Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 10: 6468 - 6478

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.550

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Quebracho Tannin Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Metabolism, and Antioxidant Capacity of Liaoning Cashmere Goats

  • CHEN Xuhui , 1 ,
  • ZHANG Ziyi 1 ,
  • WANG Chunyan 2 ,
  • DOU Xingtang 3 ,
  • ZHANG Shuzhi 4 ,
  • WU Zhenzhou 4 ,
  • LIU Haiying , 1, * ,
  • HAN Di , 2, *
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  • 1 School of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
  • 2 Liaoning Province Modern Agricultural Production Base Construction Engineering Center, Liaoyang 111000, China
  • 3 Liaoning Liaoning Cashmere Goat Seed Farm Co., Ltd., Liaoyang 111000, China
  • 4 Hefeng Food Co., Ltd., Shenyang 110121, China
*LIU Haiying, associate professor, E-mail: ;
HAN Di, professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-05-15

  Online published: 2024-10-14

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of diets with different levels of quebracho tannin (QT) on the growth performance, nutrient digestion and metabolism, and antioxidant capacity of Liaoning cashmere goats. Thirty-five yearling Liaoning cashmere goats with similar body weight [(36.67±3.21) kg] were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 7 goats in each group. The animals of control group were fed the basal diet, and those of the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg of QT, respectively. The feeding experiment lasted for 42 days, including 21 days in the pre-trial period and 21 days in the trial period. After the feeding experiment, digestion and metabolism experiment was carried out. The digestion and metabolism experiment lasted for 7 days, including 2 days of adaptation and 5 days of sampling. The results showed as follows: 1) the dry matter intake (DMI) of cashmere goats in the experimental groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the feed/gain (F/G) of cashmere goats in the 5, 10 and 15 g/kg QT groups were significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05); 2) the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber of cashmere goats in the 10 g/kg QT group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of ether extract and total phosphorus of cashmere goats in the 5 g/kg QT group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); 3) the urinary nitrogen of cashmere goats in the experimental groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the retained nitrogen and nitrogen utilization rate of cashmere goats in the 5,15 and 20 g/kg QT groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05); 4) the urea nitrogen content in plasma of cashmere goats in the experimental groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), the malondialdehyde content in plasma of cashmere goats in the 15 and 20 g/kg QT groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the total superoxide dismutase activity in plasma of cashmere goats in the 15 g/kg QT group was significantly higher than that in the control group and 5 g/kg QT group (P<0.05). In concludsion, dietary with appropriate amount of QT can increase the DMI of Liaoning cashmere goats, reduce the F/G and urinary nitrogen output, improve retained nitrogen and nitrogen utilization rate, and also increase the antioxidant capacity. Under the conditions of this experiment, the optimal supplementation level of QT in the diet of Liaoning cashmere goats is 15 g/kg.

Key words： quebracho tannin; cashmere goats; growth performance; digestion and metabolism; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

CHEN Xuhui , ZHANG Ziyi , WANG Chunyan , DOU Xingtang , ZHANG Shuzhi , WU Zhenzhou , LIU Haiying , HAN Di . Effects of Dietary Quebracho Tannin Supplementation on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Metabolism, and Antioxidant Capacity of Liaoning Cashmere Goats[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(10) : 6468 -6478 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.550

