1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.2 试验设计和饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 基础饲粮 Basal diet | 无氮饲粮 Nitrogen- free diet | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 玉米Corn | 64.20 | ||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 24.44 | ||||
| 小麦麸Wheat bran | 5.62 | ||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.98 | 0.80 | |||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.80 | 2.58 | |||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.10 | 1.00 | |||
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.40 | 0.30 | |||
| 葡萄糖Glucose | 65.00 | ||||
| 玉米淀粉Corn starch | 24.00 | ||||
| 纤维素Cellulose | 5.00 | ||||
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 0.32 | ||||
| L-赖氨酸L-Lys | 0.14 | ||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.15 | ||||
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.17 | ||||
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.72 | 11.85 | |||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.86 | ||||
| 钙Ca | 0.99 | 0.97 | |||
| 有效磷AP | 0.43 | 0.43 | |||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.60 | ||||
| 胱氨酸Cys | 0.14 | ||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.24 | ||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.77 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 2 500 IU,VE 15 IU,VK3 1.4 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 5 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 15 mg,烟酰胺 niacinamide 30 mg,VB12 0.025 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 900 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,硫胺素 thiamin 2 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 3.5 mg,Mn 40 mg,Zn 40 mg,Fe 60 mg,Cu 6 mg,I 0.35 mg,Se 0.1 mg。 2)代谢能和有效磷为计算值,参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》进行计算;其他均为实测值。ME and AP were calculated values referred to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritional Values in China (31st ed, 2020), while the others were measured values. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 样品采集及处理
1.5 测定指标及方法
1.6 动态预测模型的建立
1.7 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 7~12周龄京粉6号蛋鸡生长曲线
表2 7~12周龄蛋鸡体重及采食量Table 2 Body weight and feed intake of laying hens from 7 to 12 weeks of age (n=6) |
| 周龄 Weeks of age | 初始体重 Initial body weight/g | 结束体重 Final body weight/g | 平均日增重 ADG/(g/d) | 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7 | 367.78±9.39 | 443.06±9.24 | 10.75±0.89 | 35.95±4.48 |
| 8 | 443.06±9.24 | 523.23±9.28 | 11.50±1.13 | 40.65±4.66 |
| 9 | 523.24±9.28 | 598.19±8.08 | 10.71±1.18 | 46.66±6.48 |
| 10 | 598.19±8.08 | 677.32±11.68 | 11.30±0.89 | 51.83±3.07 |
| 11 | 677.32±11.68 | 775.63±12.82 | 14.04±1.43 | 58.67±7.44 |
| 12 | 775.63±12.82 | 868.88±10.55 | 13.32±0.87 | 63.59±5.93 |
图1 7~12周龄蛋鸡体重生长曲线Fig.1 Growth curve of body weight of laying hens from 7 to 12 weeks of age |
表3 生长曲线拟合参数及拟合度Table 3 Growth curve fitting parameters and fitting degree |
| 项目Items | Gompertz模型Gompertz model |
|---|---|
| 方程Equation | BWt=3 224.649exp[-3.561exp(-0.012t)] |
| 拐点体重Body weight at inflection point/g | 1 186.28 |
| 拐点日龄Days of age at inflection point | 105.84 |
| 决定系数R2 | 0.999 |
2.2 7~12周龄蛋鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白质沉积量与体重的关系
表4 7~12周龄蛋鸡胴体和羽毛蛋白质含量Table 4 Carcass and feather protein contents of laying hens from 7 to 12 weeks of age (n=12) |
| 项目 Items | 周龄Weeks of age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | |
| 胴体蛋白质含量Carcass protein content/% | 58.63±1.43 | 58.20±1.59 | 58.88±2.53 | 59.61±1.63 |
