲粮中添加“三丁酸甘油酯+二甲酸钾+植物精油”复合制剂提高了肉兔胸腺指数、圆小囊指数,进而增强了肉兔的免疫功能。

3.4 复合制剂对商品肉兔血清免疫和生化指标的影响

血液指标可用于评判机体的生理状态,可反映畜禽营养代谢和健康状况。杨玲[36]研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯后,血清TP、GLB含量均有所提高,ALT、AST活性有所降低。金慧琴等[37]研究表明,饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯和氧化苦参碱复合物能够提高肉仔鸡生长性能,改善血清生化指标,增强机体抗氧化能力。张翠等[38]研究发现,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加1%二甲酸钾显著提高了断奶仔猪的生长性能以及血清中IgA、IgG和IgM含量。在肉鸡饲粮中添加酸化剂可有利于机体蛋白质的合成和免疫力的增强,且对肉鸡的血清转氨酶活性无不良影响[39]。孙代鹏等[40]研究发现,植物精油的添加可以显著提高断奶仔猪血清中TP、ALB、IgA和IgG含量,有效改善仔猪蛋白质代谢水平。张凯歌等[41]研究发现,不同成分植物精油添加于肉仔兔饲粮中可提高血清中ALB含量,改善部分血清生化指标和抗氧化性能。
有关添加剂组合方面的研究表明,在犊牛哺乳期饲粮中添加三丁酸甘油酯和精油组合能提高血清中IgA、IgG和IgM含量,犊牛的免疫功能得到改善[21]。饲粮中添加复合有机酸和植物精油组合添加剂可以提高肉鸡血清中ALB含量,改善血清生化指标,表明复合有机酸与植物精油联合使用有一定的协同作用[42]。本试验结果与以上研究结果基本相同,在肉兔饲粮添加“三丁酸甘油酯+二甲酸钾+植物精油”复合制剂提高了肉兔血清中IgA、IgG、IgM、IL-10、ALB含量及T-AOC,同时降低ALT、AST活性,表明复合制剂能提高肉兔的免疫力。

4 结论

饲粮中添加“三丁酸甘油酯+二甲酸钾+植物精油”复合制剂能有效提高商品肉兔的生长性能、屠宰性能、养分表观消化率、机体免疫力,并能降低腹泻率和死亡率。综合以上指标,本试验条件下生长肉兔饲粮中添加2.0 kg/t三丁酸甘油酯+1.0%二甲酸钾+400 g/t植物精油时效果较好。

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DOI

QI M D, LI T, ZHANG K Y, et al. Effects of essential oil and compound organic acids on growth performance,serum biochemical indices and intestinal health of broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(9):5652-5666. (in Chinese)

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