Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 10: 6539 - 6548

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.555

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Succinic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients, Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Slaughter Performance of Tan Sheep

  • YANG Jing ,
  • ZHANG Ning ,
  • REN Wenyi ,
  • LIU Miao ,
  • ZHANG Lili , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-04-11

  Online published: 2024-10-14

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of succinic acid supplementation on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation parameters and slaughter performance of Tan sheep. Thirty-six 5-month-old Tan sheep with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 3 sheep per replicate. Sheep in control group were fed a diet without succinic acid, and those in LSUC, MSUC and HSUC groups were fed diets with 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% succinic acid, respectively. The pre-test period was 10 days and the experimental period was 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily gain of sheep in the MSUC and HSUC groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); the dry matter intake in the LSUC, MSUC and HSUC groups was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05); the feed/gain ratio in the MSUC and HSUC groups was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05); the carcass weight and GR value in the LSUC, MSUC and HSUC groups were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the apparent digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of sheep in the LSUC, MSUC and HSUC groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the apparent digestibility of crude protein in the HSUC groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the rumen fluid pH of sheep in the MSUC and HSUC groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the ammonia nitrogen concentration in rumen fluid of sheep in the LSUC, MSUC and HSUC groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05); the acetic acid concentration in rumen fluid of sheep in the MSUC and HSUC groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the propionic acid concentration in rumen fluid of sheep in the LSUC and MSUC groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the butyric acid and total volatile fatty acid concentration in rumen fluid of sheep in the LSUC, MSUC and HSUC groups were significantly increased (P<0.05); the acetic acid/propionic acid in rumen fluid of sheep in the LSUC group was significantly decreased (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the activities of cellulase, α-amylase, lipase and protease in rumen fluid of sheep among four groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, diet supplemented with succinic acid can increase feed intake, promote rumen fermentation, improve feed conversion efficiency, and thus improve the daily gain and slaughter performance of Tan sheep.

Key words： succinic acid; Tan sheep; rumen fermentation; daily gain; carcass weight

Cite this article

YANG Jing , ZHANG Ning , REN Wenyi , LIU Miao , ZHANG Lili . Effects of Succinic Acid Supplementation on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility of Nutrients, Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Slaughter Performance of Tan Sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(10) : 6539 -6548 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.555

