Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 11: 6958 - 6968

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.593

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Pleurotus ostreatus HXS-M1 Fermented Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Condition, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Fecal Microflora of Weaned Piglets

  • BAI Changsheng ,
  • TIAN Qiufeng ,
  • JIN Zhenhua ,
  • WANG Huan ,
  • LIU Qiujin ,
  • SHI Tongrui , *
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  • Heilongjiang Engineering Technology Research Center of Fermented with Chinese Herbs for Feed, Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar 161005, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-04-22

  Online published: 2024-11-09

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Pleurotus ostreatus HXS-M1 fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance, diarrhea condition, serum biochemical indexes and fecal microflora of weaned piglets. Seventy-two healthy weaned piglets (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weight of (8.13±0.43) kg at 28 days of age were randomly divided into 3 groups with 4 replicates per group and 6 piglets per replicate. The control group (group C) was fed a basal diet, and the experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.5% unfermented compound Chinese herbal medicine (group U) and 0.5% fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine (group F), respectively. The experiment period was 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the group C, the average daily gain of group U and group F was significantly increased (P<0.01), and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with the group U, the average daily gain of group F was significantly increased (P<0.01), and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased (P<0.01). 2) Compared with the group C, the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of group U and group F were significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with the group U, the diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of group F were significantly decreased (P<0.01). 3) Compared with the group C, the serum urea nitrogen content of group F was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the serum total protein content of group F was significantly increased (P<0.01), the serum total protein content of group U was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum globulin content of group U and group F was significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with the group U, the serum total protein content of group F was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum globulin content of was significantly increased (P<0.01). 4) Compared with the group C, the fecal Escherichia coli number of group U and group F was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the fecal lactic acid bacteria number was significantly increased (P<0.01); compared with the group U, the fecal lactic acid bacteria number of group F was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine and unfermented compound Chinese herbal medicine in the diet can increase the growth performance and immunity, reduce the diarrhea rate, and regulate the intestinal microflora environment of weaned piglets. The effect of fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine is better than unfermented compound Chinese herbal medicine.

Key words： Pleurotus ostreatus; compound Chinese herbal medicine; weaned piglets; growth performance; diarrhea; serum biochemical; fecal microflora

Cite this article

BAI Changsheng , TIAN Qiufeng , JIN Zhenhua , WANG Huan , LIU Qiujin , SHI Tongrui . Effects of Pleurotus ostreatus HXS-M1 Fermented Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Condition, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Fecal Microflora of Weaned Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(11) : 6958 -6968 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.593

断奶仔猪腹泻是生猪养殖过程中一种常见的阶段性疾病,仔猪由于受机体自身生理状态以及更换饲料、饲养环境改变等应激因素的影响,在断奶后极易发生腹泻,严重者可导致死亡,造成不容忽视的经济损失[1-2]。养殖业主要使用抗生素或化学药物治疗断奶仔猪腹泻,但是长期大量使用抗生素会损伤仔猪肝脏、肾脏等脏器,抑制机体免疫力,造成二重感染[3-4];同时,因此导致的药物残留和细菌耐药性等公共卫生问题严重威胁了人类的健康[5]。目前,养殖业减抗已成为畜牧业高质量发展的重要切入点,自我国禁用促生长类药物饲料添加剂以来,人们一直在寻求高效的抗生素替代品。中草药具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化以及不易产生耐药性、毒副作用低等优点[6-7],是抗生素及促生长药物饲料添加剂的理想替代品之一。然而常用的植物类中草药活性成分大多包裹在细胞壁内,难以被机体吸收利用,显著影响中草药的作用效果[8]。中草药的细胞壁可以被微生物代谢产生的纤维素酶、半纤维素酶等酶类分解,从而促进活性成分的溶出,同时也可将一些活性成分进行生物转化,从而增强中草药的药效[9-10]。食药同源真菌不仅具有强大的产木质素酶和纤维素酶的能力,而且其主要活性成分多糖具有提高动物生长性能和免疫力、降低腹泻率、调节肠道微生态平衡等功能,利用食药同源真菌发酵中草药具有更加理想的效果[11-12]。因此,本试验以断奶仔猪为研究对象,研究饲粮中添加糙皮侧耳菌(Pleurotus ostreatus)HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对仔猪生长性能、腹泻情况、血清生化指标及粪便菌群的影响,为研发能够缓解断奶仔猪腹泻、保障仔猪健康的高效、绿色的中草药饲料添加剂提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1菌株由黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧兽医分院微生物研究室分离鉴定并保存[13]。
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基、马铃薯葡萄糖液体(PDB)培养基、营养琼脂(NA)培养基、MRS培养基、伊红美蓝(EMB)培养基、SS培养基和碳酸钙购自北京陆桥技术股份有限公司。甘草、黄芪、蒲公英、板蓝根等中草药购自齐齐哈尔某药店;黄豆购自齐齐哈尔某粮油超市。
复方中草药固态发酵基质(以重量计)[14]:黄芪、甘草、蒲公英、板蓝根各7.5%,黄豆粉10%,碳酸钙0.5%,水59.5%。采用紫外可见分光光度法测得复方中草药的总多糖、总黄酮、总生物碱和总皂苷含量分别为(7.12±0.15) mg/g、(0.11±0.02) mg/g、(0.45±0.03) mg/g、0.25 mg/g。

