Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 10: 6611 - 6619

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.562

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Diets Supplemented with Coated Enterococcus faecium on Growth Performance and Muscle Quality of Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

  • ZHAO Qin , 1 ,
  • LI Aike 2 ,
  • QIAO Lin 2 ,
  • TANG Hui 1 ,
  • ZHAO Jianhua 1 ,
  • XU Qiyou , 1, *
Expand
  • 1 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Bioresource Conservation and Development Technology, College of Life Sciences, Huzhou Normal University, Huzhou 313000, China
  • 2 Institute of Grain Quality Nutrition, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-04-16

  Online published: 2024-10-14

Fold

Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of diets supplemented with coated Enterococcus faecium on growth performance and muscle quality of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). A total of 240 gibel carp with similar body weight [(10.99±0.01) g] were randomly divided into 3 groups, and each group was designed 4 replicates with 20 fish per replicate. Fish in the 3 groups were fed diets supplemented with 0 (control group), 1.0×107 (LF group) and 1.0×108 CFU/g (HF group) coated Enterococcus faecium, in which the viable count of lactic acid bacteria was <104, 5.4×106 and 6.2×107 CFU/g, respectively. The trial lasted for 12 weeks. The results showed as follows: compared with the control group, the final body weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio of the HF group were significantly enhanced (P<0.05), and the feed conversation ratio was significantly reduced (P<0.05). The muscle pH and thawing loss ratio of the LF group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05), while the contents of hydroxyproline and collagen in muscle of the LF group and HF group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the muscle toughness of the LF group was significantly improved (P<0.05), and the muscle hardness, toughness and chewiness of the HF group were significantly improved (P<0.05). The muscle fiber diameter of the LF group and HF group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<0.05), and the muscle fiber density was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, diets supplemented with coated Enterococcus faecium can promote the growth and improve the muscle quality of gibel carp, and the effect is better when the supplemental level is 1.0×108 CFU/g.

Key words： coated Enterococcus faecium; gibel carp; growth performance; muscle quality

Cite this article

ZHAO Qin , LI Aike , QIAO Lin , TANG Hui , ZHAO Jianhua , XU Qiyou . Effects of Diets Supplemented with Coated Enterococcus faecium on Growth Performance and Muscle Quality of Gibel Carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(10) : 6611 -6619 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.562

抗生素曾被广泛应用于预防和治疗水产动物疾病,很多养殖户为追求经济效益过度使用抗生素,导致水产动物对抗生素的耐受性增强,抵抗疾病侵袭的能力大大下降。人类食用抗生素残留的水产品,不仅会破坏人体肠道正常的菌群稳态,某些抗生素还会引起过敏、损伤听力、致癌、引发再生性贫血障碍,对人体有极大的毒害作用[1]。为减少滥用抗生素带来的危害,2015年我国开始减抗、禁抗,专家学者们也加大了对抗生素替代物的研究力度。益生菌、酶制剂、酸化剂、植物多酚、植物精油具有抗菌、抗炎、促生长的作用,均可作为绿色饲料添加剂应用于水产养殖[2]。其中,益生菌是一种对人体和动物体有益的活性微生物,乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、双歧杆菌、丁酸梭菌等是动物养殖中常用的益生菌[3]。屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)是分布在人和动物肠道中的一种乳酸菌,属于革兰氏阳性菌,可产生胞外多糖,从而黏附在肠道上抑制病原性微生物的生长,作为安全可靠的菌种经过特殊的加工工艺可制成微生态制剂[4-5]。用作益生菌制剂的屎肠球菌菌株不仅可以缓解沙门氏菌[6]、大肠杆菌[7]感染带来的病理性变化,还能通过改变动物肠道菌群结构来促进动物对磷的吸收利用[8],还可以保护动物免受病原菌感染,提高机体对疾病的免疫能力,达到预防疾病、促生长的作用[9]。
目前,在水产动物上对屎肠球菌的研究主要是其对生长性能和免疫能力的影响,少有对肌肉品质影响的研究。制粒和储存过程中,由于温度、压力等因素,饲料中的屎肠球菌容易失活,研究发现,在80 ℃条件下屎肠球菌的存活率大大降低[10],而徐凯等[11]的研究显示在85 ℃时包衣屎肠球菌的存活率要高于未包衣屎肠球菌。由此可知,采用包衣工艺可减少高温制粒过程中屎肠球菌的损失,提高饲料中屎肠球菌的存活率。本试验在饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌,研究其对异育银鲫生长性能和肌肉品质的影响,以期为微生态制剂作为抗生素的替代品应用于水产动物饲料中提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验饲料

