REVIEW

Compositional Structure and Biological Function of Yeast Polysaccharides and Its Application in Pig Breeding

  • LIU Tairan ,
  • LIU Zhen ,
  • ZHANG Yunchang ,
  • LIU Ming , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-03-21

  Online published: 2024-10-14

Abstract

Yeast cell wall polysaccharides, also known as yeast polysaccharides, as a kind of secure and effective feed additive, have multiple biological functions, such as enhancing the immunity of animal body and regulating the structure of intestinal microflora. In addition, it can also adsorb mycotoxins and other harmful substances to improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry. Literatures have reported that yeast polysaccharides could improve growth performance of piglets and finishing pigs and reproductive performance of sows. This paper reviewed the compositional structure and biological function of yeast polysaccharides, and summarized the application in pig breeding, so as to provide a reference basis and data support for the application of yeast polysaccharides in pig production practice.

Cite this article

LIU Tairan , LIU Zhen , ZHANG Yunchang , LIU Ming . Compositional Structure and Biological Function of Yeast Polysaccharides and Its Application in Pig Breeding[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(10) : 6138 -6146 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.521

酵母多糖(yeast polysaccharides,YPS)是来自于酵母细胞壁中的高分子多糖复合体,具有促进肠道微生态区系、促进免疫调节、增加细胞抗氧化活性以及吸附霉菌毒素等多重生物学活性。YPS主要成分是β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖[1]。YPS是酵母源生物饲料产品中重要的功能性成分,作为安全、高效的饲料添加剂广泛应用于养殖行业,对畜禽生长具有促进作用。本文综述了YPS的组成结构、生物学功能及其在生猪养殖上的应用研究进展。

1 YPS的组成结构

1.1 酵母细胞壁

酵母细胞壁是在酵母细胞形态建立和维持中起重要作用的结构,它不仅保护酵母细胞免受外界环境伤害,并提供与周围环境交流的方式[2]。酵母细胞壁占细胞干重的15%~30%,体积的25%~50%[3-4]。酵母细胞壁分为多层结构,由多糖和蛋白质构成,包括甘露聚糖、糖蛋白和β-葡聚糖,其中β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖是构成YPS的重要成分,几丁质通过共价键与β-葡聚糖连接,是酵母细胞壁内层的主要成分[5]。酵母细胞壁结构见图1
图1 酵母细胞壁结构

Fig.1 Structure of yeast cell wall

1.2 β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖

β-葡聚糖位于酵母细胞壁内层,靠近细胞膜,占细胞壁干重的30%~34%[6]。β-葡聚糖由葡萄糖分子经β-1,3糖苷键和β-1,6糖苷键连接而成,分子质量在27.9~175.0 ku,分子结构如图2所示。β-1,3糖苷键构成的主链和β-1,6糖苷键构成的侧链共同组成β-葡聚糖三螺旋结构[7]。根据酵母细胞壁葡聚糖在水溶液中的溶解度分为水溶性葡聚糖、碱溶性葡聚糖和碱不溶性葡聚糖3类,其结构的组成有助于维持酵母细胞壁的形状和韧性[8]
图2 β-葡聚糖分子结构

Fig.2 Molecular structure of β-glucan[14]

甘露聚糖主要位于酵母细胞外表层,占细胞壁质量的30%~50%[9]。甘露聚糖由α-1,6糖苷键组成的主链和α-1,2或α-1,3糖苷键连接多个甘露糖分子组成的侧链构成,分子质量在20~200 ku,分子结构如图3所示[10-11]。甘露聚糖通过与蛋白质共价连接形成甘露糖蛋白,其主要由80%~90%的甘露糖和5%~20%的蛋白质组成[12]。酵母甘露糖蛋白是高度糖基化的多肽,含有50%~95%的碳水化合物[8]。酵母甘露糖蛋白被分为N-糖基化甘露糖蛋白与O-糖基化甘露糖蛋白2类。甘露聚糖长链(α-1,6)和短链(α-1,2或α-1,3)通过N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(GlcNAc)与天冬酰胺残基之间的N-糖苷键连接形成N-糖基化甘露糖蛋白[13]。O-糖基化甘露糖蛋白由5个甘露糖单位短链组成,前2个残基由α-1,2糖苷键连接,后2个残基由α-1,3糖苷键连接,其含有50%蛋白质[8]。甘露糖的碳水化合物侧链上存在多个磷酸二脂键[9],这些磷酸化甘露糖残基维持细胞壁完整性,有助于细胞表面的稳定结构和功能[3]
图3 甘露聚糖分子结构