1.2 发酵复方中草药制备

1.2.1 种子液制备

糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1菌种活化后,无菌打孔器制取直径9 mm的菌饼,取1块菌饼接种到装有50 mL PDB培养基的250 mL锥形瓶中,在摇床中28 ℃、160 r/min振荡培养7 d,即为种子液。

1.2.2 发酵复方中草药制备

取复方中草药固态发酵基质分装于发酵袋(聚丙烯材质,耐高温高压)中,于121 ℃高压灭菌60 min,冷却后,按4%(V/W)的接种量接种1.2.1制备的种子液,于28 ℃恒温发酵25 d[14]。然后将发酵中草药置干燥箱中40 ℃干燥至恒重,粉碎过40目筛,即得发酵复方中草药。以PDB培养基替代种子液,按同样方法处理复方中草药固态发酵基质,即得非发酵复方中草药。

1.3 试验动物及试验设计

试验动物经黑龙江省农业科学院畜牧兽医分院实验动物伦理委员会批准,批准号:XMSY202308161。
试验采用单因素完全随机区组试验设计,选用28日龄、初始体重为(8.13±0.43) kg的健康三元(杜×长×大)断奶仔猪72头,随机分为3组,每组4个重复,每个重复6头。对照组(C组)饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.5%非发酵复方中草药(U组)和0.5%发酵复方中草药(F组),试验期28 d。基础饲粮根据NRC(2012)断奶仔猪营养需要与本地养猪生产实际配制,发酵复方中草药与非发酵复方中草药按设计量添加到基础饲粮中搅拌均匀,试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 试验饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
C U F
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 47.00 46.76 46.76
豆粕Soybean meal 19.00 18.90 18.90
米糠Rice bran 7.00 6.96 6.96
发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal 7.00 6.96 6.96
麦麸Wheat bran 5.00 4.97 4.97
葡萄糖Glucose 4.00 3.98 3.98
鱼粉Fish meal 2.00 1.99 1.99
酵母粉Yeast powder 2.00 1.99 1.99
大豆油Soybean oil 2.00 1.99 1.99
石粉Limestone 0.70 0.70 0.70
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30
非发酵复方中草药
Unfermented compound Chinese herbal medicine		 0.50
发酵复方中草药
Fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine		 0.50
预混料Premix1) 4.00 4.00 4.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 14.26 14.25 14.25
粗蛋白质CP 16.92 16.90 16.90
赖氨酸Lys 1.32 1.32 1.32
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.74 0.74 0.74
苏氨酸Thr 0.72 0.72 0.72
色氨酸Try 0.28 0.28 0.28
钙Ca 0.87 0.87 0.87
总磷TP 0.78 0.78 0.78
有效磷AP 0.37 0.37 0.37

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 6 800 IU,VD3 3 200 IU,VB1 3 mg,VB2 3.5 mg,VB6 8.0 mg,VB12 0.1 mg,VE 22 IU,VK 3 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 16 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 12 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.6 mg,生物素 biotin 0.4 mg,胆碱 choline 100 mg,Cu 20 mg,Fe 85 mg,Mn 30 mg,Zn 90 mg,Se 0.35 mg,I 0.38 mg。

2)消化能、有效磷为计算值,其余为实测值。DE and AP were calculated values, while the others were measured values.