随着现代畜牧业的快速发展及国民经济水平的日益提高,人们对生活质量和水平的要求大大提升,未来几年对畜产品的需求量也会不断增加,进而养殖动物的健康和福利备受重视。过去,通过在饲粮中添加抗生素中来促进动物的生长发育、提高饲料利用效率并提高其免疫力,进而最大限度地挖掘动物的生产潜力[1]。但抗生素的过度添加会危害畜禽健康,可能将有害物质残留于畜产品中,进而危害人类的健康。由于抗生素对人类安全存在危害,很多国家处于对人类健康的考虑,限制在动物饲粮中添加抗生素,我国已自2020年7月1日起全面禁止在畜禽饲粮中添加抗生素。随着抗生素的禁用,寻找能改善畜禽健康、提高生产性能且无公害、无残留的绿色饲料添加剂成为当务之急。目前比较有效的抗生素替代物包括益生菌、中草药、植物提取物、酶制剂、酸化剂、益生元和多糖类添加剂等[2]。
琥珀酸作为一种重要的代谢产物,处于多种代谢途径的交汇处[3],是分解代谢的枢纽和多种合成代谢的起点,同时还参与了活性氧的形成和清除[4]。琥珀酸是丙酸的重要前体,而丙酸通过瘤胃壁被吸收,随后被氧化,为反刍动物提供能量和生物合成前体[5]。琥珀酸以添加剂的形式在猪、小鼠、鸡以及水产动物生产中都有应用研究。梁冰清[6]研究发现,琥珀酸能促进骨骼肌蛋白质的合成,从而促进肌肉生长,而且在饲粮添加1%的琥珀酸在一定程度上能降低猪肉的蒸煮损失,改善猪肉品质。耿凤琴[7]研究发现,在琥珀酸的作用下,雏鸡血清中线粒体膜三磷酸腺苷酶的活性有所提高,从而满足肝脏内的能量代谢,还可以提高低密度脂蛋白的生物合成及溶菌酶活性。王凯英等[8]研究发现,在水貂的饲粮中加入0.4%的琥珀酸可以显著提高水貂的胃蛋白酶活性,对营养物质的消化也有积极的促进作用,并且此添加量下水貂皮张的延展性、皮板韧性、成熟度、皮长以及皮重均为最佳。王令[9]研究发现,饲粮中添加琥珀酸钠可以提高奶牛的产奶量。琥珀酸在动物生产中具有一定的应用潜力,但目前其在反刍动物生产中的应用及研究还是比较少。因此,本试验通过在饲粮中添加不同水平的琥珀酸,研究其对滩羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、瘤胃发酵以及屠宰性能的影响,以期为琥珀酸在滩羊生产中的应用提供一定的科学依据和参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选择的试验对象为5月龄、体况发育良好、健康且无疾病的宁夏滩羊公羔,体重为(31.38±0.88) kg,共计36只。将上述试验羊随机分配到4个组中,每个组别包含3个重复,每个重复3只滩羊,各重复之间用栏杆隔开。试验方案如下:对照组饲粮中不添加琥珀酸;LSUC组饲粮中添加0.5%的琥珀酸;MSUC组饲粮中添加1.0%的琥珀酸;HSUC组饲粮中添加2.0%的琥珀酸。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。配制试验饲粮时参考《肉羊营养需要量》(NY/T 816—2021)的营养标准并结合实际的生产情况,遵循等能原则进行原料配比,精饲料与粗饲料的比例设定为50∶50。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis)%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 LSUC组
LSUC group		 MSUC组
MSUC group		 HSUC组
HSUC group
原料 Ingredients
玉米秸秆 Corn stalk 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
玉米 Corn 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00
柠条 Caragana korshinskii 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
豆粕 Soybean meal 10.00 10.00 10.00 11.00
胚芽粕 Germ meal 7.00 7.00 6.50 5.50
干酒糟及其可溶物 DDGS 5.50 5.00 5.00 4.00
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
预混料 Premix1) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
糖蜜 Molasses 1.20 1.20 1.20 1.20
琥珀酸 Succinic acid 0.50 1.00 2.00
脱霉剂 Mildew removing agent 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels2)
代谢能 ME/(MJ/kg) 9.43 9.44 9.46 9.51
粗蛋白质 CP 14.44 14.29 14.18 14.12
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 41.98 41.84 41.68 41.22
钙 Ca 0.96 0.96 0.96 0.96
磷 P 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.39

1)每千克预混料提供 Provided the following per kg of premix:VA 300 000 IU,VD 35 000 IU,VE 2 000 IU,Cu 200 mg,Fe 1 800 mg,Zn 1 100 mg,Mn 750 mg,I 6 mg,Se 15 mg,Co 12 mg,NaCl 50 g。

2)代谢能为计算值[10],其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value[10], while the others were measured values.

1.2 饲养管理

试验前对圈舍进行清洁和消毒,并对试验羊进行驱虫处理,采用全混合日粮的方式饲喂,每日在07:00和17:00这2个时间点分别进行1次饲粮的投喂,并确保试验羊可以自由地采食和饮水。

1.3 消化代谢试验

试验第15天,每组随机选取试验羊3只,每只单独于代谢笼中饲养,每天09:00、11:00、13:00、15:00、17:00取新鲜粪样,连续取3 d。

1.4 样本采集

将每日收集的新鲜粪样混合均匀后取总重的5%装进取样瓶,在取样瓶中再加入10%的硫酸固氮以便于粪氮的测定;另外收集10%的试验羊粪样不做任何处理,用于后续的粪常规养分分析。在饲养结束后试验羊禁食12 h、禁水2 h后屠宰,屠宰后将瘤胃切开,每只羊在不同位点采集瘤胃液50 mL,用4层灭菌纱布进行过滤后保存于-20 ℃冰箱用于瘤胃发酵参数测定。

