REVIEW

Research Progress of Acidifiers Regulating Intestinal Health in Aquatic Animals

  • LI Jiaxin , 1, 2 ,
  • FAN Ze 2 ,
  • WANG Liansheng , 2, * ,
  • CHENG Zhenyan 1
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  • 1 Tianjin Key Lab of Aqua-Ecology and Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-04-02

  Online published: 2024-10-14

Abstract

The long-term use of antibiotics in aquaculture will lead to the emergence and spread of drug-resistant bacteria, destroy the aquatic ecological environment and indirectly affect human health. Therefore, it is imperative to find green, safe and efficient antibiotic alternatives. As a representative of many “anti-antibiotic” green and environmentally friendly feed additives, acidifiers are now increasingly used in aquaculture, especially in improving fish intestinal health. In this paper, the classification of acidifiers and their effects on intestinal digestion and absorption capacity, immune function and barrier function of aquatic animals were reviewed, in order to provide more theoretical basis for the sustainable development of aquaculture.

Cite this article

LI Jiaxin , FAN Ze , WANG Liansheng , CHENG Zhenyan . Research Progress of Acidifiers Regulating Intestinal Health in Aquatic Animals[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(10) : 6172 -6180 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.525

健康和生产性能的提高是水产养殖的重要目标。疾病是水产养殖的主要问题,抗生素因其良好的抗菌性被广泛应用于水产养殖中。然而,由于养殖动物对抗生素交叉耐药性的潜在风险,越来越多的抗生素被禁止使用[1]。为了降低动物疾病发生率,提高生产性能,在动物饲料中适当使用抗菌物质替代抗生素成为当今饲料行业研究的热点,其中酸化剂便是“替抗”添加剂之一。
有机酸及其盐类组成的酸化剂是一种有效的生长促进剂。Mohammadian等[2]在对红鲑鱼(Sockeye salmon)的研究中发现,饲料中补充1.5 g/kg的二甲酸钠较其他没有补充二甲酸钠的试验组具有更好的生长趋势,在甲酸[3]、丙酸[4]、丁酸[5]等应用于水产动物的研究中也得到同样的结论。除此之外,二甲酸钠还可提高红鲑鱼肠道消化酶活性,改善肠道形态,说明酸化剂可用于改善动物的胃肠道健康问题,而动物的肠道健康与养殖业的生产水平密切相关。虽然一些解释酸化剂作用的生物学机制已为人所知,但关于其在水产中的应用并不系统。因此,本文从酸化剂的分类、酸化剂对消化酶、矿物质吸收、肠道形态、抗氧化能力、免疫力、肠道菌群及肠道屏障影响等方面综述酸化剂对水产动物肠道健康的影响,以期为酸化剂在水产养殖中的应用提供参考。

1 酸化剂的分类

酸化剂指的是可以降低动物胃肠道pH的一类添加剂[6],可依据化学元素将其分为无机酸化剂和有机酸化剂;还可依据组分数量分为单一型酸化剂和复合型酸化剂[7],复合型酸化剂又可依据其成分分为全酸型复合酸化剂和酸盐型复合酸化剂。

1.1 单一型酸化剂

单一型酸化剂分为无机酸(硫酸、磷酸、盐酸等)和有机酸。无机酸的特点是价格低、酸性强。动物试验表明,硫酸对动物基本没有作用;盐酸虽然对动物生长具有促进作用,并可降低腹泻率,但其作用效果不及柠檬酸和复合酸,且受饲粮中电解质平衡状况的影响[8-9];呈弱酸性的磷酸其腐蚀性相对较低,对饲养动物比较安全,还可向动物体内提供磷源,是磷源营养剂磷酸二氢钙等的原料[10]。总之,硫酸和盐酸虽然对微生物具有很强的破坏性,但其强腐蚀性也会对饲养动物造成很多伤害,所以这2种酸通常不作为考虑对象。
有机酸化剂是指一些含有羧基的酸性有机化合物,其风味良好、适口性强。常见的有机酸有乳酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸、延胡索酸等大分子有机酸,以及甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、山梨酸等小分子有机酸。大分子有机酸可参与体内三羧酸循环,释放能量,因此又称为供能型有机酸。由于其氢离子(H+)释放较少,所以大分子有机酸的pH调控作用在肠道后段受限[11]。小分子有机酸可通过降低胃肠道pH为乳酸菌等有益菌提供良好环境[12],通过破坏细菌细胞膜、干扰细菌物质代谢、提高胞内渗透压及干扰细菌遗传物质合成等途径达到抑菌目的[13],因此又称为抑菌型有机酸。在不同的有机酸中,甲酸及其衍生物(甲酸钠、二甲酸钾、甲酸钙、甲酸铵)的研究已非常深入。大量试验证明,在饲料中添加甲酸可以提高饲料品质[14],改善饲养动物的免疫力[15-16],降低肠道pH,提高肠道消化酶活性[16]。Chuchird等[17]在研究中发现,饲喂添加甲酸饲料的对虾肠道中弧菌数量和细菌总数显著降低。但有机酸化剂的生产和使用成本较高,且使用量过多时会影响饲料制粒[18]

