REVIEW

Research Progress of Cysteamine in Regulating Growth Performance of Livestock and Poultry and Its Mechanism

  • NIE Zhuyun , 1 ,
  • YIN Yulong 2 ,
  • ZHAN Kai 3 ,
  • TANG Yulong , 2, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China
  • 2 Institute of Subtropical Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
  • 3 Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Product Safety Engineering, Hefei 230001, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-04-30

  Online published: 2024-10-14

Abstract

Green, safe and effective feed additives can greatly improve the growth performance and meat quality in livestock and poultry applications. Cysteamine, as a component of acetyl-CoA, originates from cysteine metabolism. It has been shown to have a variety of biological functions and is widely used as a feed additive in animal production. This article discussed how the cysteamine, as a feed additive, regulates growth performance, digestion and absorption, hormone secretion and immune function during the growth of livestock and poultry, which provide some application and theoretical reference for the use of cysteamine.

Cite this article

NIE Zhuyun , YIN Yulong , ZHAN Kai , TANG Yulong . Research Progress of Cysteamine in Regulating Growth Performance of Livestock and Poultry and Its Mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(10) : 6201 -6211 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.528

半胱胺(cysteamine,CS)纯品是具有不良气味的白色晶体,易溶于水及醇,其分子结构为H2N—CH2—CH2—SH,相对分子质量为77.15,熔点在97~98.5 ℃。CS在动物体内来源于辅酶A的降解,由泛酰巯基乙胺分解形成,之后转化为次牛磺酸后氧化为牛磺酸(图1)[1-2]。CS是动物体内天然存在的活性物质,通常应用于治疗半胱氨酸病,此外它还具有促生长作用,可应用于动物饲料添加剂。
图1 CS体内代谢途径

Fig.1 Metabolic pathways of CS in vivo[2]

1 CS类添加剂的稳定性

CS能从动物组织中提取,也可以用化学方法合成。工业合成的纯品CS在空气中易氧化降解,失去生物活性。外源性的CS在动物饲粮和消化道中容易发生氧化[3]。CS在应用过程中一般被制成半胱胺盐酸盐(cysteamine hydrochloride,CSH),但其存在有气味、适口性差和稳定性差等问题。因此,在CSH的基础上又进一步发展了包被技术和螯合技术。用微囊包被技术将CS包裹在微小胶囊内获得包膜半胱胺(coated cysteamine,CCS),其具有更好的稳定性和适口性,并且具有缓释作用,可以减少对胃肠道的刺激(图2)。
图2 CS类添加剂的加工合成

Fig.2 Processing and synthesis of CS additives[4-6]

CSH与金属离子发生配位反应形成的配位键是一种特殊共价键,能保护CS的活性基团。金属锌离子与CS中的氨基、巯基中的氮原子和硫原子形成配位键,形成的多种配型结构的锌-半胱胺配合物(zinc-cysteamine complex,Zn-CS)均具有很高的热稳定性(图2)[4-5]。研究表明,3种Zn-CS在模拟胃液条件下,1 h内CS的释放率接近100%,并表现出了很高的耐受性和活性;同时,在模拟肠液条件下,3种配合物的CS释放率均达到75%以上[6]。CSH易潮解,加入饲粮后其生理作用不稳定,导致饲喂后效果不稳定。Zn-CS在模拟胃肠的环境下具有极好的生理作用以及在常温环境中的高稳定性,可以很好地解决此问题。

