Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 10: 6358 - 6371

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.541

RESEARCH PAPER

Nutritional Value Evaluation of Full-Fat Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal and Its Application Effect in Laying Hens’ Diet

  • YI Hongyu , 1 ,
  • ZHU Liping 2 ,
  • AO Xiang 3 ,
  • ZHOU Jianchuan 3 ,
  • BAN Zhibin 4 ,
  • YAN Honglin , 1, *
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  • 1 School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
  • 2 Civil Aviation Flight University of China, Guanghan 618300, China
  • 3 Sichuan TQLS Group, Mianyang 621000, China
  • 4 Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-03-29

  Online published: 2024-10-14

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the nutritional value evaluation of full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal and its application in laying hens’ diet. In experiment 1: sixteen 42-week-old healthy Hy-Line brown laying hens with similar body weight were randomly divided into 2 groups with 8 replicates per group and 1 hen per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental group was fed an experimental diet which the energy-deriving ingredients was replaced with 10% full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal. The experiment lasted for 10 days. The metabolizable energy and nutrient digestibility of full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal in laying hens’ diet were determined by total feces collection method. In experiment 2: twenty-four 42-week-old healthy Hy-Line brown laying hens with similar body weight were randomly divided into 2 groups with 6 replicates per group and 2 hens per replicate. The control group was fed a nitrogen-free diet, and the experimental group was fed an experimental diet which contained 60 % full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal. The experiment lasted for 10 days. The ileal digestibility of amino acids of full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal were determined. In experiment 3: a total of 1 080 healthy 36-week-old Lohmann laying hens were randomly divided into 5 groups with 6 replicates per group and 36 hens per replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal, respectively. The experiment lasted for 35 days. The performance, egg quality, and serum biochemical indicators of laying hens were determined. The results showed as follows: 1) the apparent metabolic energy and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy of full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal were 13.34 and 13.20 MJ/kg, respectively. Compared with the control group, the dry matter availability, apparent metabolic energy, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy, apparent metabolic energy/gross energy and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolic energy/gross energy of the experimental group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the crude protein availability was significantly increased (P<0.05). 2) The apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids of full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal were ranged from 41.87% to 82.22%, and the standard ileal digestibility of amino acids were ranged from 50.83 % to 92.47 %; among the essential amino acids, histidine had the highest digestibility, followed by arginine and methionine, and threonine had the lowest digestibility. 3) With dietary full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level increased, the laying rate was linearly increased (P<0.05), and the feed to egg ratio was linearly decreased (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the feed to egg ratio of 5.0%, 7.5% and 10.0% full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 4) With dietary full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level increased, the yolk color was quadratically changed (P<0.05), and the redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values of eggshell color were linearly decreased (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, the eggshell strength of 10.0% full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the yolk color of 2.5% full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 5) With dietary full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level increased, the serum alkaline phosphatase activity and uric acid content were quadratically changed (P<0.05). In summary, adding 10% full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal to the diet can increase the laying rate, reduce the feed to egg ratio, increase the yolk color, and have no adverse effects on serum biochemical indexes of laying hens. Under the conditions of this experiment, using laying rate and feed to egg ratio as reference indexes, the appropriate full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level in laying hens’ diet is 10.0%.

Key words： full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal; laying hens; metabolic energy; amino acid digestibility; performance

Cite this article

YI Hongyu , ZHU Liping , AO Xiang , ZHOU Jianchuan , BAN Zhibin , YAN Honglin . Nutritional Value Evaluation of Full-Fat Black Soldier Fly Larvae Meal and Its Application Effect in Laying Hens’ Diet[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(10) : 6358 -6371 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.541