1.2 复合型酸化剂

复合型酸化剂指不同有机酸与无机酸或不同酸与盐配合而成的酸化剂[19]。相较于单一型酸化剂,复合型酸化剂具有诸多优点,如功效更多、稳定性更强、酸性相对更低、腐蚀性低、添加量少、有更大的抑菌区系和酸度范围等。因此,复合型酸化剂逐渐成为饲料酸化剂发展的新趋势。
全酸型复合酸化剂是把多种在不同pH范围下起作用的酸复合到一起,由于不同酸的解离常数不同,因此酸化剂可以在消化道的不同部位起作用,且提高了酸化剂的抑菌区系。李鹏等[20]试验发现,40%乳酸、20%柠檬酸、20%延胡索酸复合成的酸化剂对部分细菌的抑制效果较佳。Chuchird等[17]试验表明,饲料中单独添加甲酸对凡纳滨对虾的生长没有促进作用甚至有负面影响,但添加甲酸、苹果酸、乳酸与柠檬酸混合物却可以促进其生长。
酸盐型复合酸化剂是一种将有机酸及其盐类进行科学配比形成的新一代添加剂[11]。相比于全酸复配,酸盐结合的形态更加稳定。当动物摄入酸盐型复合酸化剂时,不会引起肠道pH的骤然下降,经过一段时间的消化,动物消化道内酸化剂浓度开始下降,pH逐渐回升时,由于有机酸盐的水解作用[21],可延长酸化剂的作用时间。

2 酸化剂对水产动物肠道消化吸收能力的影响

肠道是营养物质消化吸收的主要场所,酸化剂不仅能调节肠道pH,影响消化酶活性,从而促进消化[22],还能与矿物元素结合形成螯合物,促进矿物元素的吸收[23],同时改善肠道形态,提高消化率。

2.1 提高肠道消化酶活性

在Castillo等[24]的研究中,1.5%柠檬酸、0.75%二甲酸钾和1.5%二甲酸钾处理的红鼓鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)幼鱼胃匀浆在摄食后2 h胃蛋白酶活性均有所提高,其中0.75%二甲酸钾组显著提高。酸化剂还会刺激胰酶的分泌[25],然而其机制尚不清楚,可能是因为胃蛋白酶活性的提高诱导促胰液素和胆囊收缩素的释放,而这些神经递质的释放触发胰腺消化酶的分泌。此外,Boroumand等[26]发现二甲酸钾和丁酸联合使用提高了欧鳇肠道中脂肪酶和α淀粉酶的活性;Fang等[27]则发现饲料中添加高剂量丁酸钠时彭泽鲫(Carassius auratus Pengze)肠道胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著增加。在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[28]和鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)[29]上也得出相似的结果。已有研究表明,大多鱼类的消化酶最适pH趋于酸性[30-32],因此推测酸化剂提高水产动物消化道中消化酶活性的原因可能是其降低了消化道pH,使消化酶保持在最适pH范围。

2.2 促进肠道对矿物元素的吸收

碱性环境下,由于常量元素和微量元素会形成不溶性盐从而加大吸收难度[33],而酸化剂可以降低消化道和饲料的pH,降低饲料系酸力,与矿物元素(如硒、铜、锌)结合形成螯合物,从而增加其生物利用度[34],这些矿物元素是某些抗氧化酶的重要辅助因子[35-36]。Mohtashemipour等[4]在对鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)的研究中发现,在鱼粉替代达到70%的低鱼粉饲料中添加复合酸化剂(丁酸、二甲酸钠和富里酸,比例为1∶1∶1)可以有效提高钙的吸收。而Baruah等[37]则发现,在以豆粕为主的饲料中添加30 g/kg柠檬酸可以显著提高南亚野鲮(Labeo rohita)的磷利用率。这是因为短链脂肪酸与钙离子的螯合可减少钙与磷酸盐或肠道刷边缘的微量元素之间的沉淀,因此它增加了肠道中磷和其他微量元素的吸收。有机酸还可以通过增强胃肠道黏膜中上皮细胞的增殖,从而增加矿物元素的吸收面积[38]。值得注意的是,有机酸盐本身就含有矿物元素且更容易吸收,因此可以作为矿物元素的补充剂。