瘤胃微生物在反刍动物消化代谢过程中发挥着重要作用,但大量蛋白质在瘤胃中被降解,造成饲料资源浪费。蛋白质降解产物被动物吸收后以尿氮形式排出体外,而尿氮不稳定,易转化为氨气,最终污染环境[1]。通过植物源添加剂调控瘤胃发酵,提高氮利用率和减少甲烷排放,转变氮排泄途径,对提高饲料营养物质利用效率,减少养殖排放对环境的污染具有重要的科学意义[2]。
单宁是多酚类化合物,在植物中广泛存在,根据分子结构可以将其分为水解单宁(HT)和缩合单宁(CT)2种[3-4]。坚木单宁(QT)是缩合单宁的一种,由95%的缩合单宁或原花青素和5%的水溶性糖组成[5]。QT可以与蛋白质和碳水化合物形成难以消化的复合物,减少瘤胃中营养物质的降解,改善反刍动物的蛋白质代谢[6-7]。QT还具有清除自由基和抑制脂质过氧化的能力,可以抑制铁的还原能力,提高羔羊肌肉的抗氧化能力[8]。Norris等[9]研究发现,在饲粮中添加QT会导致英国杂交犊牛干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)和氮的消化率降低并且改变氮的排泄途径,使尿氮产量降低,粪氮在总排泄氮中的比例升高。Piñeiro-Vázquez等[10]研究也发现,饲粮中添加4% QT会降低杂交小母牛DM、OM、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)消化率。但也有研究表明饲粮中添加缩合单宁不会影响动物对营养物质的摄入量和消化率[11-12]。由于单宁来源多样、结构复杂,其作用效果不尽相同,因此探究适宜的单宁形式和添加水平对于单宁在动物生产中的利用具有重要意义。本试验通过在辽宁绒山羊饲粮中添加不同水平的QT,探讨QT对辽宁绒山羊生长性能、营养物质表观消化率、能量代谢、氮代谢、血浆生化和抗氧化指标的影响以及其适宜添加水平,旨在为QT在辽宁绒山羊生产实践中的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验所用QT为红褐色粉末状,单宁含量为75%。

1.2 试验动物与地点

本试验经沈阳农业大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会批准(批准号:No.2022030901)。选择35只体重[(36.67±3.21) kg]相近、体况良好的健康辽宁绒山羊1周岁公羊作为试验动物,试验地点在辽宁绒山羊育种中心科技示范场。

1.3 试验设计与饲粮

采用单因素随机试验设计,测定并记录35只绒山羊空腹状态下的初始体重,按体重均等原则随机分为5组,每组7只,单栏饲养,每只作为1个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,4个试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加5、10、15和20 g/kg的QT。饲养试验持续42 d,其中预试期21 d,正试期21 d。饲养试验结束后,进行消化代谢试验,消化代谢试验共持续7 d,其中适应期2 d,采样期5 d。
基础饲粮配制参照《绒山羊营养需要量》(NY/T 4048—2021)[13],为全混合日粮(TMR)形式,粗饲料为苜蓿和花生秧,精粗比为30∶70。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)%

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients
苜蓿 Alfalfa 20.00
花生秧 Peanut straw 50.00
玉米 Corn 15.30
豆粕 Soybean meal 7.94
小麦麸 Wheat bran 2.62
豆油 Soybean oil 0.94
小苏打 NaHCO3 0.83
磷酸氢钙 CaHPO4 0.45
石粉 Limestone 0.50
食盐 NaCl 0.58
维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) 0.84
合计 Total 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
消化能 DE/(MJ/kg) 10.73
粗蛋白质 CP 14.09
粗脂肪 EE 3.92
钙 Ca 1.26
总磷 TP 0.28
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 47.06
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 34.85

1)每千克维生素预混料提供 One kg of vitamin premix provided the following:VA 3 750 000 IU,VD 10 000 000 IU,VE 20 000 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 250 g。

2)消化能和所有营养成分均为实测值。DE and all nutrients were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验期间,各组绒山羊饲养管理条件相同,每日于08:00和16:00进行2次饲喂,自由采食和饮水,每日记录绒山羊采食量。试验期间每日及时清理废料和打扫羊舍卫生,密切关注绒山羊健康状况。