2 CS对畜禽生长性能的影响

2.1 仔猪

在养殖过程中,仔猪的快速生长能有效缩短饲喂周期,降低成本投入。CS可以提高仔猪的生长性能和饲料转化率,提高经济效益。研究发现,在仔猪低蛋白质饲粮中添加60 mg/kg的CS能获得最佳生长性能,但差异不显著,CS对腹腔注射敌草快仔猪肾脏氧化应激的缓解效果优于其他组织器官[7]。饲粮添加0.07%[8]和0.12%[9]的CSH能够促进断奶仔猪的生长,降低料重比(F/G)。饲粮添加120 mg/kg的CCS能显著提高仔猪体重和平均日增重(ADG),降低F/G[10]。饲粮添加48 mg/kg的Zn-CS,断奶仔猪的ADG极显著提高,F/G极显著降低[11]。饲粮添加56 mg/kg的Zn-CS有效改善了营养限制型发育迟缓仔猪(nutrient limited runt piglet,NLRP)的生长发育,极显著提高了营养限制型发育迟缓仔猪的ADG[12]
CS类添加剂由于加工方式、有效含量和稳定性的差异,其添加量各不相同。有研究表明,CS与营养型添加剂小肽有一定的协同作用,小肽具有提高生长性能、促进矿物质吸收和氨基酸吸收等功能,两者协调使用比单独饲喂效果更佳[13]。CS与不同类型饲料添加剂结合使用的饲养措施能取得更好的促生长效果。

2.2 生长育肥猪

CS能促进育肥猪生长,在育肥猪饲粮中添加30 mg/kg的CS能显著提高其终末体重和ADG[14]。育肥猪饲粮添加100 mg/kg的CCS能获得最佳的生长性能指标,但差异不显著[15];饲粮添加100 mg/kg的CCS与添加50和200 mg/kg的CCS相比,显著提高了育肥猪末重,但与对照组之间的生长性能无显著差异[16]。在育肥猪饲粮中添加500 mg/kg[17]和90、120和150 mg/kg[18]的Zn-CS,育肥猪平均日采食量(ADFI)和ADG显著提高,生长性能得到有效改善。
CS影响育肥猪的生产性能也是研究关注的重点,大多数研究表明,CS能改善猪肉氧化状态和脂肪代谢,提升育肥猪的胴体品质和肉品质[16-20]。关于CS改善生产性能的可能机制为CS能够上调肌肉中氨基酸转运蛋白的表达,促进蛋白质在育肥猪背最长肌中的沉积,增加育肥猪肌肉纤维密度和纤维类型分布[21]。CS通过提高谷胱甘肽水平和抗氧化酶活性以改善肉品的抗氧化状态,延缓肉品变色[22-23]。有研究证明,在地方猪饲粮中添加CS,脂肪代谢、肉品质和胴体品质得到了明显改善[24-26]。研究表明,CS使宁乡猪肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体α(PPARα)的表达显著上调,同时促进脂肪酸氧化而提高肝脏不饱和脂肪酸含量[27]。综上可知,CS通过促进蛋白质在肌肉的沉积以及调节肝脏和脂肪的脂肪代谢,以此来改善育肥猪的生产性能。

2.3 反刍动物

在饲粮中添加CS,反刍动物的生长和生产性能均会获得提升。饲喂添加不同剂量CS的饲粮,羔羊ADG和采食量提高,F/G降低,并与CS添加量呈线性相关[28]。饲粮添加500 mg/kg(相当于150 mg/kg有效剂量CS)的CCS可显著提高湖羊生长性能和胴体重[29]。山羊静脉注射50 mg/kg BW的CS后血液中营养物质的动态变化表明,山羊肝脏合成非酯化脂肪酸(NEFA)和葡萄糖的能力以及内脏对氨基酸代谢的能力均得到加强[30]。在生长育肥早胜牛饲粮中添加500 mg/kg的CCS可显著提高其ADG、屠宰率、净肉率、胴体产肉率和肉骨比[31]。对于生长迟缓的牦牛,CS能显著提高其ADG,降低F/G,并显著提高胴体重和屠宰率,促进瘤网胃发育[32]。除此之外,CS饲料添加剂还能显著提高奶牛和水牛对饲粮的消化率和泌乳量[33-35],显著提高山羊绒的伸直长度、强度以及伸长率,并有提高产绒量的趋势[36]
瘤胃的发酵对CS的利用存在影响,饲粮添加80 mg/kg的CSH没有显著降低肉牛饲料转化率或者提高ADG,但较低剂量的CS有提高反刍动物生长性能的趋势[37]。最近有研究指出,在滩羊和后备湖羊母羊饲粮中分别添加40和160 mg/kg的过瘤胃CCS,显著提高了生长性能[38-39]。因此,在反刍动物饲粮中CS类添加剂的添加量一般要远高于单胃动物,如果能够减少瘤胃对CS的影响,有望能有效提高CS的利用率并减少其使用量。