屎肠球菌由国家粮食和物资储备局科学研究院粮食品质营养研究所提供。参照唐辉[12]的方法制备包衣屎肠球菌(活菌数为4.0×1010 CFU/g):将保存的屎肠球菌菌种活化并扩大培养,经海藻酸钠微囊化、离心、流化床干燥后获得未包衣屎肠球菌;在未包衣屎肠球菌中添加保护剂,经制粒、流化床干燥后获得包衣屎肠球菌。
首先以鱼粉、豆粕、菜籽粕、棉籽蛋白为蛋白质源,以鱼油、豆油、大豆磷脂为脂肪源,制成含33.20%粗蛋白质、6.42%粗脂肪的基础饲料(表1),然后在基础饲料中分别添加0、1.0×107、1.0×108 CFU/g的包衣屎肠球菌,制粒后饲料中乳酸菌活菌数分别为<104、5.4×106、6.2×107 CFU/g,分别命名为C、LF、HF饲料。饲料原料充分粉碎后,准确称取配方中各原料所需的量,混合均匀后加水,再搅拌使各原料均匀分布,最后经F-26双螺杆挤条机加工成直径为2.5 mm的颗粒饲料。利用烘箱40 ℃将饲料烘干,装袋保存,存放于4 ℃冰箱。分别利用杜马斯燃烧法(GB/T 24318—2009)、索氏抽提法(GB/T 6433—2006)、马弗炉灼烧法(GB/T 6438—2007)测定饲料中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量。
表1 基础饲料组成及营养水平(干物质基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (DM basis)[12]

项目 Items 含量 Content
原料 Ingredients/(g/kg)
鱼粉 Fish meal 50.0
豆粕 Soybean meal 250.0
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal 210.0
棉籽蛋白 Cottonseed protein 50.0
次粉 Wheat middling 349.0
鱼油 Fish oil 10.0
豆油 Soybean oil 10.0
大豆磷脂 Soybean phospholipid 15.0
晶体蛋氨酸 Crystal methionine 5.0
磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 20.0
维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) 5.0
矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) 2.0
氯化胆碱 Choline chloride 2.0
羧甲基纤维素钠 CMC-Na 20.0
硫酸镁 MnSO4 2.0
合计 Total 1 000.0
营养水平 Nutrient levels/%3)
粗蛋白质 CP 33.20
粗脂肪 EE 6.42
粗灰分 Ash 6.82

1)每千克维生素预混料提供 One kilogram of vitamin premix provided the following:VA 8 000 IU,VC 500 mg,VD 3 000 IU,VE 60 mg,VK 35 mg,VB1 15 mg,VB2 30 mg,VB6 15 mg,VB12 0.5 mg。

2)每千克矿物质预混料提供 One kilogram of mineral premix provided the following:FeSO4·7H2O 754.56 mg,CuSO4·5H2O 23.81 mg,MnSO4·H2O 168.29 mg,ZnSO4·7H2O 440.00 mg,Na2SeO3 2.26 mg,KI 0.79 mg,CoCl2 2.21 mg,沸石粉 zeolite powder 604.08 mg。

3)实测值 Measured values。

1.2 试验设计及饲养管理

试验用养殖桶水容积为500 L,采用换水养殖,每天换水1/3。试验开始前先用20 mg/L高锰酸钾浸泡鱼体20 min,驯化2周,使其基本适应试验环境。挑选初重[(10.99±0.01) g]相近的异育银鲫240尾,随机分成3组,每组设4个重复,每个重复20尾。3组试验鱼分别命名为C组(对照组)、LF组、HF组,投饲对应试验饲料,试验期12周。试验期间自然光照,并定期清洗养殖桶,保持水质良好。每天08:00、17:00各投喂1次对应饲料,投饲量为鱼体重量的2.5%~3.0%,实际投饲量根据天气、摄食量和生长状况而变化。

1.3 样品采集与指标测定

1.3.1 生长性能

结束养殖试验后,对每个养殖桶内的试验鱼计数和称重,并计算均重;每个小组随机选择8尾鱼称量体重并测量体长。样品采集前先用100 mg/L MS-222处理鱼体使其进入麻醉状态。
生长性能指标按照以下公式计算:

增重率(WGR,%)=[(W1-W0)/W0]×100;

特定生长率(SGR,%/d)=[(lnW1-lnW0)/t]×100;

蛋白质效率(PER,%)=[Wt/(Wf×P)]×100;

