REVIEW

Research Progress on Physiological Functions of Xylooligosaccharide and Its Application in Livestock Production

  • MA Wenfeng ,
  • XIE Zhijiang ,
  • HU Naizhi ,
  • GAO Mengmeng
Expand
  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China

MA Wenfeng, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-05-17

  Online published: 2024-11-09

Abstract

Xylooligosaccharide is a kind of functional polymeric sugar with prebiotic activity, which can regulate lipid metabolism, immune function, intestinal morphology and antioxidant capacity of animals, and has been widely used in diets of livestock and poultry. In this paper, the research progress on physicochemical properties and physiological functions of xylooligosaccharides and its application in livestock production were reviewed, so as to provide some theoretical references for the development and popularization of xylooligosaccharides.

Cite this article

MA Wenfeng , XIE Zhijiang , HU Naizhi , GAO Mengmeng . Research Progress on Physiological Functions of Xylooligosaccharide and Its Application in Livestock Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(11) : 6808 -6816 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.580

低聚木糖(xylooligosaccharide,XOS)属于寡聚糖的一种,是由2~7个木糖分子通过β-1,4糖苷键连接起来的功能性低聚糖(图1)[1]。XOS在自然界中的来源十分广泛,通常在富含木质素的纤维原料(如玉米芯、桃棕榈废料、花椰菜茎、麦麸和甘蔗渣等)中提取获得[2],其主要有效成分包括木二糖、木三糖和木四糖。由于动物消化道无法合成水解β-1,4糖苷键的消化酶[3],所以XOS不易被胃和小肠消化分解,可直接进入消化道后段,经肠道微生物发酵后,产生短链脂肪酸(SCFA),促进双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌等有益菌的增殖[4],进而抑制有害菌生长、优化肠道微生物屏障、促进动物生长。本文总结了XOS的理化性质、制备方法和生理功能,并对其在畜牧生产中的应用进展进行综述,以期为XOS在畜牧生产中的推广应用提供参考。
图1 低聚木糖的化学结构

Fig.1 Chemical structure of xylooligosaccharides

1 XOS的理化性质及制备方法

1.1 理化性质

XOS的理化性质主要体现在几个方面:1)具有良好的适口性,有一定的甜味,其甜味类似于蔗糖[5];2)具有良好的稳定性,在酸性介质中保持稳定,且具有耐热性[4];3)便于运输和贮藏,常温下呈淡黄色或白色粉末状,适宜于4~37 ℃的贮藏环境[6];4)黏度低,且随温度升高而降低,可应用于饲料或食品添加剂。此外,XOS还具有低热量[7]、不易分解、水分活度高及抗冻性[4]等性质。

1.2 制备方法

工业上生产XOS常用的制备方法有2种,分别为酶水解法、酸水解法和自水解法。其中,酶水解法主要是通过微生物所含的木聚糖酶,将半纤维素直接催化水解成XOS[8]。与其他制备方法相比,酶水解法的优势在于制备的XOS纯度高并且不产生有毒化合物[9],首先在高温高压条件下提取木聚糖,然后酶解木聚糖生成XOS[10],不需要特殊设备。但酶水解法制备耗时长,对酶的质量以及存储条件都须严格把关[11],所以生产成本较高。自水解法指的是在高温高压下,利用液态水(140~220 ℃)降解半纤维素上的乙酰基,在酸性环境中分解成乙酸,乙酸作为催化剂使其半纤维素糖苷键断裂,最终生成XOS[12-13]。自水解法制备相对复杂,生产成本较高且产品收益率低[14]。酸水解法工艺简单,生产周期短[15],主要是通过酸的电离形成水合氢离子,在水合氢离子作用下使半纤维素糖苷键断裂后,半纤维素上的碳离子与水生成单糖,但酸水解法效率较低,且产物中成分组成较为复杂,造成XOS的含量较低[14]