2.4 家禽

CS对家禽的影响主要集中在对肉鸡的研究上。饲粮添加0.5%小肽+90 mg/kg的CCS可显著提高爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡的生长性能[40];与对照组相比,饲粮添加90 mg/kg CCS的肉鸡,1~42日龄的ADG提高了3.15%,F/G显著降低了3.31%[41]。饲喂添加40 mg/kg在胃肠道能完全释放的CCS的饲粮,显著提高了1~21日龄肉鸡的生长性能[42]。相反,饲粮添加120和150 mg/kg的CS对肉鸡生长存在抑制作用[43]。各种研究表明,饲粮添加60~90 mg/kg的CS能很好地促进家禽生长,更高剂量的CS对家禽生长存在负面影响。

3 CS调控畜禽生长性能的机制

3.1 CS促进畜禽消化吸收

CS可以改善畜禽消化吸收营养物质的能力,促进生长发育。研究表明,CS能够上调仔猪胃黏膜细胞胃生长素释放肽(ghrelin)和胃泌素(gastrin,GAST)等mRNA表达,降低生长抑素(somatostatin,SS) mRNA表达[44],而ghrelin表达上调能够提高仔猪胃黏膜细胞氢-钾ATP酶(H+-K+-ATPase)的表达及活性[45],并有试验直接表明CS可以提高刚断奶仔猪体内和体外培养的胃黏膜细胞中胃H+-K+-ATPase mRNA的表达和活性[7],促进仔猪营养物质消化。CS还影响了小肠黏膜的发育和结构,相关试验表明,CS促进断奶羔羊的小肠黏膜生长,有利于细胞清除自由基和抵抗损伤[46]。CS促进罗非鱼小肠消化吸收,在一定程度上能维持肠道黏膜结构的完整性[47]
消化能力的提升还表现在胃肠道消化酶活性的提高。研究表明,在仔猪和育肥猪饲粮中添加CS,能提高肠道内各种消化酶的活性,例如脂肪酶、胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶等的活性[10,15]。CS不仅能通过改善消化酶活性来提高营养物质的消化,还能通过促进空肠氨基酸和多肽转运体基因溶质载体家族7成员7(SLC7A7)、溶质载体家族7成员9(SLC7A9)和溶质载体家族15成员1(SLC15A1)的表达,提高育肥猪小肠对蛋白质的吸收能力[48]。CS增强了断奶仔猪和育肥猪营养物质消化吸收的能力,在家禽和反刍动物中也发挥了相同作用。1~21日龄肉鸡在饲喂添加CS的饲粮后,胰腺和十二指肠内容物消化酶(蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶)活性显著提高[43]。小肽和CS具有协同的促生长作用,能够显著提升肉鸡十二指肠内容物总蛋白酶活性[49]。CS还可以改善反刍动物的瘤胃发酵和吸收能力,对绒山羊的瘤胃功能和代谢产生积极影响[36],提高羔羊[28]、奶牛[35,50]对饲粮营养物质的消化和吸收。CS通过上调瘤胃上皮矿物质离子吸收通路溶质载体家族26成员3(SLC26A3)、氯离子通道蛋白2(CLCN2)、质子偶联的氨基酸转运蛋白1(PAT1)等以及挥发性脂肪酸载体基因表达,促进瘤胃营养转运吸收[32]。总得来说,CS一方面促进动物ghrelin、GAST和胃酸分泌,并提高蛋白酶、淀粉酶和脂肪酶活性,增强动物对营养物质的消化能力;另一方面改善动物小肠黏膜形态结构,调节氨基酸等转运体基因表达以促进营养物质的转运吸收。