1.5 测定指标

1.5.1 生长性能

将饲养试验正试期第1天晨饲前试验羊的空腹体重作为初始体重,饲养试验结束当天晨饲前试验羊的空腹体重作为终末体重,计算平均日增重(ADG)。每日饲喂前清理收集剩料并称重,计算干物质采食量(DMI)。根据平均日增重和干物质采食量计算料重比(F/G)。相关指标计算公式如下:

平均日增重=(终末体重-初始体重)/饲养天数;

料重比=干物质采食量/平均日增重。

1.5.2 养分表观消化率

选用酸不溶灰分(AIA)作为内源指示剂,并通过内源指示剂法[11]计算养分表观消化率。饲粮和粪样中的干物质、粗蛋白质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、AIA含量的测定分别参考GB/T 6435—2014、GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 20806—2022、NY/T 1459—2007、GB/T 23742—2009,饲粮中钙和磷含量的测定分别参考GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018。养分表观消化率的计算公式如下:

某养分表观消化率(%)=100-[(粪样中该养分含量/饲粮中该养分含量)×(饲粮中AIA含量/粪样中AIA含量)]×100。

1.5.3 屠宰性能

在饲养结束后试验羊禁食12 h、禁水2 h后屠宰,根据《绵、山羊生产性能测定技术规范》(NY/T 1236—2006)中规定的方法测定宰前活重、胴体重、屠宰率和眼肌面积。GR值为第12~13根肋骨间距背脊中线11 cm处的组织厚度,采用游标卡尺测定。

1.5.4 瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃液酶活性

使用pHS-25 pH计测定瘤胃液pH;采用比色法[12]测定瘤胃液氨态氮(NH3-N)浓度;采用气相色谱法测定瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度;瘤胃液酶活性使用试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所生产)检测。

1.6 数据处理与分析

试验原始数据的记录和整理通过Excel 2019软件完成,随后使用SPSS 23.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析,并通过LSD法进行多重比较。显著性差异的判断标准设定为P<0.05,试验结果以平均值±标准差的形式呈现。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,MSUC组、HSUC组的平均日增重显著升高(P<0.05);LSUC组、MSUC组、HSUC组的干物质采食量显著升高(P<0.05);MSUC组、HSUC组的料重比显著降低(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of succinic acid supplementation on growth performance of Tan sheep (n=9)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 LSUC组
LSUC group		 MSUC组
MSUC group		 HSUC组
HSUC group		 P值
P-value
初始体重 IBW/kg 33.01±1.11 33.66±0.52 33.47±1.57 33.70±1.12 0.627
平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) 102.22±2.61b 111.51±3.61b 153.41±3.55a 169.96±3.63a 0.035
干物质采食量 DMI/(kg/d) 1.01±0.19c 1.13±0.14b 1.18±0.20ab 1.21±0.14a 0.001
料重比 F/G 9.55±1.47a 9.93±1.30a 7.59±1.30b 7.05±0.41c 0.001

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母则表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊养分表观消化率的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,LSUC组、MSUC组、HSUC组的DM表观消化率无显著变化(P>0.05);HSUC组的CP表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05);LSUC组、MSUC组和HSUC组的NDF和ADF表观消化率显著升高(P<0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊养分表观消化率的影响

Table 3 Effects of succinic acid supplementation on apparent digestibility of nutrients of Tan sheep (n=3)%

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 LSUC组
LSUC group		 MSUC组
MSUC group		 HSUC组
HSUC group		 P值
P-value
干物质 DM 50.32±1.04 49.91±3.84 52.62±3.34 53.17±2.07 0.798
粗蛋白质 CP 63.07±1.12b 62.35±1.96b 66.43±2.06ab 70.01±1.28a 0.014
中性洗涤纤维 NDF 54.05±0.87d 57.56±1.07c 60.59±0.57b 64.50±0.64a <0.001
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF 40.88±1.39c 47.60±2.09b 50.89±1.71ab 54.36±1.01a <0.001