2 XOS的生理功能

2.1 调节糖和脂代谢

研究表明,XOS可以通过干预腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)通路调节糖和脂代谢。AMPK是调节生物能量代谢的关键因子,可磷酸化乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(ACC)并抑制脂肪酸合成酶基因的合成[16-17]。Li等[18]研究表明,饲粮中添加XOS可激活AMPK通路,使小鼠附睾脂肪细胞内AMPK的mRNA表达增加。活化后的AMPK可以增加磷酸果糖激酶(PFK)和葡萄糖转运体蛋白-4(GLUT-4)的活性和表达,提高葡萄糖摄取和糖酵解的速率,同时诱导ACC磷酸化失活,使细胞丙二酰辅酶A的水平下降,加速长链脂肪酸转运至线粒体内进行氧化[19]。Long等[20]研究发现,在低可溶性纤维饲粮中添加XOS,血清瘦素的循环水平发生显著下降,有效降低了小鼠的体脂率。瘦素是一种由白色脂肪组织分泌的调节机体糖和脂代谢稳态的重要因子,通过抑制脂肪酸合成、促进脂质分解生成肝脏葡萄糖,进而参与调控机体糖和脂代谢[21],其循环水平与机体的脂肪量成正比[22]。此外,XOS调节糖和脂代谢的途径也与调控SCFA的生成有关。XOS通过参与SCFA的生成过程,调节组织中脂肪酸合成酶(FAS)、ACC、固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c(SREBP-1c)和肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶-1α(CPT-1α)的表达,不同程度地影响机体的脂肪代谢,最终表现为脂肪的沉积减少[23-24]。Long等[20]研究发现,XOS也可在抗肥胖方面表现出优势,通过降低调节脂肪生成和胰岛素敏感性的关键脂肪转录因子CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白α(Cebpa)和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (Pparg)基因的表达,进而调节小鼠机体的糖和脂代谢过程,并作为膳食补充剂促进肠道健康。

2.2 调节免疫功能

XOS能够调节多种细胞因子的分泌,从而达到调节免疫功能的作用。Chen等[25]研究表明,XOS不仅可以诱导小鼠巨噬细胞产生肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6),而且能抑制脂多糖(LPS)诱导的炎症反应。Yuan等[26]报道,添加2 mg/kg XOS显著降低了爱拔益加肉鸡2l和42日龄空肠干扰素γ、Toll样受体5和TNF-α的mRNA表达量。张伟彬等[27]研究发现,饲粮中添加XOS可显著提高爱拔益加肉鸡血清中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)水平,显著降低IL-1β、TNF-α水平,从而降低了炎症因子对肉鸡的负面影响。还有研究证明,XOS被有益菌代谢后,产生了一定数量的SCFA,也可以发挥调节肠道免疫功能的作用[28]。Renae等[29]研究发现,SCFA可以激活G蛋白偶联受体、调节肠上皮细胞(IEC)和白细胞的存活及发育,进而建立起微生物群和肠道免疫之间的联系。同时,XOS可以介导SCFA的生成,进而促进效应性T细胞的产生[30],提高B细胞分化相关基因的表达,还可以调节白细胞、二十烷类和趋化因子[单核细胞趋化蛋白-1 (MCP-1)和中性粒细胞趋化因子-2(CINC-2)]的产生[31-32]。因此,XOS可以直接激活免疫细胞因子,也可以间接调节SCFA生成与肠道微生物菌群结构,进而调节动物机体的免疫状态。

2.3 改善肠道形态

XOS对动物的肠道绒毛形态有良好的改善作用。Ding等[33]研究发现,饲粮中添加250 mg/kg XOS可显著增加断奶仔猪回肠绒毛高度。马文锋等[34]研究发现,饲粮中添加400 mg/kg XOS(木寡糖含量为20%)后,海兰褐蛋鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠绒毛高度显著增加。Rao等[35]研究发现,XOS可以通过增加肉鸡绒毛高度来增加小肠内营养物质的吸收面积,提高小肠上皮的完整性,加强小肠物理屏障,增加小肠对养分的吸收利用能力。研究表明,XOS改善肠道形态可能与其促进有益菌的增殖,从而改善肠道内环境、促进肠绒毛生长和隐窝细胞发育有关[36]。Li等[37]的研究发现,饲粮中添加150 mg/kg XOS(XOS的含量为20%)可显著提高爱拔益加肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度,并推测XOS可能通过肠道益生菌代谢产生SCFA,相应的为肠上皮细胞的增殖提供能量,从而加速肠上皮细胞的更新率、改善肉鸡肠道形态。然而,目前关于XOS对动物肠道形态影响的报道并不完全一致。在Sun等[38]的研究中发现,在饲粮中添加1%的XOS增加了仔猪的结肠隐窝深度。Guerreiro等[39]研究表明,在植物饲料中添加XOS并不能有效抵消原料中抗营养因子对欧洲鲈鱼幼鱼肠道形态的负面影响。这些研究结果不一致的原因可能与试验动物种类、XOS添加量或试验动物的生长阶段不同有关。

2.4 提高机体抗氧化能力

氧化应激是机体内氧化作用与抗氧化作用失衡时的一种状态,伴随产生大量的活性氧(ROS),会破坏机体的抗氧化系统[40-41]。研究发现,XOS可通过提高血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性、降低血清中脂质过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的含量,阻止由ROS引发的自由基链反应,进而缓解机体的氧化应激反应[42-44]。Hou等[43]研究发现,在饲粮中添加0.04% XOS后,断奶仔猪血清中SOD和CAT的活性显著升高。Deng等[45]研究发现,在饲粮中添加100 mg/kg XOS后,肉鸡血清中SOD的活性显著升高,血清中MDA的含量显著降低。在饲料中添加适宜比例的XOS后,欧洲鲈鱼幼鱼肝脏中葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PD)的活性显著升高,进而介导了氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)转化为还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH),实现调节鲈鱼抗氧化的目的[39]。此外,XOS也可以通过调节相关转录因子发挥其抗氧化作用。研究表明,与锌螯合的果胶寡糖可显著增加肝脏核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)基因的表达,从而缓解氧化损伤和线粒体功能障碍[46]。因此,XOS可以通过调节机体内相关酶含量以及转录因子的表达,进而提高机体抗氧化能力。