| 羽毛蛋白质含量Feather protein content/% | 94.95±1.93 | 94.69±1.83 | 94.97±2.61 | 95.84±1.58 |
| 胴体蛋白质总量Total carcass protein mount/g | 59.64±3.55 | 82.33±4.34 | 110.94±11.01 | 147.29±3.39 |
| 羽毛蛋白质总量Total feather protein amount/g | 19.39±2.68 | 24.18±1.67 | 33.36±2.54 | 45.96±4.24 |
表5 不同数学模型拟合蛋鸡胴体蛋白质总量与体重关系Table 5 Relationship between total carcass protein mount and body weight of laying hens fitted by different mathematic models |
| 模型Models | 方程Equations | 决定系数R2 |
|---|---|---|
| y=b0+b1x | y=0.175 8x-6.983 5 | 0.997 1 |
| y=b0+b1x+b2x2 | y=6×10-5x2+0.103 1x+13.556 | 0.999 6 |
| y=b0xb1 | y=0.116 6x1.053 1 | 0.997 0 |
| y=b0exp(b1x) | y=31.587e0.001 8x | 0.993 1 |
y为胴体蛋白质总量(g),x为体重(g)。 | |
y was total carcass protein amount (g), and x was body weight (g). |
表6 不同数学模型拟合蛋鸡羽毛蛋白质总量与体重关系Table 6 Relationship between total feather protein amount and body weight of laying hens fitted by different mathematic models |
| 模型Models | 方程Equations | 决定系数R2 |
|---|---|---|
| y=b0+b1x | y=0.053 8x-2.053 7 | 0.979 1 |
| y=b0+b1x+b2x2 | y=5×10-5x2-0.007 5x+15.27 | 0.998 2 |
| y=b0xb1 | y=0.047 5x1.008 8 | 0.972 6 |
| y=b0exp(b1x) | y=10.027e0.001 8x | 0.996 2 |
y为羽毛蛋白质总量(g),x为体重(g)。 | |
y was total feather protein amount (g), and x was body weight (g). |
表7 不同数学模型拟合蛋鸡胴体蛋白质沉积量与体重关系Table 7 Relationship between carcass protein deposition and body weight of laying hens fitted by different mathematic models |
| 模型Models | 方程Equations | 决定系数R2 |
|---|---|---|
| y=b0+b1x | y=0.005 6x+0.309 6 | 0.999 8 |
| y=b0+b1x+b2x2 | y=8×10-7x2+0.004 4x+0.706 1 | 1.000 0 |
| y=b0xb1 | y=0.010 2x0.920 5 | 0.999 6 |
| y=b0exp(b1x) | y=1.617 8e0.001 3x | 0.997 2 |
y为胴体蛋白质沉积量(g),x为体重(g)。 | |
y was carcass protein deposition (g), and x was body weight (g). |
表8 不同数学模型拟合蛋鸡羽毛蛋白质沉积量与体重关系Table 8 Relationship between feather protein deposition and body weight of laying hens fitted by different mathematic models |
| 模型Models | 方程Equations | 决定系数R2 |
|---|---|---|
| y=b0+b1x | y=0.003 2x-0.923 8 | 0.982 3 |
| y=b0+b1x+b2x2 | y=-4×10-6x2+0.009 2x-2.935 7 | 1.000 0 |
| y=b0xb1 | y=5×10-6x1.893 7 | 0.966 2 |
| y=b0exp(b1x) | y=0.178 6e0.002 7x | 0.934 7 |
y为羽毛蛋白质沉积量(g),x为体重(g)。 | |
y was feather protein deposition (g), and x was body weight (g). |
2.3 7~12周龄京粉6号蛋鸡胴体和羽毛氨基酸模式
表9 7~12周龄蛋鸡胴体氨基酸模式(占粗蛋白质的比例)Table 9 Amino acid pattern in carcass of laying hens from 7 to 12 weeks of age (percentage of crude protein) (n=12) % |
| 氨基酸 Amino acids | 周龄Weeks of age | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | |
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 8.10±0.16 | 8.12±0.45 | 8.09±0.25 | 8.13±0.27 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 4.03±0.10 | 3.95±0.27 | 3.89±0.13 | 3.92±0.15 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 4.10±0.15 | 3.97±0.18 | 3.90±0.28 | 3.90±0.16 |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 14.01±0.31 | 13.85±0.49 | 13.95±0.44 | 14.01±0.58 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 9.65±0.72 | 9.32±0.44 | 9.05±0.82 | 8.96±0.45 |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 6.83±0.26 | 6.70±0.29 | 6.56±0.51 | 6.64±0.21 |
| 胱氨酸Cys | 1.28±0.19 | 1.24±0.25 | 1.18±0.12 | 1.10±0.08 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 4.74±0.23 | 4.69±0.24 | 4.55±0.29 | 4.53±0.16 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 2.14±0.25 | 2.10±0.32 | 2.09±0.23 | 2.15±0.09 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 4.00±0.22 | 4.01±0.18 | 4.05±0.23 | 4.04±0.17 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 7.01±0.20 | 7.07±0.35 | 7.05±0.40 | 7.16±0.26 |