饲料系数(FCR)=Wf/Wt;

肥满度(CF,g/cm3)=(Wb/L3)×100;

存活率(SR,%)=(N1/N0)×100。

式中:W1是指试验末鱼体均重(g);W0是指试验初鱼体均重(g);t是指试验天数(d);Wt是指鱼体总增重(g);Wf是指鱼体摄食总量(g);P是指饲料粗蛋白质含量(g);Wb是指鱼体重(g);L是指鱼体长(cm);N1是指试验结束时鱼尾数;N0是指试验开始时鱼尾数。

1.3.2 肌肉品质

1.3.2.1 pH和解冻损失率

pH:将异育银鲫置于解剖盘上解剖,剥去背部侧线以上皮肤,取一小块背肌,用pH检测仪(希玛PH818M)测定pH。每组9个重复。
解冻损失率测定:取左侧背肌,用滤纸擦去肌肉表面的水分和血渍,然后称重(m1);称重后将样品冰冻在-20 ℃冰箱,等待24 h后取出样品,待样品完全解冻后先用滤纸擦去样品表层的水珠再称重(m2)。每组4个重复。按照以下公式计算解冻损失率:

解冻损失率=[(m1-m2)/m1]×100。

1.3.2.2 胶原蛋白含量

采集右侧背肌作样本,先检测肌肉中羟脯氨酸(HYP)含量,然后根据羟脯氨酸在胶原蛋白中占13.4%,求得胶原蛋白含量。羟脯氨酸含量使用南京建成生物工程研究所生产的试剂盒测定:通过分光光度计对样本水解液进行分析,设置波长为550 nm,测定各样本的吸光度值,绘制标准曲线,通过回归方程得出羟脯氨酸含量。每组5个重复。

1.3.3 肌肉质构特性

肌肉质构特性测定指标包括硬度、韧性、坚实度、咀嚼性和紧实度。将采集的肌肉剪切成1.0 cm×1.0 cm×0.5 cm大小的肉块,根据质地剖面分析(texture profile analysis,TPA)法,利用TA.XT型质构分析仪测定质构特性。每组6个重复。

1.3.4 肌肉组织学

将采集的肌肉剪切成大小约为1.0 cm×1.0 cm×0.5 cm的待测样品,放入甲醛固定液中保存,经石蜡包埋、切片后,用苏木精-伊红染色,以便观察肌纤维形态结构。
将肌肉组织切片置于光学显微镜10×10倍下观察,对肌纤维横截面拍照,每个切片随机选取2个视野。用Photoshop软件测量肌纤维直径(10×10倍),计算肌纤维密度(10×10倍)。每组3个重复。

1.4 统计分析

通过SPSS 26.0统计软件对试验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),采用Duncan氏法对组间进行多重比较,以P<0.05表示差异显著,试验数据均以“平均值±标准差”表示,并运用Pearson相关检验对质构特性和肌纤维特性进行相关性分析。

2 结果

2.1 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫生长性能的影响

由表2可知,HF组异育银鲫的生长性能最好,终末体重(FBW)、WGR、SGR、PER较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),FCR较对照组显著下降(P<0.05);与对照组相比,LF组异育银鲫的FCR降低,其他各项指标都升高,但均无显著差异(P>0.05);各组异育银鲫的SR、CF无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表2 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of diets supplemented with coated Enterococcus faecium on growth performance of gibel carp

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
对照 Control LF HF
终末体重 FBW/g 28.89±1.32b 29.83±0.63ab 31.26±1.04a
存活率 SR/% 97.50±2.89 98.75±2.50 98.75±2.50
增重率 WGR/% 163.00±12.09b 171.33±5.46ab 184.04±9.27a
特定生长率 SGR/(%/d) 1.15±0.05b 1.19±0.02ab 1.24±0.04a
饲料系数 FCR 2.29±0.11a 2.15±0.13ab 1.99±0.14b
蛋白质效率 PER/% 1.32±0.06b 1.43±0.08ab 1.54±0.10a
肥满度 CF/(g/cm3) 2.96±0.10 3.06±0.18 2.89±0.10

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉品质的影响

由表3可知,各组肌肉的pH皆表现出弱酸性,其中HF组pH最高,对照组pH最低,且2者之间差异显著(P<0.05);HF组肌肉的解冻损失率较对照组显著降低(P<0.05);然而,LF组与对照组之间肌肉pH、解冻损失率均无显著差异(P>0.05);LF组、HF组肌肉中羟脯氨酸和胶原蛋白含量均高于对照组,且差异显著(P<0.05)。
表3 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉品质的影响