2.3 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊瘤胃发酵参数和瘤胃液酶活性的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,MSUC组、HSUC组瘤胃液pH显著降低(P<0.05);LSUC组、MSUC组和HSUC组瘤胃液氨态氮浓度显著降低(P<0.05);MSUC组、HSUC组瘤胃液乙酸浓度显著升高(P<0.05);LSUC组、MSUC组瘤胃液丙酸浓度显著升高(P<0.05);LSUC组、MSUC组和HSUC组瘤胃液丁酸和总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度均显著升高(P<0.05);LSUC组瘤胃液乙酸/丙酸显著下降(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

Table 4 Effects of succinic acid supplementation on rumen fermentation parameters of Tan sheep (n=5)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 LSUC组
LSUC group		 MSUC组
MSUC group		 HSUC组
HSUC group		 P值
P-value
pH 7.43±0.16a 7.15±0.15ab 6.75±0.09b 6.95±0.19b 0.030
氨态氮 NH3-N/(mg/dL) 14.53±0.19a 13.49±0.26b 11.72±0.09d 12.71±0.37c <0.001
乙酸 Acetic acid/(mmol/L) 43.58±1.45c 45.75±0.68bc 52.61±1.47a 48.03±0.81b <0.001
丙酸 Propionic acid/(mmol/L) 16.36±0.57c 25.18±0.29a 21.58±1.70ab 20.09±2.20bc 0.004
丁酸 Butyric acid/(mmol/L) 4.45±0.32c 6.78±0.27a 6.00±0.29b 6.58±0.12ab 0.002
乙酸/丙酸
Acetic acid/propionic acid		 2.68±0.13a 1.82±0.04b 2.51±0.24a 2.50±0.26a 0.027
总挥发性脂肪酸
TVFA/(mmol/L)		 64.40±1.61c 77.72±0.64ab 80.18±1.49a 74.70±1.93b <0.001
由表5可知,瘤胃液纤维素酶、α-淀粉酶、脂肪酶和蛋白酶活性4组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但各试验组上述酶活性与对照组比较均有不同程度增加,且MSUC组增加幅度最大。
表5 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊瘤胃液酶活性的影响

Table 5 Effects of succinic acid supplementation on enzyme activities in rumen fluid of Tan sheep (n=5)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 LSUC组
LSUC group		 MSUC组
MSUC group		 HSUC组
HSUC group		 P值
P-value
纤维素酶 Cellulase/(U/mL) 298.87±5.02 304.39±7.67 317.22±10.45 309.89±15.07 0.066
α-淀粉酶 α-amylase/(U/dL) 90.68±2.99 94.23±7.48 98.77±3.70 90.25±6.01 0.079
脂肪酶 Lipase/(U/L) 124.99±15.20 135.31±13.74 158.62±37.74 128.81±7.35 0.106
蛋白酶 Protease/(U/mL) 114.40±4.94 120.69±5.45 123.24±9.17 116.36±5.41 0.164

2.4 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊屠宰性能的影响

由表6可知,屠宰率与眼肌面积4组间无显著差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,LSUC组、MSUC组、HSUC组的胴体重和GR值均显著升高(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊屠宰性能的影响

Table 6 Effects of succinic acid supplementation on slaughter performance of Tan sheep (n=5)

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 LSUC组
LSUC group		 MSUC组
MSUC group		 HSUC组
HSUC group		 P值
P-value
胴体重 Carcass weight/kg 19.24±2.90c 20.44±1.39b 22.18±1.25a 23.88±1.71a 0.008
屠宰率 Dressing percentage/% 49.07±3.46 49.04±1.66 49.26±2.09 50.55±1.47 0.652
GR值 GR value/mm 13.98±3.19b 18.92±2.21a 18.54±4.03a 18.20±2.83a 0.030
眼肌面积 Loin eye area/cm2 18.34±2.66 23.38±3.74 23.19±3.80 22.82±3.01 0.094