2.3 改善肠道形态

肠绒毛高度与肠道健康密切相关[39]。Topping等[40]提出,短链脂肪酸及其盐尤其是丁酸盐,通过充当能量来源可以刺激肠上皮细胞的生长,从而提高营养物质吸收能力。除了作为肠上皮细胞的能量来源外,有机酸及其盐还会影响肠道健康相关的多种细胞。何家鑫等[41]在对大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)的研究中发现,饲料中添加0.15%酸化剂显著增加了前肠肌层厚度、绒毛宽度和绒毛高度;Xun等[42]在对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)的研究中发现,饲料中添加0.6%丙酸钠可以改善肠道形态,显著增加绒毛数量、绒毛高度和肌层厚度。此外,Abdel等[43]研究发现,丁酸钠通过增加肠道面积、肠绒毛高度和密度以及绒毛结构复杂性来改善鲈鱼的肠道形态;对鲤鱼[44]的研究表明,在高糖高脂饲料中添加适量丁酸钠同样可以增加肠绒毛高度。而Gao等[45]的研究表明,在饲料中添加10 g/kg甲酸钠和丁酸钠混合物(2∶1)显著增加了虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的肠道重量,表明有机酸可能刺激了肠道生长,但肠黏膜形态未发生改变。在鲤鱼的研究中同样发现,饲料中添加丁酸钠,尽管肠黏膜形态未发生明显改变,但在微绒毛高度上观察到差异[46],其原因可能是丁酸钠为肠道上皮生长提供能量的能力在动物肠道健康时不是必需的,而绒毛高度的增加可能归因于有机酸的抗菌作用,它减少了许多病原菌的生长和定植,从而减少了肠黏膜的感染和炎症过程,导致绒毛高度和分泌功能的增加[47-48]

3 酸化剂对水产动物肠道免疫功能的影响

肠道内栖生着大量菌群,在肠道中发挥着调控营养物质代谢的作用。饲料中添加酸化剂可以通过调节肠道菌群,进而调控水产动物的健康状况并影响免疫功能。虽然酸化剂的作用机制不仅受自身特性影响,还与动物品种、发育阶段、使用剂量等有关,但其作用机制具有一定共性[49],可以概述为:1)增强动物免疫力和抗应激能力;2)通过破坏细菌细胞膜、抑制细菌基础代谢、能量竞争、升高渗透压和诱导抗菌肽表达等方式,抑制或杀灭有害菌[50]

3.1 提高肠道抗氧化能力

鱼类肠道易受氧化应激的影响,氧化应激会升高鱼体内不饱和脂肪酸的浓度,从而影响鱼类健康。鱼体内促氧化剂的增加会激活抗氧化系统,从而提高抗氧化酶活性以中和有害化合物。如果抗氧化能力不足以完全清除有害物,剩余有害物就会攻击脂肪酸等生物分子。据报道,饲料中添加有机酸及其盐可以提高鱼类的抗氧化能力,如Hoseini等[51]在对鲤鱼肠道的研究中发现,在饲料中添加5 g/kg乳酸提高了肠道的抗氧化能力,导致还原型谷胱甘肽氧化减少,而依赖还原型谷胱甘肽的抗氧化因子在保护鱼类细胞免受氧化方面发挥着重要作用。为了对抗氧化应激,鱼类会增加肠道抗氧化酶的活性。Sotoudeh等[25]研究发现,摄食添加丙酸钠和乙酸钠混合物饲料的黄鳍鲷(Acanthopagrus latus)肠道具有更高的抗氧化酶活性和更低的丙二醛浓度,表明抗氧化防御能力得到提高;Fang等[27]在对彭泽鲫的研究中发现,饲料中添加丁酸钠可显著提高肠道超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性。在尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis nilotica)[52]、卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)[53]中也有类似的研究结果。