1.5 样品采集

1.5.1 粪样和尿样

饲养试验结束后,进行消化代谢试验,采用代谢笼全收粪尿法收集35只绒山羊的粪、尿样品。每天08:00准时收集剩料、粪、尿样品,称重并准确记录剩料量、排粪量、排尿量。每日按剩料量的10%、排粪量的10%~15%取样,将采样期所有样品混匀后装入塑封袋内,放于-20 ℃冰箱中,冷冻保存待测。每日取尿液总体积的10%装入瓶内,并加入10 mL 10%的稀硫酸固氮,之后将采用期内收集的所有尿样混匀,放置在-20 ℃冰箱中,冷冻保存备用。

1.5.2 瘤胃液样品

饲养试验结束当天通过口腔采集法采集晨饲后4 h瘤胃液100 mL,最初得到的50 mL弃去。将2层纱布过滤后的瘤胃液-20 ℃冰柜中保存,用于后续测定菌体蛋白(MCP)浓度;将4层纱布过滤后的瘤胃液-20 ℃冰柜中保存,用于后续测定氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度。

1.5.3 血浆样品

饲养试验结束当天的09:00于空腹状态下在绒山羊颈静脉处采集血液,缓慢注入涂有肝素(750 IU)的抗凝管中,室温下1 200×g离心10 min分离血浆样本,置于-80 ℃保存备用。

1.6 测定指标

1.6.1 生长性能

于饲养试验开始和结束时测量绒山羊的体重(晨饲前),记录每天的给料量和余料量,计算平均日增重(ADG)、干物质采食量(DMI)和料重比(F/G)。

1.6.2 营养物质消化代谢指标

饲料和粪样指标测定:将收集好的饲粮、余料和粪样在65 ℃下烘48 h,室温回潮24 h,记录烘干前后的重量,计算初水含量。烘干样品用粉碎机粉碎并过0.4 mm筛,置于密封袋中保存备用。NDF和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量参考Van Soest[14]的方法测定。DM、粗蛋白质(CP)(或氮)、粗脂肪(EE)、钙(Ca)、总磷(TP)等营养物质含量分别参照GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018中方法进行测定。饲粮、粪样和尿样能值使用德国艾卡量热仪C6000仪器采用直接测热法测定。将10 mL尿液滴至已知重量的定性滤纸,烘干滤纸并记录重量,而后测定能值并做空白滤纸试验,二者差值即为尿液能值。
营养物质表观消化率计算方法如下:

某营养物质表观消化率(%)=[(该营养物质进食量-该营养物质排出量)/该营养物质进食量]×100。

氮代谢指标计算方法如下:

进食氮(g/d)=给料量×饲粮中氮含量-余料量×余料中氮含量;

沉积氮(g/d)=进食氮-粪氮-尿氮;

可消化氮(g/d)=进食氮-粪氮;

氮利用率(%)=(沉积氮/进食氮)×100。

能量代谢指标计算方法如下:

摄入总能(MJ/d)=给料量×饲粮总能-余料量×余料总能;

消化能(MJ/d)=摄入总能-粪能;

总能消化率(%)=(消化能/摄入总能)×100。

1.6.3 瘤胃发酵参数

瘤胃液NH3-N浓度采用冯宗慈等[15]改进的比色法,以氯化铵作为标准品,在波长700 nm条件下进行测定;瘤胃液MCP浓度采用考马斯亮蓝法测定,所用试剂盒购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.6.4 血浆指标

血浆中葡萄糖(GLU)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、尿素氮(UN)、总蛋白(TP)含量均使用BioTek酶标仪测定,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性与丙二醛(MDA)含量均采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定,上述指标测定试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.7 数据统计分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)程序对数据进行方差分析,差异显著时采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较,并采用正交多项式对差异显著的数据进行线性和二次效应分析。试验数据用平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示。以P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊生长性能的影响

由表2可知,各组辽宁绒山羊初始体重、终末体重和ADG均无显著差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加5、10、15和20 g/kg QT均显著增加了辽宁绒山羊的DMI(P<0.05),并且10 g/kg QT组的DMI显著高于其他QT组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加5、10和15 g/kg QT均显著降低了辽宁绒山羊的F/G(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加坚木单宁对辽宁绒山羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary QT supplementation on growth performance of Liaoning cashmere goats