2.5 优化肠道菌群

研究表明,XOS可以选择性增殖有益菌,是其参与优化肠道菌群、改善肠道健康的重要原因之一[47]。一方面,双歧杆菌作为一种有益菌,其细胞壁上有一层脂磷壁酸(LTA)分子,它能与肠黏膜上皮细胞受体结合,附着在肠道黏膜表面,形成微生物屏障,进而阻止病原菌的定植和生长[48-49];另一方面,双歧杆菌发酵XOS产生的SCFA、乳酸和琥珀酸等有机酸降低了肠道pH,破坏了大多数致病菌适宜生存的中性环境,从而抑制其生长繁殖,促进肠道健康[50-51]。Mäkeläinen等[52]以模拟结肠模型发酵XOS,发现SCFA的产量随之增加,其中丁酸、乙酸和丙酸的产量增加最多。李东东[53]的研究也表明,饲粮添加XOS后,蛋鸡盲肠双歧杆菌的相对丰度显著提高,并且乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量随着XOS添加量的增加呈线性增加趋势。因此,XOS调节肠道菌群还可能与SCFA等代谢物有关[54]。综上可知,XOS通过对有益菌的增殖利于其发酵产生有机酸,从而在肠道内形成酸性化学屏障,改变了致病菌生活的中性环境,达到抑制致病菌定植和生长的效果,进而改善动物肠道健康。

3 XOS在畜牧生产中的应用

3.1 XOS在单胃动物生产中的应用

XOS作为益生元可通过改善肠道菌群、增加机体抗氧化能力等途径促进断奶仔猪生长[55]。对于断奶仔猪来说,其消化和免疫系统未发育完全,并且还要面临生活环境和饲料的改变等,极易引起断奶应激[56-57]。Ding等[33]研究表明,饲粮中添加XOS后,断奶仔猪平均日采食量显著提高,料重比显著降低。Pang等[58]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.75%、1.5%或3%XOS(XOS含量为70%)后,断奶仔猪血清中MDA的含量显著降低,GSH-Px的活性显著增强,并且添加剂量为1.5%时降低MDA含量效果最好,且随着XOS添加量的增加,GSH-Px活性呈线性上升。
XOS可通过改善妊娠和哺乳母猪肠道健康和降低背膘损失,进而提高母猪的繁殖性能。有研究表明,妊娠母猪饲粮中添加XOS可显著缓解母猪的便秘问题[59-60]。吴俊哲[61]研究发现,饲粮添加0.05%或0.10%XOS后(XOS含量为35%),极显著改善了母猪的粪便形态。当妊娠期母猪受到应激变化时,其肠道内菌群失衡[62],而XOS可被肠道有益菌利用产生SCFA,有助于降低肠道内环境的pH,从而一定程度上抑制致病菌的生长[63]。妊娠母猪的背膘厚是直观反映母猪繁殖性能的重要指标[64]。李元凤[65]研究发现,饲粮中添加XOS后,妊娠母猪断奶后的背膘损失显著降低。也有研究表明,母猪饲粮中添加1% XOS显著增加了常乳中总蛋白的含量,同时真蛋白、干物质和非脂固形物含量也有增加趋势[61]
XOS可通过改善肠道形态、盲肠微生物组成及养分利用率提高家禽的生长性能。Morgan等[66]研究发现,饲粮中添加XOS有效提高了蛋鸡回肠养分利用率。在Singh等[67]的研究中,XOS与木聚糖酶联合使用,可通过盲肠发酵进一步增加SCFA含量,有效提高了肉鸡的最终体重(FBWG),改善了肉鸡的生长性能。Li等[37]研究发现,饲粮中添加XOS显著增加了肉鸡十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度,并有效减少了肉鸡粪便氨气的释放。Yang等[68]的研究显示,肉鸡饲粮中添加XOS后,盲肠微生物中拟杆菌和粪杆菌成为优势菌群。在周建民[69]的研究中,XOS可以通过改善蛋鸡肠道形态结构并调节肠道微生物组成,从而缓解肠黏膜屏障的损伤,提高蛋鸡生产性能。
XOS还能改善畜禽的肉品质和蛋品质。邓文等[70]研究发现,XOS和丁酸梭菌联合使用显著提高了罗斯308肉鸡的胸肌红度值。马文锋等[34]研究发现,400 mg/kg XOS(木寡糖含量为20%)显著提高了海兰褐蛋鸡鸡蛋的蛋白高度、哈氏单位和蛋黄质量。邢廷杰等[71]研究发现,饲粮中添加100或500 mg/kg XOS(XOS含量≥35%)可显著增加肥育猪背最长肌中一些必需氨基酸(赖氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸)、鲜味氨基酸和总氨基酸的含量。