Table 3 Effects of diets supplemented with coated Enterococcus faecium on muscle quality of gibel carp

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
对照 Control LF HF
pH 6.43±0.11b 6.52±0.07ab 6.61±0.04a
解冻损失率 Thawing loss ratio/% 13.97±3.22a 11.09±1.17ab 9.88±1.42b
羟脯氨酸含量 Hydroxyproline content/(μg/mg) 0.12±0.03b 0.22±0.06a 0.23±0.08a
胶原蛋白含量 Collagen content/(μg/mg) 0.90±0.21b 1.64±0.44a 1.72±0.60a

2.3 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉质构特性的影响

由表4可知,HF组肌肉硬度和咀嚼性显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但LF组和HF组之间无显著差异(P>0.05);LF组、HF组肌肉韧性均显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各组之间肌肉坚实度、紧实度无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉质构特性的影响

Table 4 Effects of diets supplemented with coated Enterococcus faecium on muscle texture characteristics of gibel carp

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
对照 Control LF HF
硬度 Hardness/(g/s) 153.11±11.9b 173.11±9.66ab 186.08±27.88a
韧性 Toughness/mm 1.58±0.04b 1.63±0.02a 1.62±0.04a
坚实度 Firmness/g 263.38±22.57 269.98±15.26 285.68±30.54
咀嚼性 Chewiness/(g·s) 140.72±10.86b 151.03±7.25ab 163.87±14.48a
紧实度 Compactness/(g·s) -0.42±0.29 -0.32±0.13 -0.47±0.13

2.4 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉组织学的影响

由表5可知,LF组、HF组肌纤维直径显著小于对照组(P>0.05),肌纤维密度则较对照组显著增大(P<0.05),而LF组和HF组之间上述指标均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉组织学的影响

Table 5 Effects of diets supplemented with coated Enterococcus faecium on muscle histology of gibel carp

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
对照 Control LF HF
肌纤维直径 Muscle fiber diameter/μm 45.82±3.53a 31.65±1.06b 32.51±6.29b
肌纤维密度 Muscle fiber density/(根/mm2) 218.61±55.24b 454.39±78.46a 431.35±53.38a
对肌肉组织切片定性观察发现,当肌纤维直径增大时,相邻肌纤维中心之间的距离会增加;与对照组相比,LF组、HF组肌纤维间的间隙减小,直径也减小,其中以LF组肌纤维直径最小、密度最大,见图1。
图1 各组异育银鲫的肌纤维

Fig.1 Muscle fiber of gibel carp in each group (100×)

2.5 异育银鲫肌纤维特性与肌肉质构特性的相关性分析

由表6可知,肌纤维直径与肌纤维密度、肌肉韧性呈极显著负相关(P<0.01);肌纤维直径与肌肉硬度、咀嚼性均呈显著正相关(P<0.05);肌纤维密度与肌肉硬度、咀嚼性呈正相关,但相关性不显著(P>0.05);肌肉硬度与咀嚼性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
表6 肌纤维特性与肌肉质构特性的相关性

Table 6 Correlation between muscle fiber characteristics and muscle texture characteristics

项目
Items		 肌纤维直径
Muscle fiber
diameter		 肌纤维密度
Muscle fiber
density		 硬度
Hardness		 咀嚼性
Chewiness		 韧性
Toughness		 坚实度
Firmness		 紧实度
Compactness
肌纤维直径
Muscle fiber diameter		 1.000
肌纤维密度
Muscle fiber density		 -0.752** 1.000
硬度 Hardness -0.519* 0.164 1.000
咀嚼性 Chewiness -0.558* 0.246 0.931** 1.000
韧性 Toughness -0.621** 0.350 0.831** 0.821** 1.000
坚实度 Firmness -0.289 -0.037 0.881** 0.899** 0.745** 1.000
紧实度 Compactness -0.074 0.032 0.469* 0.479* 0.723** 0.614** 1.000

“*”表示显著相关(P<0.05),“**”表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。

“*” mean significant correlation (P<0.05), and “**” mean extremely significant correlation (P<0.01).