昆虫蛋白质是以昆虫的卵、幼虫、成虫、蛹、蛾等生长阶段虫体制成的一种蛋白质原料,其蛋白质含量高、氨基酸比例均衡,有利于畜禽生长发育,具有成为新型蛋白质原料的潜力[1]。昆虫繁殖快,适口性好,富含几丁质、抗菌肽等生物活性成分[2],既可以高密度养殖,又具有饲料转化率高的特点[3]。目前研究较多且适用于替代豆粕等常规蛋白质原料的昆虫蛋白质源包括黄粉虫、蝗虫、蟋蟀、家蝇和黑水虻等。其中,黑水虻的养殖成本较低廉,饲用价值较高,在自然界以腐烂的有机物和动物粪便为食,如腐烂的水果、动物尸体等[4],具有营养富集作用,能降解餐厨垃圾以及动物粪便,并富集其中的营养成分,转化为高附加值的虫体蛋白[5]。研究表明,黑水虻幼虫含有丰富的粗蛋白质(40%~44%)和粗脂肪(31%~35%),并且富含必需氨基酸、矿物质和维生素,其中钙(5%~8%)和磷含量(0.6%~1.5%)都高于鱼粉[6],且含有丰富的几丁质、抗菌肽等生物活性物质[6-7],可以作为优质蛋白质原料。
Biasato等[8]研究报道,饲粮中添加5%和10%的脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉不会对仔猪生长性能、营养物质消化率、血液指标、肠道形态或组织学特征产生负面影响。Zhu等[9]研究显示,黑水虻幼虫替代豆粕可改善育肥猪生长性能和肉品质。饲粮中添加不同水平黑水虻幼虫可提高肉鸡生长性能,对血清生化指标无显著影响[10-11]。叶宝忠等[12]研究表明,饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫粉可提高蛋鸡的产蛋率,降低料蛋比。因此,黑水虻具有替代常规蛋白质原料的潜力,可在畜禽饲粮中使用。
饲料原料营养价值的准确评定是其精准应用的基本前提,但目前关于黑水虻蛋白质原料在蛋鸡饲粮中的营养价值尚未见报道。此外,针对全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在产蛋高峰期蛋鸡饲粮中应用效果及适宜添加水平尚不清楚。因此,本研究旨在评定全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的表观代谢能和回肠氨基酸消化率,并探究饲粮中添加不同水平全脂黑水虻幼虫粉对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和血清生化指标的影响,为实际生产中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的应用提供理论依据,为蛋鸡饲粮中的豆粕减量替代提供数据支撑。

1 材料与方法

1.1 动物试验伦理批准编号

本试验中,动物的使用和试验方案经西南科技大学生物与健康伦理委员会批准(L2023005)。

1.2 试验材料

本试验所用全脂黑水虻幼虫粉主要营养成分含量为:干物质97.20%,粗蛋白质33.65%,粗脂肪41.50%,粗纤维7.80%,中性洗涤纤维10.90%,酸性洗涤纤维5.90%,粗灰分11.70%,钙3.43%,总磷0.72%,总能25.01 MJ/kg。其中,干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗灰分、钙、总磷含量的测定方法分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2006、GB/T 20806—2006、NY/T 1459—2007、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6436—2002、GB/T 6437—2002;总能参照国际标准ISO 9831:1998的方法,使用氧弹式测热仪测定。

1.3 试验1:全脂黑水虻幼虫粉表观代谢能的测定

1.3.1 试验设计与饲养管理

本试验在吉林省农业科学院动物营养研究所和中国农业大学动物科学技术学院共建的家禽能量营养联合研究中心进行。选用42周龄、体重相近、健康状况良好的海兰褐蛋鸡16只,随机分为2个组,每组8个重复,每个重复1只。试验期为10 d,预试期7 d,正试期3 d。在预试期内,所有试验鸡自由采食基础饲粮,以适应环境;在正试期内,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂试验饲粮。基础饲粮参照《海兰褐鸡营养需要标准(2014版)》配制;采用套算法将全脂黑水虻幼虫粉以10%比例替代基础饲粮,构成试验饲粮。试验1饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。试验鸡于代谢笼中饲养,每笼1只鸡,均匀间隔,鸡舍的温度和光照设置参考《海兰褐蛋鸡饲养管理标准(2018)》执行,温度为(22±1) ℃,每天光照16 h,黑暗8 h,光照强度为30 lx。试验期间,自由采食和饮水。
表1 试验1饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets in experiment 1 (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items 基础饲粮 Basal diet 试验饲粮 Experimental diet
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 61.00 53.82
豆粕 Soybean meal 21.00 18.53
玉米蛋白粉 Corn protein powder 2.00 1.77
豆油 Soybean oil 1.00 0.88
全脂黑水虻幼虫粉 Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal 10.00
石粉 Limestone 10.00 10.00
预混料 Premix1) 5.00 5.00
合计 Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
干物质 Dry matter 89.00 89.90
粗蛋白质 Crude protein 17.06 19.85
总能 Gross energy/(MJ/kg) 14.51 15.51

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met 2.8 g,L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-lysine HCl (78.4%) 0.15 g,VA 20 000 IU,VD3 6 000 IU,VE 60 mg,VK3 3 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 4.6 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 15 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 10.6 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 90 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 24 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.4 mg,Fe 200 mg,Cu 40 mg,Zn 200 mg,Mn 240 mg,Se 0.6 mg。

2)营养水平为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values.