1.4 饲养管理

试验开始前使用消毒剂对试验猪舍进行彻底消毒,通风晾干后进行试验。各组试验猪均饲养在水泥地面的全封闭猪舍,釆用可调式料槽、乳头式饮水器,试验期仔猪全程自由釆食和饮水,每天早上和傍晚向料槽内加料,饲料为颗粒料。试验期间按试验设计进行饲喂,试验过程中仔猪不服用任何药物,常规免疫和驱虫。保持猪舍良好通风排气,维持温度在23~25 ℃,每天打扫猪舍,定期对猪舍消毒。

1.5 测定指标

1.5.1 饲粮营养成分

粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018方法测定,粗脂肪含量参照GB/T 6433—2006方法测定,粗纤维含量参照GB/T 6434—2022方法测定,粗灰分含量参照GB/T 6438—2007方法测定,氨基酸含量参照GB/T 18246—2019方法测定,钙含量参照GB/T 6436—2018方法测定,总磷含量参照GB/T 6437—2018方法测定。消化能和有效磷参照NRC(2012)计算。

1.5.2 生长性能

试验期间,每天统计各组仔猪的供料量和剩料量;试验开始和结束时对已禁食12 h的试验仔猪进行称重。计算各组仔猪的平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)[15]。

1.5.3 腹泻率和腹泻指数

试验期间,每日记录各组仔猪的腹泻头数和腹泻天数;每日观察仔猪粪便的形态外观,精神状况,记录并评分,粪便评分标准[16]见表2。参照文献[17]的方法计算各组仔猪的腹泻率和腹泻指数。
表2 粪便评分标准

Table 2 Standard of fecal score[16]

粪便评分
Fecal scores		 评分依据(粪便外观)
Scoring criteria (fecal appearance)		 评定
Evaluation
0 粪便坚实,正常成形 无腹泻
1 粪便松散,部分成形 轻度腹泻
2 半液体粪便,粪水未分离 中度腹泻
3 水样泡沫样粪,粪水分离 重度腹泻

1.5.4 血清生化指标

在试验第28天晨饲前,每个重复中选取接近平均体重的仔猪2头(公母各1头),通过前腔静脉采集血液10 mL,室温静置凝固1 h后,536.6×g离心10 min,取血清-20 ℃保存待测。采用全自动血液生化分析仪(BS-220,深圳迈瑞生物医疗电子股份有限公司)测定血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、尿素(UN)、葡萄糖(GLU)含量和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性。试剂盒均购自深圳雷杜生命科学股份有限公司[15]。

1.5.5 粪便菌群

在试验第28天晨饲前,每个重复中选取接近平均体重的仔猪2头(公母各1头),取新鲜直肠粪便约5 g,采用平板菌落计数法测定粪便中微生物数量。乳酸菌采用MRS培养基厌氧培养,大肠杆菌采用EMB培养基好氧培养,分别于37 ℃培养48 h后,记录菌落数,粪便菌群数量以1 g粪便中所含菌落形成单位的对数[lg(CFU/g)]表示[15]。

1.6 数据分析

采用Excel 2013初步处理数据,采用SPSS 26.0进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan氏法组间多重比较,腹泻率采用卡方检验。试验结果以平均值±标准误表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01表示差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

在试验期间仔猪未出现死亡现象。由表3可知,与C组相比,U组和F组的ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),F/G极显著下降(P<0.01);与U组相比,F组的ADG极显著提高(P<0.01),F/G极显著下降(P<0.01)。
表3 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of Pleurotus ostreatus HXS-M1 fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance of weaned piglets

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C U F
初始体重IBW/kg 8.14±0.29 8.12±0.29 8.14±0.28 0.998
终末体重FBW/kg 16.79±0.26 17.28±0.28 17.76±0.27 0.114
平均日增重ADG/(g/d) 309±2A 327±2B 344±2C 0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d) 473±2 475±3 477±2 0.415
料重比F/G 1.53±0.01A 1.45±0.01B 1.39±0.01C 0.001

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪腹泻率和腹泻指数的影响

由表4可知,与C组相比,U组和F组的腹泻率和腹泻指数均极显著降低(P<0.01);与U组相比,F组的腹泻率和腹泻指数均极显著降低(P<0.01)。
表4 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔腹泻率和腹泻指数的影响

Table 4 Effects of Pleurotus ostreatus HXS-M1 fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine on diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of weaned piglets

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C U F
腹泻率Diarrhea rate/% 14.24±0.92A 9.72±0.35B 5.56±0.69C 0.001
腹泻指数Diarrhea index 0.57±0.02A 0.33±0.02B 0.19±0.02C 0.001

2.3 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响

由表5可知,与C组相比,F组的血清UN含量显著降低(P<0.05);F组的血清TP含量极显著升高(P<0.01),U组的血清TP含量显著升高(P<0.05);U组和F组的血清GLB含量极显著升高(P<0.01)。与U组相比,F组的血清TP含量显著升高(P<0.05),血清GLB含量极显著升高(P<0.01)。
表5 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of Pleurotus ostreatus HXS-M1 fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine on serum biochemical indexes of weaned piglets