3 讨论

3.1 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫生长性能的影响

与肉鸡、仔猪等畜禽品种相比,屎肠球菌在水产动物上的研究较少。汪仕爽等[13]研究发现,饲料中添加适宜水平的屎肠球菌可显著提高凡纳滨对虾的SGR和饲料效率,在添加量为1×1010 CFU/kg时效果最佳。Tachibana等[14]研究发现,每7 d脉冲式投喂益生菌饲料可提高罗非鱼的FBW和增重,在促进罗非鱼生长方面有显著效果。Tian等[15]研究发现,每4 d向水体中补充1次屎肠球菌,屎肠球菌的添加量越高,大腹海马的生长性能越好。Tarkhani等[16]研究显示,饲喂不同水平的屎肠球菌均可显著改善拟鲤的生长性能。与上述研究结果相似,本试验中,投喂添加包衣屎肠球菌的饲料可显著提高异育银鲫的WGR、SGR及PER,进一步验证了屎肠球菌在促进鱼类健康生长方面的积极作用,同时还能降低饲料系数,起到降低饲料成本的作用。Li等[17]从南美白对虾肠道中分离出具有诱食功能的屎肠球菌,经研究发现该屎肠球菌的发酵液能够抑制副溶血性弧菌,提高凡纳滨对虾的摄食量。据此推测,本试验在饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌可能也起到了类似效果,通过抑制病原菌对异育银鲫产生影响,增强食欲,提高摄食量,从而达到提高生长性能的目的。

3.2 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉品质的影响

解冻损失、蒸煮损失、持水力都是反映鱼肉维持水分能力的重要指标。关磊等[18]通过比较普通与脆化草鱼的肌肉特性,认为较高的pH在一定程度上会导致较高的肌肉系水力。夏雨等[19]研究发现,饲喂添加混合副干酪乳杆菌的饲料可以降低凡纳滨对虾肌肉的失水率;邓子潇等[20]研究发现,饲料中添加0.3%乳酸菌干粉在一定程度上能降低猪肉的滴水损失。本试验中,饲料中添加1.0×107和1.0×108 CFU/g包衣屎肠球菌的LF组、HF组肌肉pH较对照组均有所提高,而解冻损失率则低于对照组,这表明饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌可以提高异育银鲫的肌肉pH,降低解冻损失率,提高肌肉系水力。
胶原蛋白是细胞外基质的重要组成成分,对于维持鱼类肌肉组织的结构稳定有着重要作用[21]。鱼类肌肉中所含的胶原蛋白主要是由Ⅰ型胶原蛋白组成,Ⅰ型胶原蛋白是由3条α-多肽链结合在一起形成的左旋三螺旋结构[22]。Xiao等[23]研究发现,在冷藏过程中对虾的质构特性下降,肌肉咀嚼性与胶原蛋白含量呈线性相关,这表明胶原蛋白降解会导致虾肉软化,品质下降。任泽林等[24]研究发现,失水率越小、胶原蛋白含量越高的肌肉组织的柔韧性越强。相伟等[25]研究表明,饲喂150 mL乳酸菌可显著提高猪肌肉中总胶原蛋白含量。这与本试验结果相一致,HF组肌肉胶原蛋白含量显著高于对照组,同时其解冻损失率与对照组相比明显减少,说明包衣屎肠球菌提高了肌肉保持水分的能力。

3.3 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉质构特性的影响

肌肉品质会直接影响食用口感和营养价值,质构特性、pH、冷冻损失等都是评估肌肉物理特性的重要指标[26]。硬度、韧性、坚实度、咀嚼性和紧实度这5个重要指标可用来衡量肌肉的质构特性[27]。硬度是指肌肉在受到压缩作用时保持形状不变所需的力,咀嚼性是指样品在被吞咽前可以咀嚼的次数[28],通过质构可以测定样品肌肉的物理性质,从而反映肉质的变化。一般认为,这些质构参数中,硬度、咀嚼性与品质参数的相关性较好,能较为准确地表征品质变化[29-30]。硬度越大,咀嚼性越大,肌肉的品质就越高,越能满足消费者的消费需求[31]。在本试验中,LF组、HF组肌肉的硬度、韧性、咀嚼性较对照组显著上升,这表明在饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌能提高异育银鲫肌肉的硬度、韧性、咀嚼性,使得口感更佳。