1.3.2 样品采集

正试期期间,记录试验鸡初始体重、结束体重、采食量、排泄物重量等数据。采用全收粪法收集3 d内的粪便,挑出杂质(如羽毛、撒料等),再用10%稀盐酸固氮后置于-20 ℃冰箱中保存。收齐3 d粪便后进行混合,置于65 ℃烘箱中干燥72 h,随后在室温下回潮24 h。将处理好的样品经粉碎和过40目筛后装入自封袋,留样待测。

1.3.3 指标测定及方法

1.3.3.1 常规营养成分

饲粮和粪便样品中常规营养成分的测定参照国标方法,同1.1。

1.3.3.2 饲粮表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能

相关计算公式[13]如下:

食入总能(MJ)=饲粮总能×采食量;

排泄总能(MJ)=粪便总能×排粪量;

饲粮表观代谢能(MJ/kg)=(食入总能-

排泄总能)/采食量;

饲粮氮校正表观代谢能(MJ/kg)=表观

代谢能(MJ/kg)-氮沉积×34.39。

式中:氮沉积为家禽每采食1 kg饲粮所沉积氮量;34.39表示每沉积1 kg氮用34.39 MJ进行校正。

1.3.3.3 原料表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能

采用套算法计算原料表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能,计算公式[13]如下:

原料表观代谢能(MJ/kg)=(待测饲粮表观代谢能-基础饲粮表观代谢能×a)/b;

原料氮校正表观代谢能(MJ/kg)=(待测饲粮氮校正表观代谢能-基础饲粮氮校正表观代谢能×a)/b。

式中:a为来自基础饲粮的供能原料在待测饲粮中的比例(%);b为待测原料在待测饲粮中的比例(%)。

1.4 试验2:全脂黑水虻幼虫粉回肠氨基酸消化率的测定

1.4.1 试验设计与饲养管理

本试验在吉林省农业科学院动物营养研究所和中国农业大学动物科学技术学院共建的家禽能量营养联合研究中心进行。选用42周龄、体重相近、健康状况良好的海兰褐蛋鸡24只,随机分为2个组(无氮饲粮组和试验饲粮组),每组6个重复,每个重复2只鸡。试验期10 d,预试期7 d,正试期3 d。试验鸡自由采食基础饲粮适应7 d后,正试期分别采食无氮饲粮和试验饲粮3 d。试验饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉作为唯一氨基酸来源,以二氧化钛(TiO2)为外源指示剂。试验2饲粮组成及营养水平见表2。试验鸡于代谢笼中饲养,每笼1只鸡,均匀间隔,鸡舍的温度和光照设置参考《海兰褐蛋鸡饲养管理标准(2018)》执行,温度为(22±1) ℃,每天光照16 h,黑暗8 h,光照强度为30 lx。试验期间,自由采食和饮水。
表2 试验2饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets in experiment 2 (air-dry basis)%

项目 Items 无氮饲粮 Nitrogen-free diet 试验饲粮 Experimental diet
淀粉 Starch 59.88
蔗糖 Sucrose 31.50
纤维素 Cellulose 4.20
全脂黑水虻幼虫粉 Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal 60.00
葡萄糖 Glucose 34.40
豆油 Soybean oil 1.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 1.90 1.90
碳酸钙 CaCO3 1.30 1.30
氯化钠 NaCl 0.30 0.30
预混料 Premix 0.22 0.40
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 0.20 0.20
二氧化钛 TiO2 0.50 0.50
合计 Total 100.00 100.00

预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met 2.8 g,L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-lysine HCl (78.4%) 0.15 g,VA 20 000 IU,VD3 6 000 IU,VE 60 mg,VK3 3 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 4.6 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 15 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 10.6 mg,VB12 0.04 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 90 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 24 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2.0 mg,生物素 biotin 0.4 mg,Fe 200 mg,Cu 40 mg,Zn 200 mg,Mn 240 mg,Se 0.6 mg。