Fig.3 Molecular structure of mannan[14]

2 YPS的生物学功能

2.1 改善肠道微生物区系

肠道微生物在宿主体内参与多种生理过程,如营养物质消化吸收和宿主免疫应答等[15]。YPS能丰富肠道微生物菌落的多样性,促进有益菌群的生长,抑制有害菌群的繁殖[6]。Loving等[16]研究发现,饲粮中添加β-葡聚糖可以提高仔猪肠道菌群的多样性。β-葡聚糖增强宿主肠道黏液分泌,调节旋毛虫感染引起的肠道菌群紊乱,能丰富肠道菌群的α-多样性[17]。Tanihiro等[18]研究发现,甘露聚糖可以增加肠道中多形拟杆菌(Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron)和卵形拟杆菌(Bacteroides ovatus)的相对丰度,改变肠道微生物产生的代谢物组成,抑制吲哚、甲酚和对甲酚的产生,提高雌马酚含量,增强雌激素调节作用。YPS能抑制大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌等有害菌在肠道中定植和增殖[19]。有研究发现,与空白对照组相比,当肉鸡饲粮中添加200 g/t丁酸梭菌和300 g/t酿酒酵母细胞壁后,回肠和盲肠中大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌数量显著降低[20]。YPS还能阻断有害菌的菌毛,从而防止它们黏附在黏液上皮细胞上[21];甘露聚糖能够减少致病菌在鱼肠道的附着,细菌黏附在甘露聚糖上并随粪便排出体外,从而降低潜在疾病的发生率[22]。Santovito等[23]体外研究发现,培养基中1.25 mg/mL YPS可通过降低生长速率和最大生长值以及延长滞后期的持续时间来抑制产气荚膜梭菌繁殖,使最大生长速率降低50%以上。YPS在肠道内可被降解为短链脂肪酸,随后被宿主利用。短链脂肪酸受体具有多种生理功能,包括通过G蛋白偶联受体调节肠道激素和能量代谢[24]。Van den Abbeele等[1]研究YPS对犬肠道中的短链脂肪酸含量发现,以0.5、1.0和2.0 g/d 3种浓度添加YPS可以提高乙酸、丙酸和丁酸产量。

2.2 改善机体免疫功能

YPS具有直接激活动物免疫系统的能力,能够增强动物的非特异性和特异性免疫应答,从而增强对环境的适应能力。血清免疫球蛋白含量可作为机体体液免疫状况的指标之一,其中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)是体液免疫系统的重要组成成分,其含量上升通常预示着免疫系统被激活。通过研究对比,饲粮中添加YPS显著提高了断奶仔猪血清IgA和IgG含量[25]。β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖作为YPS的主要成分,可促进机体免疫器官发育,激活巨噬细胞、T淋巴细胞,有效清除消化道中病原微生物,增强先天性免疫,同时提高动物体内B淋巴细胞、白细胞介素(IL)-1β和干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)含量,提高动物机体适应性免疫,并通过促进抗原呈递来增强机体的抗病能力,增强从先天免疫应答到适应性免疫应答的转变[26-28]。在饲粮中添加75 mg/kg的酵母β-葡聚糖可显著提高犊牛血清IgG和IgM含量,并提高营养物质消化率,增强动物免疫功能[29]。Zhen等[30]研究发现,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg的酵母β-葡聚糖促进了种母鸡血清中促炎性和抗炎性细胞因子的产生,提高了血清IgA含量,增强了种母鸡的细胞和体液免疫功能。细胞因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8、转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)等是小分子可溶性蛋白质,具有广泛的免疫活性[31]。细胞因子由辅助性T(Th)细胞中Th1细胞和Th2细胞分泌[32-33]。Zhang等[34]研究发现,在饲粮中补充2%酵母培养物后,鹅肠道中Th1细胞分泌的IL-2和IFN-γ的基因表达水平有所增加。Li等[35]研究发现,在饲粮中添加50 mg/kg的β-葡聚糖可增加仔猪血清IL-10含量,减少血清IL-6和TNF-α含量,进而提高仔猪体液免疫、调节细胞免疫。Omara等[36]研究表明,在饲粮中添加0.1%的β-葡聚糖可提高球虫病感染肉鸡胸腺组织中IL-10、IFN-γ的基因表达水平,调节免疫反应。