3.2 XOS在反刍动物生产中的应用

目前已有关于XOS用于反刍动物生产的相关报道。田雨晴等[72]研究发现,添加XOS缓解了犊牛的断奶应激,显著降低了犊牛45~63日龄的料重比。易宗容等[73]研究表明,饲粮中添加0.03%的XOS(XOS含量为35%)显著提高了肉牛的生产性能,且0.03%的添加量效果最好,同时认为XOS对生产性能的提高作用可能与其提高了反刍动物的饲料利用率有关。王建军等[74]以育肥湖羊为研究对象,发现添加300 mg/kg XOS(XOS干物质含量≥35%)显著提高了湖羊的营养物质表观消化率和生长性能,同时提高了湖羊血清的IgA和IgG含量。赵磊[75]以娟姗牛为研究对象,发现饲粮中添加XOS后不仅提高了试验牛的养分表观消化率,还显著降低了瘤胃甲烷排放量,且添加XOS组试验牛的瘤胃微生物多样性显著高于对照组。张军华等[76]的研究发现,饲粮中添加0.02% XOS显著降低了羔羊的腹泻率,并推测这可能与瘤胃微生物区系的改变有关。王喜明[77]研究也发现,XOS可通过抑制大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌等有害菌的生长,进而降低犊牛的腹泻指数。

4 小结与展望

XOS作为一种新型、安全绿色的益生元,具有独特的理化性质,可在不同种类畜禽生产中发挥生理调节作用。然而,关于XOS调节动物生长与免疫作用的报道并不完全一致,这可能与XOS的生产原料广泛、有效成分含量不同等有关;此外,试验动物的品种、日龄及健康状况也与XOS的使用效果关系密切。目前,虽然针对XOS可以增殖肠道有益菌的机理已受到认可,但不同原料及工艺所生产的XOS的木糖比例和纯度差异较大,造成其在畜禽生产中的促生长作用也存在变化。因此,围绕XOS工艺开发与配套应用技术有必要开展更多的系统研究,从而为XOS在畜牧生产中的应用推广提供更多的理论依据。
[1]
DA SILVA D F, SGANZERLA G W, ÁVILA F P, et al. Evaluation of the functional properties of short-chain xylooligosaccharides obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of bamboo culm[J]. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, 2024,32:100431.

[2]
TIAN S, YANG Z, YAN F, et al. Preparation of xylooligosaccharides from rice husks and their structural characterization,antioxidant activity, and probiotic properties[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2024, 271(2):132575.

[3]
CARLA C, NIKNAFS S, GONZALEZ-ORTIZ G, et al. Dietary xylo-oligosaccharides and arabinoxylans improved growth efficiency by reducing gut epithelial cell turnover in broiler chickens[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2024, 15(1):35.

DOI PMID

[4]
韩佳佳, 韩锐, 付彤, 等. 低聚木糖的生理功能及其在畜牧生产中应用的研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2023, 35(12):7625-7632.

DOI

HAN J J, HAN R, FU T, et al. Research progress on physiological function of xylo-oligosaccharide and its application in livestock production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2023, 35(12):7625-7632. (in Chinese)

[5]
刘事达, 王芳, 程颖, 等. 低聚木糖的制备、生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用[J]. 饲料研究, 2024, 47(4):132-137.

LIU S D, WANG F, CHENG Y, et al. Preparation, physiological function and application in animal production of xylo-oligosaccharides[J]. Feed Research, 2024, 47(4):132-137. (in Chinese)

[6]
沈芮. 木聚糖酶法和酸法水解生成低聚木糖的研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 北京: 北京化工大学, 2016.

SHEN R. Investigation of xylooligosaccharides production from xylan via enzymatic and acid hydrolysis[D]. Master’s Thesis. Beijing: Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 2016. (in Chinese)

[7]
ANARADO E C, CHUKWUBUEZE M F, OBUMSELU F O, et al.Production, properties and applications of xylooligosaccharides (XOS):a review[J]. Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research, 2022, 12(2):1-10.

[8]
GUFE C, JAMBWA P, MARUMURE J, et al. Are phenolic compounds produced during the enzymatic production of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides (XOS) beneficial:a review[J]. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 2024,26:11-16.

[9]
AKPINAR O, AK O, KAVAS A, et al. Enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides from cotton stalks[J]. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2007, 55(14):5544-5551.

PMID

[10]
JNAWALI P, KUMAR V, TANWAR B, et al. Enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides from brown coconut husk treated with sodium hydroxide[J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2018, 9(10):1757-1766.