项目
Items		 坚木单宁添加水平
QT supplemental levels/(g/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 5 10 15 20
初始体重 IBW/kg 37.31 39.00 39.68 38.67 39.58 0.43 0.783 0.345 0.541
终末体重 FBW/kg 40.56 42.76 44.03 43.03 43.32 0.76 0.688 0.277 0.361
平均日增重
ADG/(g/d)		 154.6 179.2 207.3 207.7 166.1 10.50 0.397 0.490 0.152
干物质采食量
DMI/(g/d)		 1 120a 1 230b 1 325c 1 230b 1 201b 9.77 <0.001 0.017 <0.001
料重比 F/G 7.24d 6.87c 6.39b 5.92a 7.23d 0.06 <0.001 0.041 <0.001

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same line, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

由表3可知,10 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊的CP表观消化率显著低于5 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);10 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊的ADF表观消化率显著低于对照组和5、20 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);5 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊的EE和TP表观消化率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);其余指标各组间均差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加坚木单宁对辽宁绒山羊营养物质表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary QT supplementation on nutrient apparent digestibility of Liaoning cashmere goats%

项目
Items		 坚木单宁添加水平
QT supplemental levels/(g/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 5 10 15 20
干物质 DM 71.64 77.97 68.21 73.95 75.93 1.46 0.278 0.660 0.828
粗蛋白质 CP 72.09ab 77.17b 63.90a 68.56ab 74.49ab 0.56 0.016 0.758 0.416
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 59.01 66.75 62.33 63.38 65.80 1.42 0.646 0.516 0.631
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 57.71b 62.29b 44.50a 54.71ab 56.71b 1.21 0.039 0.467 0.328
粗脂肪 EE 67.82a 78.31b 71.06ab 70.19ab 74.55ab 0.77 0.015 0.585 0.742
钙 Ca 33.99 42.87 24.66 35.15 42.98 2.57 0.159 0.576 0.468
总磷 TP 45.84ab 59.84c 33.93a 46.76b 56.47bc 2.33 0.002 0.622 0.353

2.3 饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊能量代谢的影响

由表4可知,10和15 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊摄入总能显著高于对照组和5 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);5和20 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊粪能显著低于10 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);饲粮中添加不同水平QT对辽宁绒山羊尿能、消化能和总能消化率均未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
表4 饲粮中添加坚木单宁对辽宁绒山羊能量代谢的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary QT supplementation on energy metabolism of Liaoning cashmere goats

项目
Items		 坚木单宁添加水平
QT supplemental levels/(g/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 5 10 15 20
摄入总能
GE intake/(MJ/d)		 17.17a 17.36a 19.93b 19.42b 18.32ab 0.32 0.015 0.051 0.016
粪能 FE/(MJ/d) 5.15ab 4.51a 6.75b 5.38ab 4.52a 0.26 0.046 0.836 0.233
尿能 UE/(MJ/d) 0.53 0.48 0.58 0.51 0.45 0.03 0.711 0.532 0.658
消化能 DE/(MJ/d) 12.02 12.85 13.18 14.05 13.80 0.34 0.352 0.045 0.115
总能消化率
GE digestibility/%		 70.10 74.75 66.28 72.07 75.03 1.17 0.117 0.388 0.433