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊生长性能与养分表观消化率的影响

在本试验条件下,饲粮中添加1.0%和2.0%的琥珀酸显著提高了滩羊的平均日增重和干物质采食量,显著降低了料重比。平均日增重作为关键的生产指标,能够反映出肉羊对饲粮的消化和吸收的能力[13]。干物质采食量决定着维持动物健康和生产所需养分的数量。料重比代表着经济效益和饲料利用效率的高低[14],降低代表同等增重条件下消耗饲料数量少,饲料转化率得到提高[15]。通过有机酸调节肠道消化代谢是当今研究热点[16]。有机酸或简单的酸化剂对动物的肠道健康起着重要的作用。这些酸化剂可以很好地控制肠道微生物种群,提高免疫应答,从而在抗病原菌方面表现出与抗生素相似的活性。酸化剂还可以改善饲粮中养分的消化率,增加矿物质的吸收。此外,饲粮中加入的有机酸还会导致肠壁变薄,从而促进营养物质更好吸收和有效利用[17]。一些有机酸还被认为是一种能源,例如有些有机酸是三羧酸循环(TCA)的中间产物[18]。有机酸除了这些功能作用外,还具有无耐药性、无残留、无污染的独特优势,在畜禽养殖业中将会具有广阔的应用前景。为了使有机酸的应用更加广泛有效,强化对有机酸的研究尤为关键,目前研究较多的有机酸如苹果酸能够提高营养物质的消化[19⇓⇓-22]。琥珀酸与苹果酸和延胡索酸类似,是三羧酸循环的中间产物,也是厌氧微生物发酵产生的重要代谢产物。养分表观消化率直接体现了动物对饲粮消化、吸收和利用的效率,是衡量这个过程的关键指标。本研究发现,与对照组相比,在饲粮中添加琥珀酸的3个试验组滩羊的饲粮NDF和ADF表观消化率均显著提高;此外,添加2.0%琥珀酸组的CP表观消化率显著提高。上述结果表明琥珀酸在调控滩羊营养物质消化代谢上具有一定的应用潜力,可能是因为琥珀酸能够刺激纤维素降解菌的生长,从而促进纤维素在瘤胃中的消化[21]。