| 苏氨酸Tyr | 2.79±0.55 | 3.00±0.26 | 3.07±0.50 | 3.13±0.36 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 3.74±0.19 | 3.67±0.34 | 3.59±0.21 | 3.52±0.13 |
| 酪氨酸Lys | 6.94±0.18 | 6.91±0.27 | 6.92±0.52 | 6.94±0.27 |
| 组氨酸His | 2.26±0.09 | 2.19±0.09 | 2.19±0.14 | 2.23±0.12 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 6.26±0.17 | 6.26±0.51 | 6.32±0.59 | 6.46±0.23 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.69±0.11 | 0.67±0.10 | 0.70±0.06 | 0.72±0.11 |
表10 7~12周龄蛋鸡羽毛氨基酸模式(占粗蛋白质的比例)Table 10 Amino acid pattern in feathers of laying hens from 7 to 12 weeks of age (percentage of crude protein) (n=12) % |
| 氨基酸 Amino acids | 周龄Weeks of age | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | ||||||
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 6.76±0.19 | 6.95±0.59 | 6.77±0.35 | 6.73±0.15 | |||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 5.17±0.18 | 5.22±0.36 | 5.19±0.30 | 5.11±0.15 | |||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 12.60±0.69 | 12.82±1.16 | 12.81±0.62 | 12.87±0.26 | |||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 11.31±0.49 | 11.36±0.44 | 11.39±0.55 | 11.28±0.24 | |||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 7.44±0.17 | 7.51±0.40 | 7.47±0.45 | 7.56±0.17 | |||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 4.61±0.23 | 4.77±0.36 | 4.63±0.29 | 4.63±0.37 | |||||
| 胱氨酸Cys | 8.91±0.49 | 8.89±0.38 | 8.76±0.65 | 8.82±0.34 | |||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 7.45±0.39 | 7.52±0.64 | 7.47±0.45 | 7.57±0.22 | |||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.43±0.08 | 0.42±0.08 | 0.39±0.07 | 0.35±0.07 | |||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 4.93±0.22 | 5.03±0.36 | 5.04±0.32 | 5.09±0.16 | |||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 8.37±0.23 | 8.48±0.47 | 8.47±0.37 | 8.49±0.18 | |||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 2.44±0.29 | 2.50±0.28 | 2.42±0.30 | 2.42±0.37 | |||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 4.89±0.18 | 4.90±0.27 | 4.91±0.24 | 4.94±0.15 | |||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.96±0.24 | 1.95±0.28 | 1.79±0.45 | 1.77±0.22 | |||||
| 组氨酸His | 0.70±0.12 | 0.64±0.09 | 0.59±0.24 | 0.59±0.13 | |||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 7.14±0.43 | 7.22±0.59 | 7.20±0.52 | 7.32±0.16 | |||||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.45±0.13 | 0.43±0.02 | 0.42±0.10 | 0.42±0.07 | |||||
表11 7~12周龄蛋鸡胴体和羽毛氨基酸模式(占粗蛋白质的比例)Table 11 Amino acid pattern in carcass and feathers of laying hens from 7 to 12 weeks of age (percentage of crude protein) (n=48) % |
| 氨基酸Amino acids | 胴体Carcass | 羽毛Feathers |
|---|---|---|
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 8.11±0.29 | 6.80±0.36 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 3.95±0.18 | 5.17±0.26 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 3.96±0.21 | 12.77±0.74 |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 13.95±0.46 | 11.33±0.43 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 9.23±0.66 | 7.50±0.32 |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 6.68±0.34 | 4.66±0.31 |
| 胱氨酸Cys | 1.20±0.18 | 8.85±0.47 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 4.63±0.25 | 7.50±0.44 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 2.12±0.23 | 0.40±0.08 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 4.03±0.19 | 5.02±0.27 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 7.07±0.31 | 8.45±0.33 |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 3.00±0.44 | 2.44±0.31 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 3.63±0.24 | 4.91±0.21 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 6.93±0.33 | 1.87±0.32 |