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C U F
葡萄糖GLU/(mmol/L) 4.41±0.17 4.32±0.15 3.96±0.16 0.217
尿素UN/(mmol/L) 3.08±0.13a 2.72±0.16ab 2.41±0.15b 0.045
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 52.55±1.01Bc 57.29±1.03ABb 60.56±0.99Aa 0.003
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 23.81±0.51 24.26±0.55 24.66±0.59 0.578
球蛋白GLB/(g/L) 28.74±0.53C 33.02±0.48B 36.19±0.49A 0.001
谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) 43.27±0.37 42.93±0.31 42.70±0.28 0.485
谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) 48.28±0.41 48.66±0.38 47.64±0.46 0.291

2.4 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪粪便菌群的影响

由表6可知,与C组相比,U组和F组的粪便中大肠杆菌数量显著减少(P<0.05),粪便中乳酸菌数量极显著增加(P<0.01);与U组相比,F组的粪便中乳酸菌数量显著增加(P<0.05)。
表6 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪粪便菌群的影响

Table 6 Effects of Pleurotus ostreatus HXS-M1 fermented compound Chinese herbal medicine on fecal microflora of weaned piglets lg(CFU/g)

项目
Items		 组别Groups P值
P-value
C U F
大肠杆菌Escherichia coli 6.86±0.11a 6.51±0.10b 6.37±0.09b 0.031
乳酸菌Lactic acid bacteria 7.89±0.09Bc 8.52±0.10Ab 8.96±0.13Aa 0.001

3 讨论

3.1 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

蒲公英具有抗菌、抗病毒、增强免疫力的作用;甘草具有抗炎、抗过敏、解痉和解毒的作用;黄芪具有抗氧化、抗应激、抗菌、抗病毒和增强免疫力的作用;板蓝根具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗内毒素、增强免疫力的作用。糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1具有营养和药用双重价值,还具有强大的降解木质素和纤维素的能力,并且能产生多种维生素以及对维护机体健康有重要价值的生物活性物质。利用糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药,可以发挥协同增效作用,既能保证发酵复方中草药的安全性,又能提高发酵复方中草药的药效。复方中草药经过糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵后,总多糖含量和总生物碱含量提高,总皂苷含量降低,抑菌活性升高。进一步研究显示,复方中草药中的皂苷经过发酵被生物转化为活性物质苷元,直接发挥药效,并且抗氧化性也得到提高。
畜禽的ADG、ADFI和F/G是衡量其经济价值的重要指标[18]。饲粮中添加发酵复方中草药可以改善饲料的适口性,增加畜禽的采食量,促进机体对营养物质的吸收利用,提高动物生长性能[19-20]。马铮财等[21]将乳酸菌发酵的复方中草药和非发酵复方中草药分别添加到断奶仔猪饲粮中,结果添加发酵复方中草药可以显著提高断奶仔猪的终末体重和ADG,降低F/G,效果优于非发酵复方中草药。王晶等[22]在饲粮中分别添加0.5%的发酵和未发酵的板芪复合物,结果显示,二者均可以显著提高断奶仔猪ADFI和ADG,显著降低F/G,说明板芪复合物能提高仔猪的生长性能,经过益生菌发酵后效果更显著。刘金海等[23]在饲粮中添加2%的红酒香菇多糖,结果发现红酒香菇多糖能提高肉鸡饲料转化率和生长性能。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加发酵复方中草药和非发酵复方中草药均可以极显著提高断奶仔猪ADG,极显著降低F/G,提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,且发酵复方中草药的效果明显优于非发酵复方中草药。可能是复方中草药经过糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵后,中草药中的大分子活性成分被生物转化为易吸收的小分子物质,直接作为机体的营养来源,而且增加药效,降低仔猪腹泻率,从而促进仔猪对营养物质的吸收利用;糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1产生的多糖能够调节肠道微生态平衡,提高机体对饲料的转化率和采食量,提高畜禽生长性能。

