Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 10: 6631 - 6642

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.564

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Replacement of Fish Meal by Chicken Meal Combined with Egg Meal on Growth, Digestive Ability and Antioxidant Capacity of Eriocheir sinensis

  • CHANG Enhui , 1 ,
  • ZHANG Xin 1 ,
  • XU Jie 1 ,
  • WU Yuheng 1 ,
  • GUO Xiangji 1 ,
  • FU Longlong 2 ,
  • XING Xiumei 2 ,
  • DONG Xiaojing 1 ,
  • WANG Anran 1 ,
  • MIAO Shuyan , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
  • 2 Nanjing Gucheng Lake River Chinese Mitten Crab Industry Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211300, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-04-09

  Online published: 2024-10-14

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Abstract

To study the effects of chicken meal and egg meal instead of fish meal on the growth, digestive ability and antioxidant capacity of Eriocheir sinensis, four isonitrogenous and isolipidic expreimental diets (named as G1, G2, G3 and G4) were made with 3% chicken meal, 4% chicken meal+3% egg meal, 5% chicken meal+6% egg meal and 6% chicken meal+9% egg meal to replace different proportions of fish meal (0, 25%, 50% and 75%), which were fed to 160 Eriocheir sinensis [(9.56±0.22) g] for 8 weeks. Each diets fed to 4 tanks, which containing 5 male crabs and 5 female crabs. The results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), molting frequency (MF) and survival rate (SR) of crabs in the G3 group were the highest, and the WGR, SGR and SR were significantly lower than those in the G2 group (P<0.05), and the MF was significantly higher than that in the G1 group (P<0.05). In addition, the crude lipid content in muscle and hepatopancreas of crabs in the G3 group was significantly higher than that in the G1 group (P<0.05). No significant differences in the contents of lipid metabolites such as triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHOL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were found in hepatopancreas of crabs among all groups (P>0.05). The activity of intestinal trypsin in the G3 and G4 groups was significantly higher than that in the G1 and G2 groups (P<0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in hepatopancreas of crabs in the G3 and G4 groups was significantly higher than that in the G1 and G2 groups (P<0.05). Compared with the G1 group, the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in hepatopancreas of crabs in the G3 and G4 were significantly increased (P<0.05). The content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in hepatopancreas of crabs in the G4 group was significantly lower than that in the other three groups (P<0.05), and it in the G1 and G3 groups was significantly lower than that in the G2 group (P<0.05). In conclusion, without affecting the growth and antioxidant capacity of Eriocheir sinensis, the complex of 6% egg meal and 5% chicken meal is suggested to replace 50% fish meal in the diet, so as to relieve the pressure of fish meal protein source and reduce diet costs in culture of Eriocheir sinensis.

Key words： chicken meal; egg meal; Eriocheir sinensis; growth performance; antioxidant capacity

Cite this article

CHANG Enhui , ZHANG Xin , XU Jie , WU Yuheng , GUO Xiangji , FU Longlong , XING Xiumei , DONG Xiaojing , WANG Anran , MIAO Shuyan . Effects of Replacement of Fish Meal by Chicken Meal Combined with Egg Meal on Growth, Digestive Ability and Antioxidant Capacity of Eriocheir sinensis[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(10) : 6631 -6642 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.564