[11]
李玥. 低聚木糖对肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、免疫功能和肠道功能的影响[D]. 河南农业大学, 2022.

LI Y. Effects of xylooligosaccharides on growth performance slaughter performance,immune function and intestinal function of broilers[D]. Master’s Thesis.Henan Agricultural University, 2022. (in Chinese)

[12]
VILA C, GARROTE G, DOMÍNGUEZ H, et al. Hydrolytic processing of rice husks in aqueous media:a kinetic assessment[J]. Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications, 2002, 67(4):509-530.

[13]
OTIENO D O, AHRING B K. A thermochemical pretreatment process to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS),arabinooligosaccharides (AOS) and mannooligosaccharides (MOS) from lignocellulosic biomasses[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012,112:285-292.

[14]
顾峰源, 姚自选, 潘艳, 等. 低聚木糖制备的研究进展[J]. 山东化工, 2020, 49(21):59-60.

GU Y F, YAO Z X, PAN Y, et al. Research progress in the preparation of xylooligosaccharides[J]. Shandong Chemical Industry, 2020, 49(21):59-60. (in Chinese)

[15]
黄天, 张晓彤, 赵江琳, 等. 木糖酸辅助水解木聚糖制备低聚木糖及其分离与回收工艺研究[J]. 林产化学与工业, 2021, 41(5):8-14.

HUANG T, ZHANG X T, ZHAO J L, et al. Preparation of xylooligosaccharides by xylonic acid assisted hydrolysis of xylan and its separation and recovery process[J]. Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products, 2021, 41(5):8-14. (in Chinese)

[16]
赵金波, 刘盈序, 黄合特, 等. AMPK/mTOR信号通路交叉调控在动物细胞营养代谢的作用[J]. 中国饲料, 2023(17):1-6.

ZHAO J B, LIU Y X, HUANG H T, et al. Cross-talking of mTOR and AMPK signaling pathway in nutrient metabolism of animal cells[J]. China Feed, 2023(17):1-6. (in Chinese)

[17]
HARDIE G D. AMPK: a key regulator of energy balance in the single cell and the whole organism.[J]. International Journal of Obesity, 2008, 32(4):7-12.

[18]
LI F, LI Q, ZHANG Y, et al. Effects of xylooligosaccharides on lipid metabolism,inflammation,and gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet[J]. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2021,12:79614.

[19]
郑思颖, 黎力之, 关玮琨, 等. 脂联素调节动物糖脂代谢的机理及其营养调控[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2022, 58(9):1-5.

ZHENG S Y, LI L Z, GUAN W K, et al. Mechanism of adiponectin regulating glycolipid metabolism and its nutritional regulation[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2022, 58(9):1-5.

[20]
LONG J F, YANG J P, HENNING S M, et al. Xylooligosaccharide supplementation decreases visceral fat accumulation and modulates cecum microbiome inmice[J]. Journal of Functional Foods, 2019,52:138-146.

[21]
李兰兰, 任建功. 瘦素、脂联素与代谢综合征的相关性研究进展[J]. 中国糖尿病杂志, 2019, 27(8):632-634.

LI L L, REN J G. Research progress on the correlation between leptin,adiponectin and metabolic syndrome[J]. Chinese Journal of Diabetes, 2019, 27(8):632-634. (in Chinese)

[22]
STERN H J, RUTKOWSKI M J, SCHERER E P. Adiponectin,leptin,and fatty acids in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis through adipose tissue crosstalk[J]. Cell Metabolism, 2016, 23(5):770-784.

[23]
焦安然. 饲粮纤维对猪脂质代谢与肉质性状的影响及短链脂肪酸的介导机制[D]. 博士学位论文. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2022.

JIAO A R. Effects of dietary fiber on lipid metabolism and meat traits of pigs and the mediating mechanism of short chain fatty acids[D]. Ph.D.Thesis. Ya’an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2022. (in Chinese)

[24]
王晨. 钟赛意, 邹宇晓. 膳食纤维经肠道微生态途径调节脂质代谢作用的研究进展[J]. 食品科学, 2019, 40(3):338-347.

DOI

WANG C, ZHONG S Y, ZOU Y X. Dietary fiber regulates lipid metabolism through the gut microbiota:a literature review[J]. Food Science, 2019, 40(3):338-347. (in Chinese)

DOI

[25]
CHEN H H, CHEN Y K, CHANG H C, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of xylooligosaccharides[J]. Food Science and Technology Research, 2012, 18(2):195-199.

[26]
YUAN L, LI W L, HUO Q Q, et a1.Effects of xylo-oligosaccharide and flavomycin on the immune function of broiler chickens[J], PeerJ, 2018,6:4435.

[27]
张伟彬, 张正海, 连慧香. 低聚木糖对肉鸡生长性能、免疫性能以及肠道健康的影响[J]. 饲料工业, 2023, 44(9):32-38.