1.4.2 样品采集

本试验的样品采集方法参考文献[14],在饲喂试验饲粮第3天时,所有试验鸡先饥饿2 h,再自由采食1 h,清除余料,再过3 h后,翅静脉注射苯巴比妥钠麻醉(>30 mg/kg体重),分离回肠、对折后取回肠后段1/2(弃去最后2 cm),用蒸馏水将回肠食糜冲入铝盒中,每个蛋鸡食糜装入相应容器内,收集后的食糜立即放置于-20 ℃储存,冷冻后的食糜放入冷冻干燥机中冻干,置室温下回潮24 h,各重复内所有鸡只的冻干食糜经充分混合后,粉碎密封贮存,用于回肠氨基酸消化率的测定。

1.4.3 指标测定及方法

样品中干物质含量参照GB/T 6435—2014测定;饲粮和食糜中氨基酸含量参照GB/T 18246—2000测定,其中含硫氨基酸含量参照GB/T 15399—2018测定,色氨酸含量参照GB/T 15400—2018测定;TiO2含量参照GB 5009.246—2016方法,使用分光光度仪测定。
回肠氨基酸消化率计算公式[15]如下:

表观回肠氨基酸消化率(%)=100-[(食糜氨基酸含量×饲粮指示剂含量)/(饲粮氨基酸含量×食糜指示剂含量)×100];

无氮饲粮内源性氨基酸流量(mg/kg DMI)=(食糜氨基酸含量×饲粮指示剂含量)/食糜指示剂含量;

标准回肠氨基酸消化率(%)=表观回肠氨基酸消化率+(无氮饲粮内源性氨基酸流量/饲粮氨基酸浓度×100)。

式中:DMI表示干物质摄入量。

1.5 试验3:全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的应用效果

1.5.1 试验设计与饲养管理

本试验在四川圣迪乐村生态食品股份有限公司进行。选用1 080只36周龄体重相近、健康的产蛋高峰期罗曼粉蛋鸡,随机分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复36只鸡。试验期为35 d。对照组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,参照《罗曼粉蛋鸡饲养管理手册》配制;试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加2.5%、5.0%、7.5%和10.0%的全脂黑水虻幼虫粉,所有饲粮等能等氮。试验3饲粮组成及营养水平见表3。试验鸡采用舍内笼养,人工饲喂,自由饮水,鸡舍的温湿度和光照设置为:温度(22±1) ℃,相对湿度60%~70%,每天光照16 h、黑暗8 h,光照强度为30 lx。观察鸡只有无异常行为,定期打扫圈舍卫生。
表3 试验3饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of diets in experiment 3 (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平
Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level/%
0(对照 Control) 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
原料 Ingredients
玉米 Corn 60.95 60.62 59.78 58.07 56.36
豆粕 Soybean meal (43%CP) 18.93 17.99 17.81 16.05 14.29
干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
全脂黑水虻幼虫粉 Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal 2.50 5.00 7.50 10.00
玉米蛋白粉 Corn gluten meal 2.00 1.24
米糠油 Rice bran oil 1.70 1.41 1.34 1.51 1.69
石粉(粒) Limestone (graininess) 8.58 8.36 8.07 7.89 7.66
核苷酸 Nucleotide residue 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
膨润土 Spongy soil 1.00 1.95
石粉(粉) Limestone (powder) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.89 0.91 1.04 0.95 0.97
DL-蛋氨酸 DL-Met (99%) 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.22
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐 L-Lys HCl (70%) 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.13 0.15
L-色氨酸 L-Trp (98.5%) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
L-异亮氨酸 L-Ile (98.5%) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05
L-缬氨酸 L-Val (98.5%) 0.01 0.01
氯化钠 NaCl 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride (60%) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
预混料 Premix1) 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43
牛至香酚 Origanum odoratum extract 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 11.17 11.17 11.17 11.17 11.17
粗蛋白质 CP 15.56 15.54 15.68 15.68 15.42
钙 Ca 4 4 4 4 4
有效磷 AP 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
可消化赖氨酸 DLys 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.68
可消化蛋氨酸+可消化胱氨酸 DMet+DCys 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:Fe 74 mg (FeSO4·7H2O),Cu 10 mg (CuSO4·5H2O),Mn 74 mg (MnSO4·H2O),Zn 99 mg (ZnSO4·7H2O),Se 0.34 mg (NaSeO3),I 0.43 mg (KI),VA 9 860 IU,VD3 1 972 IU,VE 6 IU,VB1 1.0 mg,VB2 3.0 mg,VB6 1.8 mg,VB12 0.005 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 2.7 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.31 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 24.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg。