近年来,由于鱼粉供应短缺和价格上涨,鱼粉替代蛋白质源成为水产营养研究与饲料配方制作的关注热点[1⇓⇓-4]。已有大量研究表明豆粕[5]、棉籽粕[6]和菜籽粕[7]等植物性蛋白质源可替代饲料中一定比例的鱼粉,并且不影响水产动物的生长。然而,由于必需氨基酸的不足[8]以及抗营养因子的存在[9],当植物性蛋白质源替代鱼粉比例较高时,鱼类的生长性能、肠道健康和免疫功能受到了负面影响[10-11],因此限制了植物性蛋白质源在水产饲料中的进一步应用[12]。动物性蛋白质源因具有丰富的营养物质及良好的适口性等优势,通常被认为是鱼粉的理想替代品[13]。现有研究表明,陆生动物蛋白质源,如血粉[14]、肉骨粉[15]、羽毛粉[16]以及家禽副产品粉(PBM)[17],可以作为卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)[18]、大西洋鲷(Sparus aurata)[19]等鱼类和部分甲壳动物[20]饲料中鱼粉的替代品,同时对生长性能无负面影响。此外,新型蛋白质源酵母培养物替代20%鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)的生长和免疫无负面影响[21];黑水虻替代20%~40%鱼粉显著提高了克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)的生长性能[22]。
作为家禽副产品原料之一,鸡肉粉富含必需氨基酸以及多种维生素和矿物质[23]。Nik等[24]研究表明,当饲料中鸡肉粉替代100%鱼粉时,罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)的饲料利用率显著提高。然而王猛等[25]研究发现,鸡肉粉完全替代鱼粉会对罗氏沼虾的生长性能以及消化能力产生负面影响,在不影响生长指标时的最高替代水平为75%。鸡肉粉具有较高的蛋白质含量,但其蛋氨酸含量低[26]。作为一种必需氨基酸,蛋氨酸在水产动物的生命活动中起着关键作用,并能够促进鱼类的生长和降低饲料系数等[27]。此外,鸡蛋粉也是一种家禽副产品原料,含有丰富的蛋白质、脂肪酸、卵黄抗体和生物活性物质等[28-29],且有较高含量的蛋氨酸[30],被广泛应用于养殖业中。Harmon等[31]研究发现,当仔猪摄食含5%鸡蛋粉的饲粮时,其日增重率和日摄食量分别增加了19.15%和15.31%。何菊云等[32]研究发现,在低鱼粉饲料中添加0.71%蛋氨酸时异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)幼鱼的生长性能与高鱼粉饲料组无显著差异。
中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)因其味道鲜美、营养价值高而深受消费者的喜爱,具有较高的经济价值,在我国水产养殖业中占有重要地位,2022年产量约为78.22万t[33]。现已有研究表明酵母培养物[34]和辅酶渣[35]等可分别替代饲料中1%~3%、40%的鱼粉,对中华绒螯蟹的生长和抗氧化能力均无不利影响。然而大部分研究均为单一蛋白质源替代[36],并且鸡蛋粉在中华绒螯蟹饲料中的应用鲜有研究。因此,本研究通过在饲料中复合添加鸡蛋粉和鸡肉粉替代不同比例的鱼粉,分析中华绒螯蟹的生长性能、体成分、消化能力和抗氧化能力等,评估其在中华绒螯蟹配合饲料中的应用价值。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验饲料配方及制作

以鱼粉、豆粕和花生粕为主要蛋白质源,以豆油和大豆卵磷脂为脂肪源,设计蛋白质和脂肪水平分别为42%和6%的基础饲料配方。在基础饲料配方基础上,用3%鸡肉粉、4%鸡肉粉+3%鸡蛋粉、5%鸡肉粉+6%鸡蛋粉和6%鸡肉粉+9%鸡蛋粉替代不同比例(0、25%、50%和75%)的鱼粉制成4种试验饲料(分别命名为G1、G2、G3和G4),同时使用大豆卵磷脂平衡各组饲料脂肪水平。所用鸡肉粉的粗蛋白质含量为64%、粗脂肪含量为10.5%,鸡蛋粉的粗蛋白质含量为48%,粗脂肪含量为40%。试验饲料组成及营养水平见表1。饲料制作方法参考张鑫等[37],将饲料压制成型后,55 ℃烘至恒重,破碎成约2 mm×3 mm的颗粒,于-20 ℃冰箱中存放待用。试验饲料中水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量参考AOAC(1995)[38]中方法测定,氨基酸含量采用高效液相色谱法[39]测定。
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 试验饲料 Experimental diets
G1 G2 G3 G4
原料 Ingredients
鱼粉 Fish meal 12.00 9.00 6.00 3.00
豆粕 Soybean meal 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
菜籽粕 Rapeseed meal 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal 9.00 9.00 9.00 9.00
花生粕 Peanut meal 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00
鸡肉粉 Chicken meal 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00
鸡蛋粉 Egg meal 3.00 6.00 9.00
高筋面粉 High gluten flour 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
瓜尔豆胶 Guar gum 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
豆油 Soybean oil 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00
大豆卵磷脂 Soybean lecithin 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00
L-抗坏血酸-2-磷酸三钠盐 L-ascorbic acid-2-trisodium phosphate 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
DL-α-生育酚醋酸酯 DL-α-tocopherol acetate 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
维生素预混料 Vitamin premix1) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
矿物质预混料 Mineral premix2) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
肌醇 Inositol 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
氯化胆碱 Choline chlorine (95%) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
磷酸二氢钙 Ca(H2PO4)2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
甜菜碱 Betaine 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
合计 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels3)
水分 Moisture 8.17 7.96 7.88 8.10
粗蛋白质 Crude protein 42.74 42.91 42.65 42.33
粗脂肪 Crude lipid 5.92 5.91 6.02 5.98
粗灰分 Crude ash 7.63 7.55 7.51 7.50