2.4 饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊氮代谢的影响

由表5可知,5、10和20 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊进食氮显著高于对照组(P<0.05),且5和10 g/kg QT组还显著高于15 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);10 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊粪氮显著高于其他组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加5、10、15和20 g/kg QT显著降低了辽宁绒山羊尿氮(P<0.05),且15和20 g/kg QT组显著低于5和10 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);各组间可消化氮差异不显著(P>0.05);与对照组相比,5、15和20 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊沉积氮显著提高(P<0.05);5 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊粪氮/进食氮显著低于10 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,饲粮中添加5、10、15和20 g/kg QT显著降低了辽宁绒山羊的尿氮/进食氮(P<0.05),且15和20 g/kg QT组显著低于5和10 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);5、15和20 g/kg QT组绒山羊氮利用率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各试验组辽宁绒山羊的氮表观消化率与对照组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但5 g/kg QT组显著高于10 g/kg QT组(P<0.05),比10 g/kg QT组高出13.27%。此外,5 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊瘤胃液中MCP浓度显著高于其他组(P<0.05),10 g/kg QT组绒山羊MCP浓度显著高于15 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);饲粮中添加不同水平QT未对辽宁绒山羊瘤胃液中NH3-N浓度产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加坚木单宁对辽宁绒山羊氮代谢的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary QT supplementation on nitrogen metabolism of Liaoning cashmere goats

项目
Items		 坚木单宁添加水平
QT supplemental levels/(g/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 5 10 15 20
进食氮 NI/(g/d) 22.29a 25.53c 25.90c 23.18ab 24.56bc 0.34 0.006 0.531 0.110
粪氮 FN/(g/d) 6.11a 5.76a 9.27b 7.08a 6.17a 0.18 0.016 0.625 0.101
尿氮 UN/(g/d) 11.23c 8.18b 8.90b 6.43a 5.87a 0.09 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
可消化氮 DN/(g/d) 16.19 19.78 16.63 16.10 18.39 0.20 0.213 0.929 0.996
沉积氮 RN/(g/d) 4.95a 11.60bc 7.73ab 9.67bc 12.53c 0.29 0.004 0.013 0.046
粪氮/进食氮
FN/NI/%		 27.91ab 22.83a 36.11b 31.44ab 25.51ab 0.56 0.016 0.758 0.416
尿氮/进食氮
UN/NI/%		 50.56c 32.19b 34.48b 27.79a 23.97a 0.62 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
氮利用率 NUR/% 21.53a 44.98c 29.42ab 40.77bc 50.52c 1.14 0.001 0.004 0.018
氮表观消化率
NAD/%		 72.09ab 77.17b 63.90a 68.56ab 74.49ab 0.56 0.016 0.758 0.416
瘤胃液 Rumen fluid/(mg/dL)
氨态氮 NH3-N 27.72 26.83 22.42 23.21 25.88 0.79 0.127 0.111 0.023
菌体蛋白 MCP 39.05ab 51.37c 41.92b 35.23a 38.16ab 1.29 <0.001 0.050 0.097

2.5 饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊血浆指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加10、15和20 g/kg QT显著降低了辽宁绒山羊血浆中UN含量(P<0.05),其中以15 g/kg QT组最低;5 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊血浆中TP含量显著低于15和20 g/kg QT组(P<0.05);饲粮中添加不同水平QT对辽宁绒山羊血浆中GLU、TG和TC含量未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
表6 饲粮中添加坚木单宁对辽宁绒山羊血浆生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary QT supplementation on plasma biochemical indexes of Liaoning cashmere goats

项目
Items		 坚木单宁添加水平
QT supplemental levels/(g/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 5 10 15 20
葡萄糖
GLU/(mmol/L)		 2.11 2.01 1.58 1.98 1.74 0.20 0.766 0.844 0.714
甘油三酯
TG/(mmol/L)		 1.24 1.41 1.22 1.31 1.30 0.04 0.198 0.403 0.433
总胆固醇
TC/(mmol/L)		 1.96 1.90 1.44 1.75 1.66 0.06 0.216 0.156 0.349
尿素氮
UN/(mmol/L)		 6.26c 5.73c 4.19b 3.00a 3.73b 0.06 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
总蛋白 TP/(g/L) 45.99ab 43.88a 46.86abc 49.87c 49.35bc 0.62 0.007 0.003 0.009
由表7可知,10、15和20 g/kg QT组辽宁绒山羊血浆中MDA含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),T-SOD活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);饲粮中添加不同水平QT对辽宁绒山羊血浆中T-AOC和GSH-Px活性均未产生显著影响(P>0.05)。
表7 饲粮中添加坚木单宁对辽宁绒山羊血浆抗氧化指标的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary QT supplementation on plasma antioxidant indexes of Liaoning cashmere goats