2)粗蛋白质为实测值,其余为计算值,参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(第24版)》进行计算。CP was a measured value, while the others were calculated values, according to the Chinese Feed Composition and Nutritional Value Table (24th edition).

1.5.2 样品采集及指标测定

1.5.2.1 生产性能

试验期间,每日定时记录各重复产蛋数、蛋重、不合格(脏、破、畸、沙、软等)蛋数及死淘鸡只数、死淘原因,每周定时结料、称料,计算平均日采食量。根据记录整理统计各组的产蛋率、平均蛋重和料蛋比,计算公式如下:

产蛋率(%)=[统计期内总蛋数/(试验鸡数×统计期天数)]×100;

平均蛋重(g)=平均每日总蛋重/总蛋数;

料蛋比=统计期内总耗料量/统计期内总蛋重。

1.5.2.2 蛋品质

在试验第35天,每个重复采集5枚蛋,即每个组采集30枚蛋,用于蛋品质测定。蛋壳颜色[亮度(L*)、红度(a*)和黄度(b*)]采用色差仪(日本柯尼卡美能达公司)测定,蛋壳强度采用蛋壳强度测定仪(MODEL-Ⅱ,日本Robotmation公司)测定,蛋白高度、蛋黄颜色和哈氏单位采用多功能蛋品分析仪(EMT7300,日本Robotmation公司)测定。

1.5.2.3 血清生化指标

试验结束时,从每个重复中选取1只蛋鸡,禁食12 h后翅静脉采血,1 509.3×g离心10 min分离血清,于-20 ℃保存,用于血清生化指标的测定。采用全自动血清生化分析仪(HITACH 7020,日本日立公司)测定血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性以及总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)和尿酸(UA)含量。

1.6 数据统计与分析

所有数据均采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行数据分析,试验1所得数据用独立样本t检验进行数据分析;试验3所得数据采用ANOVA程序进行方差分析,并采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,结合正交多项式进行线性和二次效应分析。P<0.05表示差异显著,数据采用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。

2 结果

2.1 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉和饲粮的表观代谢能和营养物质消化率

由表4可知,全脂黑水虻幼虫粉表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能分别为13.34和13.20 MJ/kg。
表4 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能(干物质基础)

Table 4 AME and AMEn of full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal (DM basis)MJ/kg

项目 Item 表观代谢能 AME 氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn
全脂黑水虻幼虫粉 Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal 13.34 13.20
由表5可知,2组之间试验鸡初始体重、代谢体重无显著差异(P>0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组的采食量、干物质消化率、表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能、表观代谢能/总能和氮校正表观代谢能/总能均显著降低(P<0.05),但粗蛋白质消化率显著提高(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮组成对蛋鸡营养物质消化率、代谢能和能量转化率的影响

Table 5 Effects of diet composition on nutrient digestibility, ME and energy conversion rates of laying hens (n=8)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 试验组
Experimental group		 SEM P值
P-value
初始体重 Body weight/kg 2.35 2.34 0.13 0.93
代谢体重 BW0.7/kg 1.82 1.81 0.71 0.94
采食量 Feed intake/[kg/(只·d)] 0.13a 0.10b 0.01 0.02
粗蛋白质消化率 CP digestibility/% 51.37b 62.99a 1.65 <0.01
干物质消化率 DM digestibility/% 70.70a 60.65b 1.03 <0.01
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg DM)
表观代谢能 AME 13.02a 12.75b 0.07 <0.01
氮校正表观代谢能 AMEn 12.95a 12.68b 0.07 <0.01
能量转化率 Energy conversion rates/%
表观代谢能/总能 AME/GE 79.86a 73.91b 0.44 <0.01
氮校正表观代谢能/总能 AMEn/GE 79.40a 73.46b 0.46 <0.01

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。表7、表8、表9同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9.