1) 维生素预混料为每千克饲料提供 Vitamin premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 32 mg,VE 240 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 60 mg,VB1 50 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 200 mg,VB2 70 mg,VB6 60 mg,VB12 2 mg,VD3 5 mg,VK3 50 mg,生物素 biotin 60 mg,叶酸 folic acid 15 mg。

2) 矿物质预混料为每千克饲料提供 Mineral premix provided the following per kg of diets:CuSO4·5H2O 40 mg,Na2SeO3 20 mg,MnSO4·H2O 30 mg,CoCl2·6H2O 40 mg,ZnSO4·H2O 80 mg,KCl 2 500 mg,FeSO4·H2O 155 mg,MgSO4·7H2O 1 200 mg。

3) 营养水平均为实测值。Nutrient levels were measured values.

表2 试验饲料氨基酸含量(风干基础)

Table 2 Amino acid contents of experimental diets (air-dry basis)%

项目
Items		 试验饲料 Experimental diets
G1 G2 G3 G4
必需氨基酸 Essential amino acids
色氨酸 Tryptophane 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.09
组氨酸 Histidine 1.38 1.39 1.39 1.40
精氨酸 Arginine 4.26 4.28 4.29 4.31
苏氨酸 Threonine 1.82 1.84 1.85 1.87
缬氨酸 Valine 1.91 1.94 1.97 2.00
蛋氨酸 Methionine 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92
异亮氨酸 Isoleucine 1.77 1.80 1.82 1.84
亮氨酸 Leucine 2.94 2.97 3.00 3.03
苯丙氨酸 Phenylalanine 2.12 2.15 2.18 2.21
赖氨酸 Lysine 2.87 2.87 2.87 2.86
非必需氨基酸 Nonessential amino acids
谷氨酸 Glutamic acid 7.60 7.65 7.70 7.75
丝氨酸 Serine 2.23 2.30 2.37 2.43
天冬氨酸 Aspartic acid 4.39 4.45 4.51 4.57
甘氨酸 Glycine 2.85 2.82 2.80 2.77
丙氨酸 Alanine 2.20 2.20 2.21 2.21
脯氨酸 Proline 2.00 2.01 2.01 2.01
酪氨酸 Tyrosine 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.46
胱氨酸 Cysteine 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77

1.2 试验动物及养殖管理

养殖试验所需中华绒螯蟹由江苏好润有限公司提供。为适应环境,所有试验蟹于试验前在扬州大学水产温室中暂养1周,每天2次(07:00和17:00)饱食投喂商业饲料(含40%粗蛋白质和6%粗脂肪)。正式试验开始前停喂1 d,挑选160只活力旺盛、肢体健全的中华绒螯蟹,平均体重(9.56±0.22) g,随机分到16个养殖箱(110 L)中,每个养殖箱放养5只雄蟹和5只雌蟹,每组4个养殖箱,共4组。每个养殖箱中放有6块拱形瓦片(10 cm×10 cm),以减少蟹的同类相食,养殖周期为8周。养殖期间,每天2次(07:00和17:00)饱食投喂试验饲料,并记录死亡和蜕壳的情况。投喂前清除粪便,日换水量在30%~50%,水温为25~27 ℃,溶解氧浓度为6.7~7.2 mg/L,亚硝酸态氮浓度≤0.09 mg/L,总氨氮浓度≤0.3 mg/L。