ZHANG W B, ZHANG Z H, LIAN H X, et al. Effects of xvlo-oligosaccharide on growth performance,immune performance and intestinal health of broilers[J]. Feed Industry, 2023, 44(9):32-38. (in Chinese)

[28]
王立, 薛腊梅, 李言. 低聚木糖的生理活性研究进展[J]. 食品与生物技术学报, 2018, 37(6):561-571.

WANG L, XUE L M, LI Y, et al. Research progress of physiological activities of xylooligosaccharide[J]. Journal of Food Science and Biotechnology, 2018, 37(6):561-571. (in Chinese)

[29]
CORRÊA-OLIVEIRA R, FACHI J L, VIEIRA A, et al. Regulation of immune cell function by short-chain fatty acids[J]. Clinical Translational Immunology, 2016, 5(4):73.

[30]
LE POUL E, LOISON C, STRUYF S, et al. Functional characterization of human receptors for short chain fatty acids and their role in polymorphonuclear cell activation[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 2003, 278(28):25481-25489.

DOI PMID

[31]
VINOLO M, RODRIGUES H, NACHBAR R. Regulation of inflammation by short chain fatty acids[J]. Nutrients, 2011, 3(10):858-876.

DOI PMID

[32]
ARTIS D. Epithelial-cell recognition of commensal bacteria and maintenance of immune homeostasis in the gut[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2008, 8(6):411-420.

DOI PMID

[33]
DING H, ZHAO X C, KALAM A M A, et al. Dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis and xylo-oligosaccharides improves growth performance and intestinal morphology and alters intestinal microbiota and metabolites in weaned piglets[J]. Food Function, 2021, 12(13):5837-5849.

[34]
马文锋, 吴秋珏, 赵芙蓉. 低聚木糖对产蛋后期蛋鸡生产性能、肠道形态结构及蛋品质的影响[J]. 西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 49(9):16-21.

MA W F, WU Q J, ZHAO F R, et al. Effects of xylooligosaccharide on production performance,egg quality and intestinal morphology of laying hens[J]. Journal of Northwest A & F University (Natural Science Edition), 2021, 49(9):16-21. (in Chinese)

[35]
RAO Z Y, LI Y, YANG X P, et al. Diet xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation improves growth performance,immune function, and intestinal health of broilers[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2024,17:165-176.

[36]
ZHOU X, ZHAO J, ZHANG X, et al. An eco-friendly biorefinery strategy for xylooligosaccharides production from sugarcane bagasse using cellulosic derived gluconic acid as efficient catalyst[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2019,289:121755.

[37]
LI X X, WU X H, MA W F, et al. Effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides supplementation on the intestinal morphology, nitrogen metabolism,faecal ammonia release,antioxidant capacity,and immune organ indices of broilers[J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2022, 21(1):1352-1361.

[38]
SUN F Z, HUA H, SUN Z Q, et al. Effect of arabinoxylan and xylo-oligosaccharide on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets[J]. Animals, 2023, 13(6):964.

[39]
GUERREIRO I, COUTO A, PEREZ-JIMENEZ A, et al. Gut morphology and hepatic oxidative status of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles fed plant feedstuffs or fishmeal-based diets supplemented with short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 2015, 114(12):1975-1984.

[40]
SON A R, KIM S H, ISLAM M, et al. Effect of organic mineral supplementation in reducing oxidative stress in Holstein calves during short-term heat stress and recovery conditions[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2023, 14(1):156.

DOI PMID

[41]
OMOOR L N.A, RICHARD Y, LIN H, et al. Dietary supplement of fermented grass forage regulates growth performance, antioxidant capacity, and immune response of broiler chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2024, 103(2):103323.

[42]
杨卫兵. 不同粒度低聚木糖的体外抑菌作用及在肉鸡饲料中的应用研究[D]. 硕士学业论文. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2012.

YANG W B. Effects of xylooligosaccharides with different particle size on antibacterial function in vitro and applications in broiler diets[D]. Master’s Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2012. (in Chinese)

[43]
HOU Z P, WU D Q, DAI Q Z. Effects of dietary xylo-oligosaccharide on growth performance,serum biochemical parameters,antioxidant function,and immunological function of nursery piglets[J]. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, 2020,49:e20190170.

[44]
NUR D A, SADARMAN S, AGUNG I, et al. Effects of oligosaccharides on performance, egg quality, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant status, and immunity of laying hens:a Meta-analysis[J]. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 2023, 22(1):594-604.

[45]
DENG F L, TANG S L, ZHAO H B, et al. Combined effects of sodium butyrate and xylo-oligosaccharide on growth performance,anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity, intestinal morphology and microbiota of broilers at early stage[J]. Poultry Science, 2023, 102(5):102585.