3.2 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊瘤胃发酵参数的影响

饲粮成分的改变可以产生相应的效应,改善瘤胃发酵特性,进一步提高反刍动物的生产性能[23]。饲粮NDF含量的提高会促进瘤胃微生物对蛋白质的利用,从而导致瘤胃液中氨态氮浓度的减少。本试验发现,饲粮中添加琥珀酸使滩羊对饲粮中NDF的消化率提高,同时使瘤胃液氨态氮浓度降低,与上述结果一致。Zhang等[24]研究表明,最佳氨态氮浓度范围为8.5~30 mg/mL,如果氨态氮浓度低于最低阈值,将抑制微生物的生长和生产力;若氨态氮浓度过高,则会抑制瘤胃微生物对其的利用,更多的是被瘤胃壁吸收,导致血浆尿素氮浓度增加,使动物氮代谢负担增加,从而影响微生物生长[25]。本试验中各组滩羊瘤胃液氨态氮浓度均在上述范围内,且3个试验组滩羊的瘤胃液氨态氮浓度均低于对照组,并以添加1.0%琥珀酸组最低,说明琥珀酸对瘤胃液氨态氮浓度的调节对滩羊来说是有积极作用的。
VFA是瘤胃微生物增殖的主要碳源[26-27],并为反刍动物提供60%~80%的可消化能量[24],是反映瘤胃消化和微生物组成的重要指标[28]。本研究中,3试验组滩羊瘤胃液乙酸浓度均显著高于对照组,乙酸浓度的增加可能暗示着消化结构性碳水化合物的能力增强,这一观察结果与养分表观消化率的增加相对应。因此,琥珀酸可能通过调节滩羊瘤胃微生物区系促进纤维降解来提高营养物质的消化率,同时产生的乙酸可为机体提供合成脂肪的前体物质及能量[29]。对于反刍动物,瘤胃代谢所需的葡萄糖主要由肝脏通过糖异生过程产生。在这个过程中,丙酸是糖异生的关键前体物质。据研究,丙酸转化成的葡萄糖可以满足滩羊所需葡萄糖的30%~50%[25],能使反刍动物机体代谢活动及生产性能得到保障[30]。本试验中,饲粮中添加琥珀酸显著增加了滩羊瘤胃液丙酸浓度,分析其原因可能是琥珀酸被瘤胃微生物用于合成丙酸。而瘤胃液丙酸浓度的增加能产生更多的葡萄糖,有助于滩羊代谢活动和生产性能的提高。研究表明,丁酸有助于提高营养物质的吸收效率[31],饲料消化率也相应提高[32]。丁酸浓度不仅可以反映乳腺上皮细胞合成脂肪酸的能力[33],而且丁酸还能促进瘤胃乳头发育。丁酸在细胞分化、增殖、运动,特别是在诱导细胞周期阻滞和凋亡方面的作用已得到证实[34⇓⇓-37]。有研究显示,瘤胃上皮吸收乙酸和丁酸后,用于乙酰辅酶A的生产,部分乙酰辅酶A进入三羧酸循环,为瘤胃上皮细胞提供大量能量,另一部分乙酰辅酶A用于生酮反应[38]。因此,本研究中饲粮中添加琥珀酸增加了滩羊瘤胃液丁酸浓度,说明琥珀酸有助于滩羊瘤胃发酵,并促进瘤胃上皮发育。添加琥珀酸使瘤胃液乙酸/丙酸有所下降,且添加0.5%琥珀酸组与对照组的差异达到了显著水平,说明添加琥珀酸可能在一定程度上改变了滩羊的瘤胃发酵模式。VFA是反刍动物的主要能量来源,可以促进胃肠道运动和抑制病原微生物的生长[39]。瘤胃中含有大量微生物,它们发酵结构性和非结构性碳水化合物,产生VFA,并为宿主合成微生物蛋白[40]。微生物的降解和发酵可以提高瘤胃的消化吸收能力和营养物质的新陈代谢,在反刍动物营养中起着核心的作用[41]。本研究结果显示,饲粮中添加琥珀酸可以进一步改善滩羊的瘤胃发酵,从而进一步提高后续的生产能力。

3.3 饲粮中添加琥珀酸对滩羊屠宰性能的影响

胴体重是评定产肉能力和胴体品质的重要指标[42]。本试验中,MSUC组和HSUC组的胴体重显著高于对照组,说明添加琥珀酸后有利于滩羊的产肉能力。GR值是反映胴体脂肪含量的重要指标[43]。本试验中,添加琥珀酸的3个试验组的GR值较对照组均有显著提高,因此可以看出琥珀酸能够增加滩羊的脂肪沉积,进而改善其屠宰性能。研究发现,添加0.05%的琥珀酸后,巴氏醋杆菌胞内ATP含量提高了185%,表明添加琥珀酸能够提高三羧酸循环偶联呼吸链产能,经过呼吸链传递最终生成更多的ATP,其原因是琥珀酸可能促进琥珀酸氧化脱氢生成延胡索酸,并释放更多的还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH),从而生成更多ATP[44]。鲁程瑶[45]研究发现,饲料中添加0.15%的琥珀酸钠可以改善斑马鱼的糖稳态,加强三羧酸循环,促进斑马鱼生长(能量沉积)。根据本试验结果可以看出,饲粮中添加琥珀酸可以提高滩羊的胴体重和GR值,猜测其可能通过调控能量代谢来促进滩羊屠宰性能的提高。

4 结论

饲粮中添加琥珀酸可提高滩羊的平均日增重和干物质采食量、降低料重比,提高胴体重和GR值,并在一定程度上改变瘤胃发酵类型,提高饲粮NDF、ADF和CP表观消化率。综合滩羊生长性能、屠宰性能和养分表观消化率结果,以饲粮中添加1.0%琥珀酸时效果较好。

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