2.3 增强机体抗氧化能力

畜禽在新陈代谢和呼吸过程中,会产生极不稳定的自由基,破坏机体的氧化还原稳态[37-38],引起氧化反应,导致细胞损伤,影响动物生长性能[39]。研究表明,YPS可增强超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量,增强机体抗氧化能力[40]。王燕等[41]研究发现,饲喂10 g/d的YPS显著提高了育肥牛血清SOD和GSH-Px活性。Guo等[42]研究发现,酵母细胞壁生物大分子β-葡聚糖和甘露聚糖抵消了脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)诱导的猪空肠上皮细胞系(IPEC-J2)谷胱甘肽(GSH)表达的下调,抵消了活性氧(ROS)和MDA表达的上调,降低ROS和MDA的含量,从而缓解了DON诱导的氧化应激。通过给小鼠注射25 mg/kg的YPS发现,YPS能清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基,增强机体内抗氧化能力[43]。化学修饰可以改善YPS的生物特性,有效提高YPS的抗氧化活性。Tang等[44]研究发现,磷酸化修饰可以显著提高葡聚糖清除羟自由基/超氧阴离子的能力。磷酸化和羧甲基化的复合修饰提高甘露聚糖的抗氧化能力,其中羧甲基化磷酸化甘露聚糖(CMP-M)和羧甲基化硫酸化甘露聚糖(CMS-M)抗脂质过氧化能力也进一步增强[45]

2.4 吸附饲料中霉菌毒素

霉菌毒素是霉菌在食品或饲料中产生的毒性代谢产物,对人类和动物健康构成严重威胁[46]。Kim等[47]研究证实,饲粮中添加0.2%的YPS可降低黄曲霉毒素、DON和伏马菌素对仔猪的毒性,促进仔猪肠道健康和生长。YPS通过自身结构,主要利用氢键和范德华力的相互作用与多种霉菌毒素结合,从而形成多糖-霉菌毒素复合物。这种复合物的形成能够阻止毒素被动物肠道吸收,减少霉菌毒素对动物的损害。研究通过希尔模型确定玉米赤霉烯酮与β-葡聚糖之间相互作用的空间结构和分子位点,发现β-葡聚糖的三维网络结构在吸附玉米赤霉烯酮过程中起关键作用[48]。YPS与饲料中的黄曲霉毒素和玉米赤霉烯酮结合,减少其在消化道中利用,减轻对动物的毒性作用[49]。同时,Luo等[50]研究发现,酵母细胞壁中β-葡聚糖构成的三维网络结构是吸附棒曲霉素的重要因素,且随着网络结构密度的增加,吸附能力增强,更证实了霉菌毒素与YPS之间的吸附作用。

3 YPS在生猪养殖上的应用

3.1 断奶仔猪

YPS对断奶仔猪的生长性能具有显著影响,主要表现在提高日增重、增加采食量、降低料重比等方面。通过在饲粮中添加0.1%和0.2%的YPS发现,YPS可以提高断奶仔猪的日增重和采食量,降低料重比,改善仔猪生长性能,并降低试验期间仔猪的死亡率[19]。YPS不仅可以显著提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,在饲粮中添加0.3%的YPS还可有效降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率[51]。同时,有研究发现,微生物的定植受β-葡聚糖的影响,β-葡聚糖可以缓解产肠毒性大肠埃希杆菌(enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli,ETEC)感染的断奶仔猪,增强脾脏中IL-1的mRNA相对表达水平,从而增强局部免疫应答[52]。在补充β-葡聚糖14 d后,断奶仔猪的粪便中ETEC数量减少,可以预防ETEC感染[53]。Zhou等[54]研究发现,断奶仔猪饲喂含500 mg/kg β-葡聚糖的饲粮,可减轻ETEC诱导的肠上皮细胞损伤,提高结肠中丙酸含量及乳杆菌和芽孢杆菌的相对丰度。Fouhse等[55]研究表明,断奶仔猪饲喂含有800 mg/kg甘露聚糖的饲粮21 d,可改变盲肠微生物群落结构,提高空肠绒毛高度。饲粮中添加甘露聚糖可以通过降低氧化应激、促进营养物质循环以及维护肠道健康,改善断奶仔猪的生长性能[56]。YPS还能增强免疫力、改善断奶仔猪消化能力以及对霉菌毒素等有害物质的抵抗力,有助于改善断奶仔猪的整体健康状况。YPS在断奶仔猪上的应用详见表1
表1 YPS在断奶仔猪上的应用