2.2 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉回肠氨基酸消化率

由表6可知,全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的表观回肠氨基酸消化率为41.87%~82.22%,标准回肠氨基酸消化率为50.83%~92.47%。必需氨基酸中,组氨酸的消化率(表观回肠消化率为82.22%,标准回肠消化率为92.47%)最高,其次是精氨酸(表观回肠氨基酸消化率为71.62%,标准回肠氨基酸消化率为73.19%)和蛋氨酸(表观回肠氨基酸消化率为70.55%、标准回肠氨基酸消化率为72.05%),苏氨酸(表观回肠氨基酸消化率为51.97%,标准回肠氨基酸消化率为56.38%)最低。
表6 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉回肠氨基酸消化率(干物质基础)

Table 6 Ileal amino acid digestibility of full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal (DM basis, n=6)%

项目
Items		 表观回肠消化率
Apparent ileal digestibility		 标准回肠消化率
Standardized ileal digestibility
必需氨基酸 Essential amino acids
苯丙氨酸 Phe 59.55 63.57
精氨酸 Arg 71.62 73.19
赖氨酸 Lys 66.94 68.85
蛋氨酸 Met 70.55 72.05
缬氨酸 Val 69.05 71.09
亮氨酸 Leu 65.36 67.46
异亮氨酸 Ile 64.96 66.77
苏氨酸 Thr 51.97 56.38
组氨酸 His 82.22 92.47
色氨酸 Trp 68.72 73.31
非必需氨基酸 Non-essential amino acids
甘氨酸 Gly 56.91 59.11
丙氨酸 Ala 69.85 71.47
脯氨酸 Pro 58.60 60.70
丝氨酸 Ser 56.44 60.51
天冬氨酸 Asp 63.57 66.03
谷氨酸 Glu 67.28 69.38
胱氨酸 Cys 41.87 50.83
酪氨酸 Tyr 72.08 74.23

2.3 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

由表7可知,随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,蛋鸡的产蛋率呈线性升高(P<0.05),料蛋比呈线性降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,5.0%、7.5%和10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05)。
表7 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level on performance of laying hens (n=6)

项目
Items		 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平
Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal
supplemental level/%		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0(对照
Control)		 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
产蛋率 Laying rate/% 93.80 94.78 96.10 95.99 96.12 0.78 0.17 0.03 0.30
平均蛋重 Average egg weight/g 62.56 62.26 62.44 62.56 63.19 0.31 0.32 0.13 0.14
料蛋比 Feed to egg ratio 1.97a 1.93ab 1.91b 1.90b 1.89b 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.20
平均日采食量
Average daily feed intake/g		 115.29 113.82 114.52 114.16 114.84 0.85 0.77 0.84 0.32

2.4 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

由表8可知,随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,鸡蛋蛋黄颜色呈二次变化(P<0.05),而蛋壳a*和b*值呈线性降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的蛋壳强度显著降低(P<0.05),2.5%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的蛋黄颜色显著降低(P<0.05)。饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对其他蛋品质指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表8 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

Table 8 Effects of dietary full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level on egg quality of laying hens (n=6)

项目
Items		 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平
Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal
supplemental level/%		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0(对照
Control)		 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
蛋白高度 Albumen height/mm 8.38 7.90 8.25 8.12 8.17 0.21 0.55 0.74 0.45
哈氏单位 Haugh unit 90.55 87.53 89.87 88.72 89.02 1.24 0.50 0.64 0.51
蛋黄颜色 Yolk color 13.38a 12.77b 12.97ab 13.07ab 13.42a 0.14 0.01 0.41 <0.01
蛋壳强度
Eggshell strength/(kg/cm2)		 4.03a 3.68ab 3.92ab 4.12a 3.50b 0.12 <0.01 0.11 0.22
蛋壳颜色 Eggshell color
亮度 L* 76.34 76.72 76.94 78.24 77.18 0.50 0.16 0.05 0.34
红度 a* 7.71 7.44 7.45 6.71 7.04 0.28 0.13 0.03 0.67
黄度 b* 25.00 23.82 24.88 23.05 23.47 0.56 0.08 0.04 0.89