3.4 饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌对异育银鲫肌肉组织学的影响

鱼类的生长主要是肌肉的生长,涉及肌肉纤维的增生和肥大。与哺乳动物不同,鱼类的肌肉增生贯穿其生命周期的大部分时间[32]。肌纤维是肌肉组织的基本构成单位,因此肌纤维的特性在一定程度上决定了肌肉的品质[33]。肌纤维直径、密度和横截面积常被认为是肉质特征的主要决定因素[34]。有研究表明,肌纤维直径与密度之间存在相关性,随着肌纤维直径的增大,肌纤维密度减小[35-36]。肌纤维特性与肌肉质构特性之间也有一定关系,肌纤维直径、密度都与鱼肉的硬度相关,前者与硬度呈负相关,后者与硬度呈正相关;肌纤维密度与咀嚼性存在正相关关系[37]。本试验通过对肌纤维特性和肌肉质构特性进行相关性分析,发现肌纤维直径分别与肌肉硬度、咀嚼性呈显著负相关,肌纤维密度与肌肉硬度、咀嚼性存在不显著的正相关关系;肌肉组织学分析显示,LF组、HF组肌纤维直径显著低于对照组,这表明屎肠球菌可能通过减小肌纤维直径来提高肌肉硬度、咀嚼性,进而提升口感。肌纤维越细、排列越紧密,则脂肪沉积越多,肉质越鲜美。Li等[38]研究表明,用屎肠球菌发酵的豆粕代替部分鱼粉可以增强大菱鲆的抗氧化能力、缓解肠道炎症、维持肠道菌群平衡。本试验结果表明,投喂添加包衣屎肠球菌的饲料可以减小异育银鲫的肌纤维直径,增大肌纤维密度,使鱼肉更紧致,其作用机理可能是屎肠球菌通过提高鱼体抗氧化能力、阻止脂肪氧化来提高肌肉品质。

4 结论

饲料中添加包衣屎肠球菌能有效促进异育银鲫的生长,改善肌肉的质构特性和肌纤维特性,提高肌肉品质。根据试验结果,异育银鲫饲料中添加1×108 CFU/g包衣屎肠球菌时效果最好。

References

Publishing order | Descend order by publishing year | Descend order by cited within
[1]
程兆康, 杨金山, 吕敏, 等. 我国畜禽养殖业抗生素的使用特征及其环境与健康风险[J]. 农业资源与环境学报, 2022, 39(6):1253-1262.

CHENG Z K, YANG J S, LV M, et al. Antibiotics used in livestock and poultry breeding and its environmental and health risks in China:a review[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2022, 39(6):1253-1262. (in Chinese)

[2]
王恬, 张昊. 饲用抗生素替代物在畜禽生产上的研究进展[J]. 饲料工业, 2023, 44(12):1-15.

WANG T, ZHANG H. Research progress of feed antibiotic substitutes on livestock and poultry production[J]. Feed Industry, 2023, 44(12):1-15. (in Chinese)

[3]
李广超. 绿色饲料添加剂在畜牧生产中的使用[J]. 畜禽业, 2022, 33(10):22-24.

LI G C. The use of green feed additives in animal husbandry production[J]. Livestock and Poultry Industry, 2022, 33(10):22-24. (in Chinese)

[4]
雷喜玲, 叶金云, 陈丽仙, 等. 屎肠球菌的作用机制及其在水产动物中的应用[J]. 饲料工业, 2022, 43(22):9-15.

LEI X L, YE J Y, CHEN L X, et al. The mechanisms and its application of Enterococcus faecium in aquatic animals[J]. Feed Industry, 2022, 43(22):9-15. (in Chinese)

[5]
TILWANI Y M, LAKRA A K, DOMDI L, et al. Characterization of potential probiotic bacteria Enterococcus faecium MC-5 isolated from the gut content of Cyprinus carpio specularis[J]. Microbial Pathogenesis, 2022,172:105783.

[6]
SHAO Y J, ZHEN W R, GUO F S, et al. Pretreatment with probiotics Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 11181 attenuated salmonella typhimurium-induced gut injury through modulating intestinal microbiome and immune responses with barrier function in broiler chickens[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2022, 13(1):130.

[7]
PALKOVICSNÉ PÉZSA N, KOVÁCS D, GÁLFI P, et al. Effect of Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415 on gut barrier function,internal redox state,proinflammatory response and pathogen inhibition properties in porcine intestinal epithelial cells[J]. Nutrients, 2022, 14(7):1486.

[8]
WANG W W, CAI H Y, ZHANG A R, et al. Enterococcus faecium modulates the gut microbiota of broilers and enhances phosphorus absorption and utilization[J]. Animals, 2020, 10(7):1232.

[9]
ZHANG Y Y, WU T, CHEN Z Q, et al. Dietary supplementation with Enterococcus faecium R1 attenuates intestinal and liver injury in piglets challenged by lipopolysaccharide[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(5):1424.

[10]
单春乔, 冯柳柳, 李永幸, 等. 饲用屎肠球菌M74的生物学特性研究[J]. 畜牧与饲料科学, 2017, 38(8):6-10.