[46]
WANG Z C, YU H M, XIE J J, et al. Effect of pectin oligosaccharides and zinc chelate on growth performance,zinc status, antioxidant ability, intestinal morphology and short-chain fatty acids in broilers[J]. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 2019, 103(3):935-946.

[47]
POURABEDIN M, GUAN L, ZHAO X. Xylooligosaccharides and virginiamycin differentially modulate gut microbial composition in chickens[J]. Microbiome, 2015,3:15-26.

[48]
EBERSBACH T, ANDERSEN J B, BERGSTRÖM A, et al. Xylo-oligosaccharides inhibit pathogen adhesion to enterocytes in vitro[J]. Research in Microbiology, 2012, 163(1):22-27.

[49]
李俊洁, 陈庆森. 双歧杆菌调理和改善肠道相关疾病作用的研究进展[J], 食品科学, 2011, 32(23):326-332.

DOI

LI J J, CHEN Q S. Recent Advances in research on the role of bifidobacteria in regulating and improving gut-associated diseases[J], Food Science, 2011, 32(23):326-332. (in Chinese)

[50]
AGGELETOPOULOU I, KONSTANTAKIS C, ASSIMAKOPOULOS S F, et al. The role of he gut microbiota in the treatment of intammatory bowe diseases[J]. Microbia Pathonenesis, 2019,137:103774.

[51]
SUN M M, WU W, LIU Z J, et al. Microbiota metabolite short chain fatty acids,GPCR,and infammatory bowel diseases[J]. Joural of Gastroenterology, 2017. 52(1):1-8.

[52]
MÄKELÄINEN H, FORSSTEN S, SAARIONEN M, et al. Xylo-oligosaccharides enhance the growth of bifidobacteria and Bifidobacterium lactis in a simulated colon model[J]. Beneficial Microbes, 2010, 1(1):81-91.

[53]
李东东. 低聚木糖对蛋鸡生产性能、免疫功能及肠道健康的影响研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2017.

LI D D. Effects of dietary xylooligosaccharides on the performance, immune function and intestinal health of laying hens[D]. Master’s Thesis. Ya’an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2017. (in Chinese)

[54]
李茜茜, 王鑫鑫, 马文锋, 等. 功能性低聚木糖在肉鸡生产中的应用研究进展[J]. 动物营养学报, 2022, 34(8):4802-4811.

DOI

LI X X, WANG X X, MA W F, et al. Research progress in application of functional xylooligosaccharides in broiler production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(8):4802-4811.

DOI

[55]
CHEN Y X, XIE Y N, ZHONG R Q, et al. Effects of graded levels of xylo-oligosaccharides on growth performance, serum parameters, intestinal morphology and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2021, 99(7):183.

[56]
SHIN D Y, CHANG S Y, BOGERE P, et al. Beneficial roles of probiotics on the modulation of gut microbiota and immune response in pigs[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14(8):220843.

[57]
CAMPBELL J M, CRENSHAW J D, POLO J. The biological stress of early weaned piglets[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2013, 4(1):19.

DOI PMID

[58]
PANG J M, ZHOU X J, YE H, et al. The high level of xylooligosaccharides improves growth performance in weaned piglets by increasing antioxidant activity,enhancing immune function,and modulating gut microbiota[J]. Frontiers in Nutrition, 2021,8:764556.

[59]
MA T, HUANG W Q, LI Y L, et al. Probiotics alleviate constipation and inflammation in late gestating and lactating sows[J]. NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes, 2023, 9(1):70.

DOI PMID

[60]
李元凤, 何健, 邓传东. 饲粮中添加低聚木糖对妊娠母猪粪便质量的影响[J]. 养猪, 2016(3):33-35.

LI Y F, HE J, DENG C D, et al. Effect of dietary supplement with xylo-oligosaccharide on fecal quality of gestating sows[J]. Swine Production, 2016(3):33-35. (in Chinese)

[61]
吴俊哲. 饲粮添加低聚木糖对母猪繁殖性能和后代断奶仔猪生长发育的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 雅安: 四川农业大学, 2023.

WU J Z. Effects of Dietary xylo-oligosaccharide supplementation on reproductive performance of sows and growth and development of offspring weaned piglets[D]. Master’s Thesis. Ya’an: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2023. (in Chinese)

[62]
古金元, 彭涛, 胡东方, 等. 浅谈妊娠母猪生理特性及发酵饲料对其影响[J]. 猪业科学, 2017, 34(7):94-96.

GU J Y, PENG T, HU D F, et al. Introduction to the pregnancy sow physiological characteristics and the influence of fermented feed[J]. Journal of Pig Industry Science, 2017, 34(7):94-96. (in Chinese)

[63]
GIBSON G R, WANG X. Regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria[J]. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 1994,77:412-420.

[64]
CHARETT R, POULIN B M, MARTINEAU G P. Body condition evaluation in sows[J]. Livestock Production Science, 1996, 46(2):107-115.