Table 1 Application of YPS in weaned piglets

功能
Functions
作用与机制
Role and mechanism
参考文献
Reference




提高免疫力
Enhance immunity
饲粮中添加3 g/kg活酵母可增加血清中免疫球蛋白A、
白细胞介素-2和白细胞介素-6含量,促进T淋巴细胞增殖
[57]
饲粮中添加0.1%的YPS可降低血清中促炎因子白细胞介素-6含量,
提高抗炎因子白细胞介素-10含量
[58]
饲粮中添加0.1%的YPS可提高血清中免疫球蛋白M含量 [59]



抗氧化
Antioxidant
饲粮中添加0.1%和0.2%的YPS可提高血清中超氧化物歧化酶和
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量
[58]
饲粮中添加0.1%酿酒酵母细胞壁提取物可提高血清中超氧化物歧化酶和
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,降低丙二醛含量
[60]


吸附霉菌毒素
Mycotoxin adsorption
饲粮中添加2 kg/t的酵母细胞壁可提高
日增重和饲料利用率
[61]
霉变饲粮中添加0.1%的酵母细胞壁可提高饲粮的消化率,
提高肠道中淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性
[62]

3.2 育肥猪

育肥猪的生长性能关系到养猪生产的经济效益,料重比越低代表养猪生产的利润越高。Goh等[63]研究发现,在饲粮中添加0.1%的β-葡聚糖可改善生长育肥猪健康状况,提高生长性能和经济效益。有研究发现,在饲粮中添加100 mg/kg的β-葡聚糖可显著提高育肥猪的饲料转化率,提高生长性能、营养物质消化率和胴体性状[64]。He等[65]研究发现,在饲粮中添加200 mg/kg的β-葡聚糖可降低育肥猪结肠内容物中戊酸盐含量,并减少乳酸、异丁酸和丁酸含量;通过对微生物多样性分析发现,酵母β-葡聚糖降低了WPS-2菌门的相对丰度,而WPS-2菌门的相对丰度与骨骼肌滴失和乳酸含量呈正相关。也有研究发现,甘露聚糖通过提高IPEC-J2细胞屏障完整性减少对生长育肥猪造成伤害的微生物数量[66]。在饲粮中添加7.5%的糖蜜酵母粉(包含14.7%的β-葡聚糖及31%的甘露聚糖成分)能够提升育肥猪在接种疫苗后30 d内对猪瘟病毒的抗体应答,在预防猪瘟病毒病中的应用中具有潜在作用[67]

3.3 母猪

母猪分娩会产生应激反应,体内激素水平和营养物质代谢发生显著变化,这种代谢异常会导致母猪繁殖性能的降低[68]。研究显示,在饲粮中添加0.2%的YPS能够提升母猪繁殖效率,有助于缩短母猪发情周期长短,此外,YPS在提高乳汁产量的同时,增加乳汁中的固形物比例,降低母猪血液中的代谢酶活性和甘油三酯含量[69]。其中,甘露聚糖可降低仔猪血清中促炎细胞因子IL-2和IL-4含量,通过改善炎症细胞因子来增强系统免疫[70]。母猪饲粮中添加400 mg/kg甘露聚糖可提高初乳中IgM含量及仔猪断奶时血清IgA和IgG含量[56]。Conway等[71]通过在母猪饲粮中补充酪蛋白水解物和酵母β-葡聚糖,增加了乳杆菌的相对丰度,降低了肠杆菌科和弯曲杆菌科的相对丰度,并提高了断奶仔猪饲料利用率。Dowley等[72]研究发现,妊娠后期和哺乳期的母猪每天补充1 g酵母β-葡聚糖和1 g酪蛋白水解物,增加了厚壁菌门包括母猪粪便中乳酸杆菌等有益菌的相对丰度,同时断奶仔猪盲肠中乳酸菌的相对丰度增加,十二指肠绒毛高度、空肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比增加,十二指肠促炎细胞因子、紧密连接蛋白和黏蛋白的基因相对表达水平降低。

4 小结

YPS是酵母菌细胞壁的重要组成部分,具有改善肠道健康、促进免疫系统成熟、提高抗氧化能力、吸附霉菌毒素等多种生物功能。YPS在母猪和断奶仔猪上的研究较多,但其最佳添加剂量还需进一步明确。除此致外,YPS在育肥猪和公猪上的应用研究较少,未来还需更多地开展相应的研究,为其作为猪饲料添加剂提供更为全面的理论依据与科学基础。
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