1.3 样品采集

养殖试验结束后进行样品采集。在取样前停止投喂饲料24 h,逐只蟹称重以计算各组蟹的生长相关指标,包括增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和存活率(SR);统计蜕壳情况以计算蜕壳频率(MF)。每个养殖箱中选取6只蟹(雄性∶雌性=3∶3),在冰上麻醉后进行解剖,获取肝胰腺和全肠道,置于离心管中,称肝胰腺重计算肝胰腺指数(HSI),取肌肉(蟹身和蟹腿)样本置于密封袋中。将放有样品的离心管液氮速冻后,所有样品置-80 ℃冰箱保存。

1.4 指标测定

1.4.1 肝胰腺中脂肪代谢产物含量

参考万文龙[40]的方法,测定肝胰腺样品中脂肪代谢产物的含量,包括甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(T-CHOL)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)。

1.4.2 肠道中胰蛋白酶活性和肝胰腺中抗氧化相关指标

使用试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所生产)测定肠道胰蛋白酶活性以及肝胰腺中抗氧化指标,包括还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,具体操作步骤参照试剂盒说明书。

1.4.3 肝胰腺和肌肉中常规营养成分含量

参照AOAC(1995)[38]方法,对肌肉和肝胰腺中常规营养成分含量进行分析。

1.5 计算公式

生长相关指标使用以下公式计算:

WGR(%)=100×(Wt-Wi)/Wi;

SGR(%/d)=100×(lnWt-lnWi)/t;

SR(%)=100×Nt/Ni;

MF=Nm/Ni;

HSI(%)=100×Wh/Wt。

式中:Wi为初始体重(g);Wt为终末体重(g);Wh为肝胰腺重量(g);t为养殖天数(d);Ni为初始蟹数量;Nt为终末蟹数量;Nm为蜕壳的蟹数量。

1.6 统计分析

使用Excel 2010对数据进行初步整理后,运用SPSS 18.0软件对数据进行统计分析,在数据进行方差齐性检验后,先进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),然后采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较检验,结果以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,以P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹生长相关指标的影响

由表3可知,WGR和SGR在G2组最低,显著低于G1、G3和G4组(P<0.05)。G3和G4组的SR无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于G1和G2组(P<0.05)。G3组的MF显著高于G1组(P<0.05),但G1、G2和G4组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。此外,使用鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹的HSI无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹生长相关指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of replacing different proportions of fish meal with chicken meal and egg meal on growth-related indexes of Eriocheir sinensis (n=4)

组别
Groups		 初始体重
IBW/g		 终末体重
FBW/g		 增重率
WGR/%		 特定生长率
SGR/(%/d)		 存活率
SR/%		 肝胰腺指数
HSI/%		 蜕壳频率
MF
G1 9.72±0.20 15.13±0.14b 57.95±0.97b 0.82±0.01b 77.50±5.00a 5.35±0.89 1.40±0.22a
G2 9.44±0.30 13.24±0.32a 40.71±3.86a 0.61±0.05a 77.50±5.00a 5.40±0.70 1.48±0.28ab
G3 9.57±0.22 15.26±0.17b 60.50±2.48b 0.85±0.03b 92.50±5.00b 6.06±0.34 1.83±0.17b
G4 9.53±0.03 14.86±0.49b 56.34±3.39b 0.80±0.04b 90.00±8.16b 5.87±0.34 1.48±0.21ab

同列数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。

Values in the same column with no letter or the same lowercase letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with the different lowercase letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中常规营养成分含量的影响

饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中常规营养成分含量的影响见表4。在肌肉中,粗脂肪含量在G1、G2和G4组之间差异不显著(P>0.05),但均显著低于G3组(P<0.05);G1和G3组的粗蛋白质含量显著高于G2组(P<0.05),其他组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);G4组的粗灰分含量显著低于G1组(P<0.05),但与G2和G3组无显著差异(P>0.05);水分含量各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。在肝胰腺中,相对于G1组,水分含量在其余3组中均显著降低(P<0.05);鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例的鱼粉均显著提高了粗脂肪含量(P<0.05),同时G2组的粗脂肪含量显著低于G4组(P<0.05);另外,G3和G4组粗蛋白质含量显著高于G1和G2组(P<0.05)。
表4 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中常规营养成分含量的影响