SHAN C Q, FENG L L, LI Y X, et al. Biological characterization of Enterococcus faecium M74,a stain for feed additive use[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science, 2017, 38(8):6-10. (in Chinese)

[11]
徐凯, 袁志超, 詹泽涛, 等. 屎肠球菌的制备工艺研究[J]. 饲料博览, 2016(11):31-34.

XU K, YUAN Z C, ZHAN Z T, et al. Study on the preparation of Enterococcus faecium[J]. Feed Review, 2016(11):31-34. (in Chinese)

[12]
唐辉. 屎肠球菌制粒包衣工艺研究及其对异育银鲫生长性能、抗氧化能力、肠道健康和菌群结构的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 湖州: 湖州师范学院, 2023.

TANG H. Research on granulation and coating technology of Enterococcus faecium and its effects on growth performance,antioxidant ability,intestinal health and microbiota structure of Carassius auratus gibelio[D]. Master’s Thesis. Huzhou: Huzhou Normal University, 2023. (in Chinese)

[13]
汪仕爽, 罗凯, 王明阳, 等. 屎肠球菌对凡纳滨对虾生长、非特异免疫及抗病力的影响[J]. 中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版), 2023, 53(1):42-52.

WANG S S, LUO K, WANG M Y, et al. Effect of Enterococcus faecium on growth performance,non-specific immunity and disease resistance of Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China (Natural Science Edition), 2023, 53(1):42-52. (in Chinese)

[14]
TACHIBANA L, TELLI G S, DE CARLA DIAS D, et al. Effect of feeding strategy of probiotic Enterococcus faecium on growth performance,hematologic,biochemical parameters and non-specific immune response of Nile tilapia[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2020,16:100277.

[15]
TIAN Y N, WANG F, SU X L, et al. Supplementation with Enterococcus faecium enhances growth performance,intestinal health and immunity of big-belly seahorses (Hippocampus abdominalis) during diet conversion[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2023,28:101466.

[16]
TARKHANI R, IMANI A, HOSEINIFAR S H, et al. The effects of host-associated Enterococcus faecium CGMCC1.2136 on serum immune parameters,digestive enzymes activity and growth performance of the caspian roach (Rutilus rutilus caspicus) fingerlings[J]. Aquaculture,2020,519:734741.

[17]
LI Y, LU C, YU Z, et al. Isolation of Enterococcus faecium with feeding attractant function from pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)intestine[J]. Journal of Ocean University of China, 2020, 19(4):931-940.

[18]
关磊, 朱瑞俊, 李小勤, 等. 普通草鱼与脆化草鱼的肌肉特性比较[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2011, 20(5):748-753.

GUAN L, ZHU R J, LI X Q, et al. Muscle characteristics comparison between grass carp and crisped grass carp[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2011, 20(5):748-753. (in Chinese)

[19]
夏雨, 易华西, 范荣波, 等. 饲喂乳酸菌对凡纳滨对虾幼虾肉质的影响[J]. 中国水产科学, 2020, 27(1):74-81.

XIA Y, YI H X, FAN R B, et al. Effects of dietary lactic acid bacteria on the meat quality of juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2020, 27(1):74-81. (in Chinese)

[20]
邓子潇, 陈光成, 管武太, 等. 饲喂乳酸菌制剂对肥育猪生长性能、肉品质及风味物质含量的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2018, 54(3):78-82.

DENG Z X, CHEN G C, GUAN W T, et al. Effects of dietary Lactobacillus feed additives on growth performance,meat quality and flavor compounds of finishing pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 54(3):78-82. (in Chinese)

[21]
LIN F, LIN J L, LIU X, et al. Effects of temperature on muscle growth and collagen deposition in zebrafish (Danio rerio)[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2022,22:100952.

[22]
MORENO H M, MONTERO M P, GÓMEZ-GUILLÉN M C, et al. Collagen characteristics of farmed Atlantic salmon with firm and soft fillet texture[J]. Food Chemistry, 2012, 134(2):678-685.

DOI PMID

[23]
XIAO X C, LIN D A, CAO K Y, et al. Properties of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) collagen and its degradation by endogenous proteinases during cold storage[J]. Food Chemistry, 2023,419:136071.

[24]
任泽林, 李爱杰. 饲料组成对中国对虾肌肉组织中胶原蛋白,肌原纤维和失水率的影响[J]. 中国水产科学, 1998(2):41-45.