3.2 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪腹泻情况的影响

仔猪的胃肠功能发育不健全,断奶后易产生应激性腹泻,发酵中草药能够缓解动物腹泻症状,降低腹泻率[24]。吴道义等[25]使用酵母、嗜酸乳杆酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌发酵复方中草药作为饲料添加剂饲喂断奶仔猪,结果发现,饲料中添加1.2%的发酵复方中草药能显著降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率。王超普等[26]将复方中草药用乳酸菌、酵母菌和枯草芽孢杆菌进行发酵,断奶仔猪饲喂发酵复方中草药后,其腹泻率显著降低。姚俊等[27]研究表明,在饲粮中添加0.3 g/kg的松乳菇多糖可显著降低断奶仔猪腹泻率和腹泻指数。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加发酵复方中草药和非发酵复方中草药均可以极显著降低断奶仔猪的腹泻率和腹泻指数,且发酵复方中草药的效果明显优于非发酵复方中草药。可能是复方中草药经糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵后,中草药中的活性成分充分游离释放,并产生新的抑菌成分,有效抑制或杀灭病原菌;同时糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1在发酵过程中产生的多糖和其他活性代谢产物能够改善肠道健康,调控肠道屏障,有效预防断奶仔猪腹泻,有利于断奶仔猪的健康生长。

3.3 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标反映动物机体内营养物质的代谢水平和健康状况[28]。发酵复方中草药能够提高营养物质的消化率和机体免疫力[29]。GLU含量反映机体对碳水化合物消化吸收的能力,是衡量机体能量平衡的重要指标[30]。TP由ALB和GLB组成,TP含量反映机体对蛋白质代谢的能力,ALB含量反映肝脏功能,GLB含量反映机体免疫能力[31]。UN含量反映机体蛋白质代谢和饲粮氨基酸平衡状况,是衡量肾脏功能的重要指标[32]。ALT和AST活性升高表示肝脏功能受到损伤[33]。鲍菊等[27]在断奶仔猪饲粮中分别添加0.5%的发酵和不发酵中草药,结果表明,添加0.5%发酵中草药可显著提高仔猪血清TP和GLB含量,显著降低血清UN含量,效果优于不发酵中草药,说明发酵中草药可增强仔猪对蛋白质的吸收代谢和机体免疫力。解军亮等[34]研究表明,发酵中草药可以显著提高断奶仔猪血清TP、GLB含量,还可以显著降低血清UN含量。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加发酵复方中草药和非发酵复方中草药均可以提高断奶仔猪血清TP和GLB含量,降低血清UN含量,说明发酵复方中草药和非发酵复方中草药可以促进断奶仔猪对饲粮中蛋白质的消化吸收,增强机体免疫力,且发酵复方中草药的效果明显优于非发酵复方中草药。可能是复方中草药经过糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵后,含有促进纤维素、蛋白质等营养成分降解的酶类,促进了营养物质的消化;复方中草药活性成分多糖、黄酮等含量增加,调节肠道菌群,维护肠道屏障,增强机体对营养物质的消化吸收;同时,通过刺激断奶仔猪机体免疫系统和增强免疫应答,提高免疫力;并且糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1产生的多糖可改善肠道菌群,调节肠道屏障功能,提高饲料的利用率,还具有免疫调节功能,从而提升了断奶仔猪的免疫力。

3.4 糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药对断奶仔猪粪便菌群的影响

健康动物肠道内微生物结构、数量保持动态平衡状态,断奶会破坏仔猪肠道菌群平衡,导致腹泻[35-36]。发酵复方中草药可改善肠道微环境,保护肠道屏障,维持肠道菌群稳定[37-38]。Li等[39]研究发现,将复合益生菌发酵复方中草药饲喂仔猪能够提高仔猪肠道微生物群中有益菌的相对丰度,降低病原菌的相对丰度。方磊涵等[40]在断奶仔猪饲粮中分别添加发酵复方中草药、未发酵复方中草药和抗生素,结果显示,饲粮中添加发酵复方中草药可以使断奶仔猪粪便中双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌数量提高,大肠杆菌数量降低,效果优于未发酵复方中草药和抗生素。Shang等[41]将小刺猴头菌多糖添加到肉鸡饲粮中,结果表明肉鸡盲肠内容物中乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量增加,大肠杆菌数量减少。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加发酵复方中草药和非发酵复方中草药均可以提高断奶仔猪粪便中乳酸菌数量,降低大肠杆菌数量,说明二者可以提高肠道菌群中的有益菌相对丰度,降低有害菌相对丰度,维持肠道菌群平衡,改善肠道稳态,且发酵复方中草药的效果明显优于非发酵复方中草药。可能是复方中草药经糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵后,可以改变肠道微环境,从而改变肠道菌群的生存和生长,双向调节肠道菌群的结构;而且,糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1产生的多糖可调节肠道菌群,维护肠道屏障,从而改善肠道菌群。

4 结论

饲粮中添加糙皮侧耳菌HXS-M1发酵复方中草药和非发酵复方中草药均可以提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,降低腹泻率,增强机体免疫力,改善肠道菌群,且发酵复方中草药效果明显优于非发酵复方中草药。

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