3.2 CS调控畜禽激素分泌

胃肠道是SS分泌的主要场所[51],SS对丘脑、大脑皮层和脊髓神经元有普遍的抑制作用。SS能抑制多种激素的分泌,其抑制作用会影响血清中生长激素(growth hormone,GH)、胰岛素(insulin,INS)和甲状腺素(thyroxine,T4)等激素平衡,从而抑制生长[52]。CS可以有效抑制SS的活性,研究表明,CS能够以不同的方式促进生长、抑制SS并增强GH与胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ)、三碘甲状腺原氨酸(T3)、T4等的协同作用,从而促进猪及其他动物的生长[53],调节GH/IGF-Ⅰ轴朝向合成代谢[54]
CS能降低育肥猪血清SS含量,调节胃肠道和其他组织的基因表达水平,对生长激素受体(GHR)、IGF-Ⅰ、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ受体(IGF-ⅠR)和胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3(IGFBP-3)的mRNA表达调节具有组织特异性[55]。CS对仔猪肝脏、胸腺和脾腺组织GHR基因的表达有促进作用,能提高血清中GH、T3、T4、IGF-Ⅰ含量并降低血清SS含量[56]。有研究显示,Zn-CS极显著降低营养限制型发育迟缓仔猪血清SS含量[12]。CS对反刍动物以及家禽体内激素水平也有相似的调控作用。饲粮添加60和120 mg/kg BW CSH能显著提高绒山羊血浆GH和IGF-Ⅰ含量,降低血浆SS和催乳素含量,调节GH/IGF-Ⅰ轴相关激素水平[36]。使用适宜剂量的CS提高了肉鸡腺胃SS基因的表达,而且显著提高血清IGF-Ⅰ含量并显著降低血清SS含量[43]。监测山羊血液内激素的动态变化,颈静脉注射CS 3 d后,门静脉、肝静脉和股动脉中IGF-Ⅰ含量均显著提高,胰岛素含量有提高趋势;注射6 d后,门静脉的胰高血糖素含量显著升高[30]。动物内分泌的调节对生长发育十分重要,其中起关键作用的是GH,而SS对垂体分泌GH有抑制作用。CS通过抑制SS生物活性,降低胃肠道SS基因表达,并降低血清SS含量,解除SS对生长的抑制作用。SS的抑制有利于提高血清GH含量,调节畜禽生长轴相关激素基因表达和血清含量朝促生长方向发展。

3.3 CS调控畜禽免疫功能

正常的免疫功能对动物机体健康十分重要,CS有提高畜禽免疫功能的作用。仔猪机体免疫以体液免疫和细胞免疫为主,反映仔猪机体免疫功能的指标主要是血清中免疫球蛋白[免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)等]含量变化以及T淋巴转化率。CS能够改善断奶仔猪的免疫功能和抗氧化能力,减少断奶应激和腹泻。仔猪血清中IgA、IgG含量以及白细胞吞噬率、T淋巴细胞转化率在饲喂CS后显著提高[57]。不同剂量的Zn-CS对断奶仔猪血清IgA、IgG含量和T淋巴转化率有显著影响[11],同时也能提高育肥猪血清IgA、IgG含量和降低血清丙二醛含量,提高其免疫功能和抗氧化能力[58]。对于反刍动物和家禽而言,CS能显著提高山羊和肉鸡等的免疫功能,有缓解应激的作用[41,59]
CS提升动物免疫力的机制在于:一方面,CS能有效抑制SS的活性和分泌,从而解除其对免疫系统的抑制作用,有助于增强动物的免疫功能;另一方面,CS还能通过解除SS对消化相关激素或酶的抑制作用,促进机体对营养物质的消化吸收,进而提升机体的免疫能力。CS对促细胞分裂素诱导的淋巴细胞增殖具有双向作用,体外低剂量CS会刺激小鼠脾细胞增殖,而高剂量CS则会抑制其增殖[60]。动物饲养过程中添加合理剂量的CS可以改善动物的免疫功能,促进动物健康生长发育。高剂量的CS可能对动物免疫功能存在一定的抑制作用,需要在安全剂量范围内饲喂畜禽。
图3 CS调控动物生长示意图

IgG:免疫球蛋白G immunoglobulin G;IgA:免疫球蛋白A immunoglobulin A;IgM:免疫球蛋白M immunoglobulin M;SS:生长抑素 somatostatin;GH:生长激素 growth hormone;T4:甲状腺素 thyroxine; T3:三碘甲状腺原氨酸 triiodothyronine;SLC7A7:溶质载体家族7成员7 solute carrier family 7 member 7;SLC7A9:溶质载体家族7成员9 solute carrier family 7 member 9;SLC15A1:溶质载体家族15成员1 solute carrier family 15 member 1;GHR:生长激素受体 growth hormone receptor;IGF-Ⅰ:胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ;IGF-ⅠR:胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ受体 insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ receptor;IGFBP-3:胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白-3 insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3。