项目
Items		 坚木单宁添加水平
QT supplemental levels/(g/kg)		 SEM P值 P-value
方差分析
ANOVA		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
0 5 10 15 20
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(U/mL)		 4.77 4.83 4.84 4..78 4.71 0.12 0.998 0.779 0.938
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 283.59 271.86 320.31 325.00 358.12 28.68 0.908 0.262 0.540
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mL)		 4.73d 3.90cd 3.62bc 2.87a 2.65a 0.10 <0.001 0.001 0.001
总超氧化物歧化酶
T-SOD/(U/mL)		 46.84a 48.95ab 53.06bc 56.75c 52.36bc 0.61 0.001 0.083 0.005

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊生长性能的影响

虽然单宁过去被认为是抗营养物质,并且有报道称饲粮中添加单宁会减少动物的采食量[16⇓-18],但也有研究表明添加QT可以增加动物的采食量。例如,Lobón等[19]研究发现,在羔羊育肥期饲粮中添加50 g/kg QT增加了羔羊增重和采食量;Battelli等[20]研究发现,在饲粮中添加3% QT提高了阿尔卑斯山羊的DMI;苏婷婷[21]研究发现,在饲粮中添加5 g/kg QT增加了辽宁绒山羊的采食量和增重。在本研究中,饲粮中添加QT增加了辽宁绒山羊的DMI,降低了F/G。这与前人的研究结果基本一致,即饲粮中添加适量QT有助于提高动物的生长性能。