2.5 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表9可知,随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,蛋鸡血清ALP活性和UA含量呈二次变化(P<0.05)。5.0%、7.5%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的血清UA含量显著低于10%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组(P<0.05)。饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对其他血清生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表9 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 9 Effects of dietary full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal supplemental level on serum biochemical indexes of laying hens (n=6)

项目
Items		 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平
Full-fat black soldier fly larvae meal
supplemental level/%		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0(对照
Control)		 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0
谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) 5.07 5.68 4.98 4.47 5.57 0.32 0.09 0.85 0.34
谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) 192.45 191.85 185.67 191.78 208.27 6.98 0.24 0.17 0.09
总蛋白 TP/(mmol/L) 55.65 53.55 54.70 54.11 55.69 1.91 0.91 0.92 0.44
白蛋白 ALB/(g/L) 18.51 18.55 18.98 18.39 19.08 0.42 0.72 0.47 0.87
碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) 676.17 1 517.67 1 536.17 1 370.17 680.17 383.47 0.29 0.91 0.03
尿酸 UA/(μmol/L) 268.40ab 236.86ab 228.01b 205.99b 303.85a 16.28 <0.01 0.44 <0.01

3 讨论

3.1 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的代谢能

三大有机物质作为饲料原料能量的物质载体,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等常规营养物质含量与饲料有效能值存在正相关关系。本研究中,全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能分别为13.34和13.20 MJ/kg。王超胜[16]研究表明,30种豆粕表观代谢能为11.95~14.87 MJ/kg,平均值为13.24 MJ/kg。虽然黑水虻幼虫粉粗蛋白质含量低于豆粕,但其粗脂肪含量较高,可能是2种原料代谢能相近的内在原因。Mahmoud等[17]报道,肉鸡黑水虻幼虫粉的表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能分别为19.1和18.0 MJ/kg。Schiavone等[18]报道,部分脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉和完全脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉在肉鸡上的表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能分别为16.25和11.50 MJ/kg以及14.87和9.87 MJ/kg。前人研究肉鸡黑水虻蛋白质原料的表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能均高于本研究的全脂黑水虻幼虫粉,可能与黑水虻幼虫饲养基质和加工方法不同[19],以及试验鸡的品种及年龄等差异有关。本研究中,与饲喂基础饲粮相比,饲喂添加全脂黑水虻幼虫粉试验饲粮的试验鸡采食量、干物质消化率、表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能、表观代谢能/总能和氮校正表观代谢能/总能均显著降低,粗蛋白质消化率显著提高。全脂黑水虻幼虫粉粗脂肪含量高是导致蛋鸡采食量低的可能原因,但全脂黑水虻幼虫粉摄入对蛋鸡产蛋率和血清生化指标无明显异常影响,提示本研究中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的添加水平适宜,试验结果可靠。

3.2 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的回肠氨基酸消化率

准确评估蛋白质饲料中氨基酸消化率,才能更好地实现蛋鸡精准营养[20]。本研究结果显示,在蛋鸡饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的表观回肠氨基酸消化率为41.87%~82.22%,标准回肠氨基酸消化率为50.83%~92.47%,必需氨基酸中,组氨酸的消化率最高,其次是蛋氨酸和精氨酸,苏氨酸最低。目前尚未有全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的回肠氨基酸消化率的报道,De Marco等[21]报道,在肉鸡饲粮中黑水虻幼虫粉的表观回肠氨基酸消化率为42%~83%,必需氨基酸中,精氨酸和组氨酸的消化率最高,与本研究结果相似。黑水虻是替代豆粕的优质蛋白质原料。杨玉欣[22]研究表明,产蛋高峰期蛋鸡10种不同来源豆粕的表观回肠氨基酸消化率平均值在57.18%~79.23%,标准回肠氨基酸消化率平均值在86.56%~93.66%,高于本研究全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的回肠氨基酸消化率,其差异可能与鸡的品种、年龄等因素有关,以上因素会影响内源损失量,进而影响其对营养物质的消化利用。