Table 4 Effects of replacing different proportions of fish meal with chicken meal and egg meal on proximate nutrient contents in muscle and hepatopancreas of Eriocheir sinensis (n=4)%

项目
Items		 组别 Groups
G1 G2 G3 G4
肌肉 Muscle
水分 Moisture 14.09±1.15 15.98±2.39 14.10±2.41 14.67±0.51
粗脂肪 Crude lipid 2.12±0.22a 1.94±0.20a 2.52±0.18b 1.95±0.16a
粗蛋白质 Crude protein 67.22±0.81b 64.65±1.98a 67.69±1.37b 65.57±0.14ab
粗灰分 Crude ash 8.58±1.40b 7.68±0.94ab 7.73±0.23ab 7.11±0.20a
肝胰腺 Hepatopancreas
水分 Moisture 20.26±2.06c 16.17±0.68a 18.25±0.71b 17.03±1.01ab
粗脂肪 Crude lipid 35.22±1.13a 38.45±2.02b 39.66±0.55bc 41.81±2.75c
粗蛋白质 Crude protein 29.34±0.34a 30.21±1.22a 32.10±0.38b 32.78±1.16b

2.3 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中脂肪代谢产物含量的影响

由表5可知,4组中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中T-CHOL、TG、HDL-C和LDL-C含量范围分别为6.45~6.59 mmol/L、10.00~11.73 mmol/L、6.71~6.94 mmol/L、0.07~0.08 mmol/L,这4种脂肪代谢产物的含量在各组间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表5 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中脂肪代谢产物含量的影响

Table 5 Effects of replacing different proportions of fish meal with chicken meal and egg meal on lipid metabolite contents in hepatopancreas of Eriocheir sinensis (n=4)mmol/L

组别 Groups 总胆固醇 T-CHOL 甘油三酯 TG 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇 HDL-C 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇 LDL-C
G1 6.59±0.09 10.89±0.27 6.94±0.10 0.08±0.01
G2 6.51±0.11 10.00±0.74 6.73±0.17 0.07±0.02
G3 6.45±0.20 11.61±1.12 6.92±0.09 0.07±0.02
G4 6.50±0.13 11.73±1.62 6.71±0.23 0.07±0.02

2.4 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肠道中胰蛋白酶活性的影响

由图1可知,G3和G4组肠道中胰蛋白酶活性显著高于G1和G2组(P<0.05)。
图1 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肠道中胰蛋白酶活性的影响

数据柱上方标注相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。图2同。

Fig.1 Effects of replacing different proportions of fish meal with chicken meal and egg meal on trypsin activity in intestine of Eriocheir sinensis (n=4)

The same letter above the data column indicates that the difference is not significant (P>0.05), while the different lowercase letters above the data column indicates that the difference is significant (P<0.05). The same as Fig.2.

2.5 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中抗氧化相关指标的影响

如图2所示,鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉均显著提高了中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中CAT活性和GSH含量(P<0.05),且3个替代组间无显著差异(P>0.05);肝胰腺中SOD活性在G3组达到最大值,显著高于其余组(P<0.05),同时G4组SOD活性显著高于G1和G2组(P<0.05);随着饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代鱼粉比例的上升,中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中T-AOC逐渐增加,G4组显著高于G1、G2和G3组(P<0.05),G3组显著高于G1和G2组(P<0.05);G1和G2组肝胰腺中SOD活性和T-AOC均无显著差异(P>0.05);肝胰腺中MDA含量以G4组最低、G2组最高,二者与其他组均存在显著差异(P<0.05),而G1和G3组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
图2 饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代不同比例鱼粉对中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中抗氧化相关指标的影响

Fig.2 Effects of replacing different proportions of fish meal with chicken meal and egg meal on antioxidant-related indicators in hepatopancreas of Eriocheir sinensis (n=4)