Fig.3 Schematic diagram of CS regulating animal growth

4 高剂量添加CS存在一定的副作用

CS对于家畜有何种明确的副作用并没有过多的研究。相关细胞试验表明,过量的CS具有细胞毒性,大量积累可能抑制谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性[61],降低机体的抗氧化能力。并且不少研究证明,过量的CS可能不会产生促生长的效果,反而会产生抑制动物的生长发育、诱发肠道溃疡等副作用[2]。有直接证据表明,不论进行饲喂或者直接腹腔注射高剂量的CS都会引起大鼠十二指肠发生溃疡[62];相关研究建立了CS诱导小鼠十二指肠溃疡的模型,表明其以时间和剂量依赖的方式发生,并且观察到胃酸和胃酶活性的显著提高[63]。大型家畜饲粮中添加各种剂量的CS类添加剂,可能是体型较大且没有针对性的研究,CS并没有表现出任何的副作用。但是,在体型相对较小的家禽中观察到过量的CS对AA肉仔鸡肝脏、肌胃和消化道造成了明显的损伤,当饲喂剂量达到150 mg/kg时,鸡的内脏器官和消化道被严重损伤[64]。合理剂量的CS对动物有促生长作用,过量添加CS对消化道的损伤作用与剂量线性相关,因此长时间或高剂量饲喂CS的安全性还需要进一步的研究。
SS能抑制肿瘤增殖和过度炎症反应,对胃G细胞的GAST分泌、壁细胞的胃酸分泌具有旁分泌抑制作用。对于CS过量产生副作用的原因,推测可能是SS的过度抑制,导致机体胃酸分泌和消化酶活性不受控制,造成胃肠道损伤和炎症[65-66]。阻碍SS抑制过度炎症的功能,可能导致胃肠道的炎症恶化而影响畜禽健康,因此一定量的SS可能对胃肠道有保护作用。CS是把双刃剑,适量添加并维持GH、SS在一个相对合理平衡的状态,能促进畜禽健康生长,获得较高的经济效应。结合SS自身生物学研究以及其在细胞、小鼠、肉鸡上的研究,种种迹象表明高剂量的CS对畜禽生长存在不利影响。在畜禽养殖过程中其可能的副作用不能忽略,若使用不当可能造成巨大损失。

5 小结与展望

总之,开发各种CS类添加剂的主要目的是提高CS的稳定性,保护其生物活性。各种CS类添加剂发挥促生长作用的核心在于CS改善畜禽的健康和生长:1)提高畜禽的胃肠道消化能力,促进小肠对营养物质的转运吸收,并增强营养物质在机体内的转运、沉积和代谢;2)通过对SS活性和分泌的抑制,解除SS对生长的抑制作用,促进GH和生长轴其他激素的分泌;3)适量CS解除SS对免疫功能的抑制,提高畜禽抗应激、抗氧化和免疫能力。国内外研究表明,饲喂各种CS类添加剂的剂量依赖性、时效性以及可能的副作用不能被忽视。生产应用中要制定科学合理的CS类添加剂的添加量、饲喂时间以及饲喂措施,更好地提高畜禽养殖的经济效益。
在畜禽生长过程中,肠道微生物的相关作用是一个研究热点。CS对微生物的影响研究较少,主要集中于影响反刍动物瘤胃微生物来改善瘤胃的发酵状态。有相关研究表明,饲喂CCS降低了育肥猪回肠中致病性相关细菌的相对丰度[67]。不仅如此,CS对动物胚胎早期发育影响研究也相对薄弱,有研究表明CS可以提高牛卵母细胞受精后的囊胚率[68-69];最新研究发现,100 μmol/L的CS可显著提高家猫[70]和羔羊[71]卵母细胞的体外成熟、受精和发育能力。研究CS与微生物和畜禽早期胚胎发育成熟之间的联系和解释其作用机制,能更好地揭示CS对畜禽的作用并拓宽其用途。
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