REN Z L, LI A J. Influence of dietary composition on the collagen content,the myofibrillae and the water loss in muscle tissue of prawn[J]. Journal of fishery sciences of China, 1998(2):41-45. (in Chinese)

[25]
相伟, 张天阳, 曾勇庆, 等. 乳酸菌对育肥猪肌肉风味前体物质及营养特性的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2014, 50(17):72-76.

XIANG W, ZHANG T Y, ZENG Y Q, et al. Effects of dietary Lactobacillus meat flavor precursors and nutritional quality in pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 50(17):72-76. (in Chinese)

[26]
KORKMAZ K. The effect of sodium bicarbonate injection on the physico-chemical quality of post-harvest trout[J]. Foods, 2023, 12(13):2437.

[27]
PEMATILLEKE N, KAUR M, ADHIKARI B, et al. Relationship between instrumental and sensory texture profile of beef semitendinosus muscles with different textures[J]. Journal of Texture Studies, 2022, 53(2):232-241.

[28]
LI M, HUANG J, CHEN Y, et al. Correlations between texture profile analysis and sensory evaluation of cured largemouth bass meat (Micropterus salmoides)[J]. Journal of Food Quality, 2022, 2022(1):1319744.

[29]
刘丽荣, 柴春祥, 鲁晓翔. 鲤鱼低温贮藏过程中质构参数变化及其与鲜度的关系[J]. 浙江农业学报, 2015, 27(12):2193-2198.

LIU L R, CHAI C X, LU X X. The changes of texture in cyprinidae at low temperature storage and its relationship with freshness[J]. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis, 2015, 27(12):2193-2198. (in Chinese)

[30]
何其, 林向东, 鹿常胜, 等. 基于质构参数的低温保藏罗非鱼片品质评价方法[J]. 包装与食品机械, 2013, 31(6):1-6.

HE Q, LIN X D, LU C S, et al. The quality estimation of refrigerate tilapia fillets based on texture parameters[J]. Packaging and Food Machinery, 2013, 31(6):1-6. (in Chinese)

[31]
姚海行, 陈效儒, 袁汉文, 等. 发酵饲料对克氏原螯虾生长性能、肌肉品质、抗氧化能力和肠道微生物群落的影响[J]. 水产学报, 2023, 47(12):121-134.

YAO H H, CHEN X R, YUAN H W, et al. Effects of fermented feed on growth performance,muscle quality,antioxidant capacity and intestinal microflora in Procambarus clarkii[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2023, 47(12):121-134. (in Chinese)

[32]
JOHNSTON I A. Muscle development and growth:potential implications for flesh quality in fish[J]. Aquaculture, 1999, 177(1/2/3/4):99-115.

[33]
JI S H, LI H D, HUANG X C, et al. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) promotes grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) muscle fiber development by activating MEK/ERK pathway in vitro and in vivo[J]. Aquaculture, 2024,579:740148.

[34]
WIJERATH WIRIDUGE H A S, ZHANG Y, et al. Dietary taurine improves muscle growth and texture characteristics in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2020,17:100305.

[35]
吴燕燕, 陶文斌, 李来好, 等. 宁德地区养殖大黄鱼形态组织结构与品质特性[J]. 水产学报, 2019, 43(6):1472-1482.

WU Y Y, TAO W B, LI L H, et al. Morphological structure and quality characteristics of cultured Larimichthys crocea in Ningde[J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2019, 43(6):1472-1482. (in Chinese)

[36]
李本相, 卫育良, 梁萌青, 等. 水解鱼蛋白对大菱鲆生长、体组成及肌纤维组织形态结构的影响[J]. 渔业科学进展, 2019, 40(5):155-165.

LI B X, WEI Y L, LIANG M Q, et al. The effects of fish protein hydrolysate on the growth, body composition and morphological structure of muscle fiber of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)[J]. Progress in Fishery Sciences, 2019, 40(5):155-165. (in Chinese)

[37]
JOHNSTON I A, ALDERSON R, SANDHAM C, et al. Muscle fibre density in relation to the colour and texture of smoked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)[J]. Aquaculture, 2000, 189(3/4):335-349.

[38]
LI C Q, ZHANG B L, LIU C D, et al. Effects of dietary raw or Enterococcus faecium fermented soybean meal on growth,antioxidant status,intestinal microbiota,morphology,and inflammatory responses in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2020,100:261-271.

Options
Outlines

/

〈 〉

京ICP备17050989号-2
Copyright © Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, All Rights Reserved.
Tel: 010－62817823　E-mail: cjan@vip.163.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co., Ltd.