3.2 提高肠道免疫力

在肠道发挥免疫功能的过程中,细胞因子起着关键的作用,因此在免疫调节的研究中常被用作参考基因。炎症细胞因子分为促炎细胞因子和抗炎细胞因子,促炎细胞因子在感染和炎症反应期间会上调,而抗炎细胞因子则相反。例如,Busti等[54]在对鲈鱼的研究中发现,随着柠檬酸和山梨酸添加量的增加,白细胞介素-8(IL-8)和转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)的表达量显著增加,显示出酸化剂的潜在免疫增强作用。Zhang等[55]在对杂交石斑鱼(♀ Epinephelus fuscoguttatus×♂ Epinephelus lanceolatu)的研究中同样发现,复合酸添加比例为0.05%时,炎症基因表达显著增加。此外,Sotoudeh等[25]在对黄鳍鲷的研究中发现,饲料中添加丙酸钠和乙酸钠下调了IL-1β基因的表达。然而,在鲤鱼[56]和尼罗罗非鱼[57]上的研究显示,饲料中添加酸化剂上调了IL-1β基因的表达,这可能是由于试验鱼的种类和发育阶段存在差异。

3.3 改善肠道菌群组成

肠道菌群在调节肠道免疫功能方面有着至关重要的作用,并且会受到有机酸等功能性饲料添加剂的影响,有机酸可以通过降低肠道pH和作为某些细菌的营养物质来增加有益的耐酸细菌并且裂解酸敏感的致病菌来改善肠道菌群。Da Silva等[58]研究发现,在南美白对虾(Penaeus vanname)饲料中添加丁酸盐降低了肠道潜在有害菌(弧菌)的数量;Wassef等[59]在对欧洲鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)的研究中则发现丙酸钠对弧菌有抑制作用;而Zhou等[60]观察到,在杂交罗非鱼的饲料中添加3或6 g/kg二甲酸钾均可刺激分歧杆菌等细菌的定植,从而影响肠道异源细菌部落。此外,在以植物蛋白质为主的饲料中添加3 g/kg二甲酸钾刺激了罗非鱼肠道中乳酸菌的生长[61]
此外,酸化剂还可以通过影响肠道微生物组来调节宿主的免疫能力。由于大多数有害菌的适宜生存条件是中性或偏碱性的,因此,酸化剂还可以通过运输H+降低细菌内部pH,从而抑制病原菌生长,并促进有益菌的增殖[62]。例如,Zhou等[60]研究发现,在莫桑比克罗非鱼(Oreochromis mossambicus)的饲料中添加二甲酸钾可以选择性地提高一些细菌如分枝杆菌属、假单胞菌属的相对丰度,同时对一些细菌如α-变形杆菌和弧菌有抑制作用;Wassef等[59]同样发现丙酸钠对弧菌具有抑制潜力。总之,酸化剂可以通过改善肠道菌群组成增强水产动物的肠道免疫功能和整体健康。

4 酸化剂对水产动物肠道屏障功能的影响

鱼类的肠道屏障具有维持肠道稳态的功能,酸化剂可以通过改善肠道微生物、肠道紧密连接蛋白及免疫细胞相关因子等改善水产动物的肠道生物屏障、机械屏障和免疫屏障;除此之外,酸化剂还可以通过改善肠道上皮细胞外层黏液层中的各种化学物质从而改善水产动物的化学屏障[63]。Wassef等[59]对欧洲鲈鱼的研究表明,饲料中添加0.2%或0.3%的丙酸钠可以改善胃肠道微生物群并促进肠道上皮细胞外层黏液中黏蛋白的分泌。在大口黑鲈的试验中发现,饲料中添加复合酸(甲酸≥45%、富马酸≥0.6%、琥珀酸≥0.6%、苹果酸≥0.3%)可以提高杯状细胞数量[64]。此外,在卵形鲳鲹的试验中发现,二甲酸钾可以显著上调闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)和闭合蛋白(Occludin)的表达,表明二甲酸钾可以改善肠道紧密连接[53]

5 小结与展望

酸化剂在水产动物养殖中是潜在的性能增强剂,其主要功能在于提高生长性能、降低胃肠道pH、在不影响有益菌的同时抑制并杀灭有害菌、改善肠道微生态平衡、提高营养物质消化率等。未来的研究重点主要关注以下几个方面:1)复合酸化剂由于其组合方式复杂,不同酸在不同剂量下的联合作用还需要进一步的研究;2)应注意肠道微生物本身的调节作用、酸化剂与微生物之间的相互作用,以及饲料中的酸化剂是否会与饲料本身的某些碱性物质中和从而影响酸化剂效价。
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