3.3 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

动物生产性能是直接衡量养殖场经济效益的重要指标[23],蛋鸡的蛋重、产蛋率和料蛋比是反映其生产性能的重要指标[24]。诸多研究指出,饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫(活虫、虫粉或虫干)对蛋鸡生产性能无负面影响;部分研究还发现添加黑水虻幼虫可提高蛋鸡产蛋率和蛋重,并降低料蛋比[12,25⇓ -27]。Dabbou等[11]研究表明,肉鸡饲粮中添加5%、10%、15%的黑水虻幼虫粉,其活重、平均日增重、平均日采食量随黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加呈二次变化,在添加水平为10%时效果最佳。王馨悦等[28]报道,对于强制换羽后的蛋鸡,饲粮中添加黑水虻幼虫可显著提高其产蛋率,降低料蛋比,且饲粮中添加10%黑水虻幼虫对蛋鸡产蛋率恢复效果更好。本研究结果显示,随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,蛋鸡的产蛋率呈线性升高,料蛋比呈线性降低;与对照组相比,5.0%、7.5%和10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的料蛋比显著降低,其中以10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平组的生产性能最好,与上述报道一致。此外,有研究表明在24~45周龄添加黑水虻幼虫粉完全替代豆粕时,会对蛋鸡的采食量产生负面影响,从而影响生产性能[29]。这些研究结果的差异可能归因于黑水虻的饲养基质、昆虫阶段和加工方式等的不同。但从上述研究中观察到,添加水平过高对蛋鸡生产性能产生了不良影响,因此全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在添加水平为10%时对生产性能的提高效果最佳。

3.4 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响

哈氏单位、蛋白高度反映出鸡蛋新鲜度和蛋白质量[27],在蛋鸡饲粮中添加适量黑水虻对以上蛋品质指标无显著影响[30]。同样,本研究结果显示,随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,对哈氏单位、蛋白高度等无显著影响,但蛋黄颜色呈二次变化。Mwaniki等[31]报道,饲粮中添加10%、15%脱脂黑水虻幼虫粉线性提高了蛋黄颜色。Secci等[32]研究表明,将黑水虻幼虫粉完全替代豆粕饲喂蛋鸡,蛋黄颜色更深,并且发现蛋黄中富含β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素,这是蛋黄呈现橙黄色的主要原因;并证实了黑水虻和添加黑水虻的饲粮中含有更多的β-胡萝卜素和叶黄素。本试验中,平均日采食量呈现先降低后升高的变化,这可能是蛋黄颜色呈二次变化的原因。蛋壳强度和蛋壳厚度是反映蛋壳品质的指标,Mwaniki等[31]报道,添加黑水虻幼虫粉组的蛋壳强度高于对照组。本研究结果与前人结果相反,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉显著降低了鸡蛋蛋壳强度。相关研究表明,饲粮中添加17%黑水虻幼虫粉蛋鸡提高了钙的吸收与代谢,有助于提高蛋壳强度[29]。因此,黑水虻幼虫粉影响蛋壳强度的内在机理还有待探明。

3.5 饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标是反映动物生理状况和机体代谢是否正常的重要指标[33]。TP和ALB是评价家禽健康状况的重要指标,血清蛋白质在维持机体稳态方面发挥重要作用,ALB是机体蛋白质合成中最有利的氨基酸来源[34]。ALT和AST是判断肝功能是否正常的常用指标,当机体组织细胞受损时,血清ALT和AST活性较高[35]。本研究发现,随着饲粮中全脂黑水虻幼虫粉添加水平的增加,血清ALP活性和UA含量呈二次变化,但饲粮中添加10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉对蛋鸡血清生化指标无负面影响。Marono等[29]报道,饲粮中黑水虻幼虫粉完全替代豆粕对蛋鸡血清生化指标无显著影响;张金金等[36]研究结果显示,饲粮中添加3%、5%黑水虻幼虫粉替代豆粕可提高蛋鸡血清TP和ALB含量,对其他血清生化指标无显著影响。这说明黑水虻幼虫粉未对蛋鸡健康情况产生负面影响。

4 结论

① 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能分别为13.34和13.20 MJ/kg。
② 全脂黑水虻幼虫粉的表观回肠氨基酸消化率为41.87%~82.22%,标准回肠氨基酸消化率为50.83%~92.47%。
③ 饲粮中添加10.0%全脂黑水虻幼虫粉可提高蛋鸡产蛋率,降低料蛋比,增加蛋黄颜色,对蛋鸡血清生化指标无负面影响。
④ 本试验条件下,以产蛋率和料蛋比为参考指标,全脂黑水虻幼虫粉在蛋鸡饲粮中的适宜添加水平为10.0%。

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