[65]
李元凤. 低聚木糖对泌乳母猪繁殖性能及后代仔猪生长、消化和肠道发育的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 绵阳: 西南科技大学, 2018.

LI Y F. Effects of diet supplementation xylo-oligosaccharides on reproductive performance of lactating sows and performance and digestion and intestinal development of their offspring[D]. Master’s Thesis. Mianyang: Southwest University of Science and Technology, 2018. (in Chinese)

[66]
MORGAN N K, WALLACE A, BEDFORD M R, et al. Impact of fermentable fiber,xylo-oligosaccharides and xylanase on laying hen productive performance and nutrient utilization[J]. Poultry Science, 2022, 101(12):102210.

[67]
SINGH A K, MISHRA B, BEDFORD M, et al. Effects of supplemental xylanase and xylooligosaccharides on production performance and gut health variables of broiler chickens[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2021, 12(1):98.

DOI PMID

[68]
YANG C W, QIU M H, ZHANG Z R, et al. Galacto-oligosaccharides and xylo-oligosaccharides affect meat flavor by altering the cecal microbiome,metabolome,and transcriptome of chickens[J]. Poultry Science, 2022, 101(11):102122.

[69]
周建民. 低聚木糖对产蛋鸡生产性能和肠道屏障的作用[D]. 硕士学位论文. 北京: 中国农业科学院, 2019.

ZHOU J M. Effect of dietary xylooligosaccharide supplementation on performance and intestinal barrier of laying hens[D]. Master’s Thesis. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2019. (in Chinese)

[70]
邓文, 焦玉萍, 徐彬, 等. 丁酸梭菌和低聚木糖对肉鸡生产性能酸梭菌和低聚木糖对肉鸡生产性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响[J]. 中国家禽, 2017, 39(7):24-28.

DENG W, JIAO Y P, XU B, et al. Effect of Clostridium botulinum and xylo-oligosaccharides on production performance,slaughter performance and meat quality of broilers[J]. China Poultry, 2017, 39(7):24-28. (in Chinese)

[71]
邢廷杰, 韩丽, 解培峰, 等. 饲粮添加低聚木糖对肥育猪血浆生化参数和肉品质的影响[J]. 中国畜牧杂志, 2018, 54(9):94-99.

XING T J, HAN L, XIE P F, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with xylo-oligosaccharide on plasma biochemical parameters and meat quality in finishing pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 54(9):94-99.

[72]
田雨晴, 张一平, 吴春会, 等. 低聚木糖和牛磺酸对犊牛生长性能、腹泻率和营养物质表观消化率的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2024, 36(1):374-386.

DOI

TIAN Y Q, ZHANG Y P, WU C H, et al. Effects of xylo-oligosaccharides and taurine on growth performance,diarrhea rate and nutrient apparent digestibility of calves[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024, 36(1):374-386. (in Chinese)

[73]
易宗容, 冯堂超, 李雪梅. 添加低聚木糖在酒糟育肥杂交肉牛的应用[J]. 今日畜牧兽医, 2020, 36(7):10-11.

YI Z R, FENG T C, LI X M. Application of supplementation with xylooligosaccharides in fattening hybrid cows with distiller’s grains[J]. Today Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2020, 36(7):10-11.

[74]
王建军, 董伟, 张金学, 等. 饲粮添加低聚木糖对育肥湖羊生长性能、养分表观消化率、免疫功能及瘤胃发酵参数的影响[J]. 饲料研究, 2023, 46(17):12-16.

WANG J J, DONG W, ZHANG J X, et al. Effect of xylooligosaccharides to the diet on growth performance,nutrient apparent digestibility,immune function and rumen fermentation parameters of finishing Hu sheep[J]. Feed Research, 2023, 46(17):12-16. (in Chinese)

[75]
赵磊. 低聚木糖与复合酶调控奶牛泌乳性能及甲烷排放量的研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 银川: 宁夏大学, 2023.

ZHAO L. Oligosaccharides and enzyme complexes to regulate lactation performance and methane emissions in dairy cows[D]. Master’s Thesis. Yinchuan: Ningxia University, 2023. (in Chinese)

[76]
张军华, 杜莎, 罗定媛, 等. 低聚木糖对羔羊生产性能和血液生化指标的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2008,(2):22-23.

ZHANG J H, DU S, LUO D Y, et al. Effects of xylooligosaccharides on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters in lamb[J]. China Feed, 2008,(2):22-23. (in Chinese)

[77]
王喜明. 低聚木糖、 益生素分别对不同阶段犊牛生长性能的影响[D]. 硕士学位论文. 哈尔滨: 东北农业大学, 2008.

WANG X M. The Effect of xylo-oligosaccharides and pribiotics on performance in different stage calves[D]. Master’s Thesis.Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University, 2008. (in Chinese)

Outlines

/