3.2 饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊营养物质消化代谢的影响

QT与饲粮中营养物质(特别是蛋白质和纤维)或瘤胃微生物或其酶形成复合物,抑制微生物生长,进而减少瘤胃中微生物对营养物质的降解[22-23]。Al-Dobaib[24]研究发现,饲粮中添加3% QT时羔羊瘤胃微生物合成量减少了13%,NDF和ADF表观消化率平均降低18.9%。Kamel等[25]添加40 g/kg QT和Attia等[26]添加2.6% QT时试验羊也有相似的结果。Al-Kindi等[27]研究也发现,添加2%和4% QT降低了山羊的ADF和NDF表观消化率。本试验中,饲粮中添加QT使辽宁绒山羊的DM和ADF表观消化率降低,这与上述研究结果基本一致;但QT的添加提高了NDF和EE的表观消化率,与上述研究结果不一致。Nascimento等[28]也发现添加25 g/kg DM缩合单宁可以增加山羊的NDF表观消化率。而Dschaak等[29]研究发现,添加3%(DM基础)QT不会对荷斯坦奶牛的DM和营养物质表观消化率产生影响。不同研究所得结果的不一致可能与饲粮组成、试验动物种类以及QT的添加方式和添加水平、QT的化学结构和分子质量的可变性等有关[30-31]。本研究中,饲粮中添加QT增加了辽宁绒山羊的摄入总能,消化能也有所增加,消化能增加可能与DMI增加和EE表观消化率提高有关[32]。
QT可以和蛋白质结合形成复合物以及直接或间接影响MCP水解酶的活性,进而减少瘤胃中蛋白质的降解[33]。正常情况下瘤胃液的pH维持在6.5~7.5[34]。单宁-蛋白质复合物在pH>7的环境下会解离,因而在小肠中单宁-蛋白质复合物解离,使得更多的蛋白质在小肠中被消化吸收[30,35]。在本研究中,饲粮中添加QT显著降低了辽宁绒山羊的尿氮排出量,氮排泄途径由以尿液排泄为主转为以粪便排泄为主,这一结果与其他山羊试验中的结果[28,36⇓-38]相符。粪氮在氮排泄途径中占比的提高对环境具有积极的影响,因为粪便中的氮相比于尿中的氮更加稳定,进而减少反刍动物生产中氨气(NH3)和氮气(N2)的排放[39-40]。在本研究中,饲粮中添加QT显著提高了辽宁绒山羊的氮利用率,但对氮表观消化率没有显著影响。Kamel等[25]的研究也发现,在绵羊饲粮中添加20 g/kg QT可以提高绵羊的氮利用率并且不会影响氮表观消化率,但当添加量为40 g/kg时显著降低绵羊的氮表观消化率。NH3-H是瘤胃中蛋白质降解的产物。Aguerre等[35]研究发现,荷斯坦奶牛瘤胃液中NH3-H浓度随着QT添加水平的增加而降低。本研究中,饲粮中添加QT后辽宁绒山羊瘤胃液中NH3-H的浓度也有减少的趋势。UN是机体内蛋白质代谢的终末产物。张一平等[41]研究发现,在西门塔尔育肥牛饲粮中添加20 g/kg单宁提取物显著降低了血液中UN含量。任帅等[42]在泌乳早期荷斯坦奶牛饲粮中添加20 g/kg单宁提取物也得出相同结果。本研究中,辽宁绒山羊血浆UN含量随QT添加水平的增加而降低,尿液中氮的含量也随之不断降低,这表明添加QT减少了瘤胃中蛋白质的降解,使得更多的蛋白质进入小肠被消化吸收,减少血液中UN含量和尿氮排出量并增加了沉积氮,提高了氮利用率;而饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊氮表观消化率未产生显著影响可能与瘤胃中蛋白质降解减少和流入小肠中的蛋白质增多有关。

3.3 饲粮中添加QT对辽宁绒山羊抗氧化能力的影响

在本研究中,饲粮中添加QT未对辽宁绒山羊血浆中GLU、TG和TC含量产生显著影响,这与López-Andrés等[43]和Buccioni等[44]的研究结果一致,因此添加QT不会对辽宁绒山羊的健康产生不利影响。T-AOC是体内多种抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶构成的总抗氧化水平。GSH-Px可以将有毒的过氧化物还原成无毒的羟基化合物,从而保护细胞膜的结构及功能不受过氧化物的干扰及损害[45]。MDA是膜脂质过氧化过程中的一个重要产物,是反映生物体内氧化应激水平的重要指标。T-SOD能消除生物体在新陈代谢过程中产生的有害物质,是机体内清除自由基、抗氧化的一种金属酶。在本研究中,虽然添加QT对辽宁绒山羊血浆中T-AOC没有显著影响,但MDA含量随着QT添加水平的增加而减少,T-SOD活性随QT添加水平的增加而增加,GSH-Px活性也随着QT添加水平的增加而增加,说明添加QT提高了辽宁绒山羊的抗氧化能力。López-Andrés等[43]的研究发现,饲粮中添加QT可以提高绵羊的抗氧化能力。Orzuna-Orzuna等[46]的研究也发现,在饲粮中加入QT可以降低绵羊血清中MDA含量,提高GSH-Px活性,进而提高机体的抗氧化能力。这与QT可以在胃肠道中直接介导抗氧化过程,去除或螯合促氧化化合物并且减少脂质的过氧化,进而改善动物的抗氧化状态有关[47-48]。

4 结论

在饲粮中添加适量QT可提高辽宁绒山羊的DMI,降低F/G,减少尿氮排出量和血浆中UN含量,提高沉积氮和氮利用率,并提高机体的抗氧化能力。在本试验条件下,饲粮中QT的最适添加水平为15 g/kg。

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