3 讨论

动物对营养物质的消化和吸收能力是决定其生长和发育的主要因素之一,而消化酶活性往往可以在一定程度上反映肠道消化能力的强弱[41⇓-43]。已有研究表明,饲料中添加家禽副产品粉能够提高养殖动物的肠道蛋白酶活性[44-45]。同样,在本研究中,当饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代50%或75%的鱼粉时,中华绒螯蟹肠道中胰蛋白酶活性显著提高;此外,当饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代50%鱼粉时,中华绒螯蟹的SR、WGR和SGR最高,生长性能最好。鸡肉粉良好的适口性和较高的蛋白质含量可能是其对中华绒螯蟹生长性能有促进作用的原因[46]。Sabbagh等[47]通过评估大西洋鲷的SR、WGR、SGR和饲料转化率,得出鸡肉粉最高可以替代饲料中50%的鱼粉,且不影响其生长和饲料利用效率。鸡蛋粉已被证明可以替代50%的血浆蛋白粉而不影响仔猪的生长;但当替代75%的血浆蛋白粉时,仔猪的生长受到抑制,同时饲料摄入量降低[48]。在本研究中,当鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代鱼粉比例过高时,中华绒螯蟹的生长性能下降,这可能与鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉中饱和脂肪酸含量过高有关[49]。
研究表明,饲料中鸡肉粉替代鱼粉可以通过促进脂质沉积而显著提高墨西哥笛鲷(Lutjanus guttatus)和虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的HSI[50]。在本研究中,当鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代50%鱼粉时,中华绒螯蟹的HSI和肝胰腺中脂肪代谢产物含量无显著差异,但肝胰腺和肌肉中粗脂肪含量却显著增加。类似的结果在真鲷(Pagrus major)[51]、杂交条纹石鮨(Morone chrysops ♀×Morone saxatilis ♂)[52]和异育银鲫[53]中也被观察到。Zhou等[54]的研究表明,由于家禽副产品粉中缺乏必需氨基酸,饲料中使用家禽副产品粉替代鱼粉显著降低了军曹鱼(Rachycenton canadum)肌肉中蛋白质含量。然而,本研究发现,饲料中鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉替代50%鱼粉显著提高了中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中粗蛋白质含量,而对肌肉中粗蛋白质含量没有显著影响。本试验对各组饲料的氨基酸组成进行分析后发现,各组饲料氨基酸组成差异不显著,这可能是产生以上结果的原因。
氧化应激导致的细胞及免疫损伤会对中华绒螯蟹产生一系列不良后果[55]。研究表明,非特异性免疫系统通过抗氧化酶(CAT和SOD)清除免疫细胞中的活性氧化物质[56-57],而GSH是抗氧化酶的重要底物[58]。MDA作为脂质过氧化的最终产物,被广泛用作评估氧化应激的指标[59]。研究表明,当使用家禽副产物酶解物替代饲料中的鱼粉时,大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)肝脏中GSH含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性均显著降低[60]。然而,Dawood等[44]的研究表明饲料中添加家禽副产品粉可以提高尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)血清中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性,Boateng等[61]的研究表明饲料中家禽副产品粉替代100%鱼粉对罗氏沼虾血淋巴中MDA含量并无显著影响。本研究中相关结果表明,鸡肉粉和鸡蛋粉适量替代饲料中鱼粉能够显著提高中华绒螯蟹肝胰腺中GSH含量,CAT、SOD活性以及T-AOC,进而提高中华绒螯蟹的抗氧化能力。

4 结论

综上所述,当以5%鸡肉粉和6%鸡蛋粉替代饲料中50%的鱼粉时(饲料中鱼粉含量由12%降至6%),中华绒螯蟹的WGR、SR和MF均显著上升,并且肠道中胰蛋白酶活性与肝胰腺中SOD、CAT活性及GSH含量、T-AOC显著升高,同时肝胰腺中粗脂肪和粗蛋白质含量显著增加,肌肉中粗脂肪含量显著增加。由此可知,在本试验条件下,使用5%鸡肉粉和6%鸡蛋粉替代饲料中50%的鱼粉能够促进中华绒螯蟹生长、提高肝胰腺和肌肉中营养物质的沉积、提高肠道消化能力和增强肝胰腺抗氧化能力。

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