| 组氨酸His | 2.22±0.11 | 0.63±0.16 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 6.33±0.41 | 7.22±0.44 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.70±0.09 | 0.43±0.09 |
2.4 7~12周龄京粉6号蛋鸡维持氨基酸模式及需要量
表12 7~12周龄蛋鸡氮平衡试验结果Table 12 Results of nitrogen balance experiment in laying hens from 7 to 12 weeks of age (n=6) |
| 项目 Items | 7~8周龄 7 to 8 weeks of age | 9~10周龄 9 to 10 weeks of age | 11~12周龄 11 to 12 weeks of age | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 基础饲粮(限饲) Basal diet (restricted feeding) | 无氮饲粮 Nitrogen- free diet | 基础饲粮(限饲) Basal diet (restricted feeding) | 无氮饲粮 Nitrogen- free diet | 基础饲粮(限饲) Basal diet (restricted feeding) | 无氮饲粮 Nitrogen- free diet | |||
| 初始体重 Initial body weight/g | 442.03 ±8.39 | 440.00 ±9.05 | 585.37 ±9.59 | 582.73 ±11.98 | 763.27 ±10.33 | 758.33 ±9.15 | ||
| 结束体重 Final body weight/g | 456.43 ±9.54 | 417.77 ±8.15 | 598.43 ±10.47 | 547.43 ±7.46 | 778.43 ±10.01 | 700.93 ±8.77 | ||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/(g/d) | 16.75 ±0.19 | 7.39 ±0.61 | 20.15 ±0.10 | 9.01 ±0.72 | 25.23 ±0.19 | 15.11 ±0.77 | ||
| 氮采食量 Nitrogen intake/(mg/d) | 425.05 ±4.75 | 511.33 ±2.66 | 640.11 ±4.80 | |||||
| 氮排泄量 Nitrogen excretion/(mg/d) | 196.71 ±11.45 | 84.53 ±3.20 | 234.82 ±6.07 | 102.94 ±6.10 | 313.92 ±12.06 | 123.34 ±7.73 | ||
| 氮平衡 Nitrogen balance/(mg/d) | 228.33 ±11.08 | -84.53 ±3.20 | 276.50 ±7.74 | -102.94 ±6.10 | 326.19 ±14.04 | -123.34 ±7.73 | ||
| 肌酐排泄量 Creatinine excretion/(mg/d) | 12.59±3.08 | 19.96±3.43 | 22.28±3.16 | |||||
表13 7~12周龄蛋鸡维持氨基酸模式及需要量Table 13 Amino acid pattern and requirements for maintenance laying hens from 7 to 12 weeks of age |
| 氨基酸 Amino acids | 内源排出氨基酸模式 (占粗蛋白质的比例) Amino acid pattern in endogenous excretion (percentage of crude protein)/%1) | 羽毛皮屑损失 氨基酸模式 (占粗蛋白质的比例) Amino acid pattern in feather and skin integument loss (percentage of crude protein)/%2) | 维持氨基酸模式 (占粗蛋白质的比例) Amino acid pattern for maintenance (percentage of crude protein)/%3) | 氨基酸维持需要量 Amino acid requirements for maintenance/ [mg/(g BW0.75·d)]4) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 2.69 | 6.82 | 5.70 | 1.12 | |||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 1.65 | 5.17 | 4.22 | 0.83 | |||||
| 丝氨酸Ser | 2.03 | 12.83 | 9.92 | 1.95 | |||||
| 谷氨酸Glu | 4.47 | 11.34 | 9.49 | 1.87 | |||||
| 甘氨酸Gly | 4.26 | 7.52 | 6.64 | 1.31 | |||||
| 丙氨酸Ala | 2.19 | 4.68 | 4.01 | 0.79 | |||||
| 胱氨酸Cys | 1.32 | 8.82 | 6.80 | 1.34 | |||||
| 缬氨酸Val | 2.07 | 7.52 | 6.05 | 1.19 | |||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.80 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.10 | |||||
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 1.49 | 5.06 | 4.09 | 0.80 | |||||
| 亮氨酸Leu | 2.48 | 8.48 | 6.86 | 1.35 | |||||
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 1.29 | 2.45 | 2.13 | 0.42 | |||||
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 1.38 | 4.92 | 3.96 | 0.78 | |||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.69 | 1.84 | 1.80 | 0.35 | |||||
| 组氨酸His | 0.50 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.11 | |||||
| 精氨酸Arg | 1.63 | 7.25 | 5.73 | 1.13 | |||||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.08 |
1)由无氮饲粮粪样实测得来。Measured by fecal samples from nitrogen-free diets. 2)羽毛皮屑损失氨基酸模式参照羽毛氨基酸模式。Amino acid pattern in feather and skin integument loss was referred to amino acid pattern in feathers. 3)维持氨基酸模式=0.73×羽毛皮屑损失氨基酸模式+0.27×内源排出氨基酸模式。Amino acid pattern for maintenance=0.73×amino acid pattern in feather and skin integument loss+0.27×mino acid pattern in endogenous excretion. 4)氨基酸维持需要量=19.67×BW0.75×维持氨基酸模式。Amino acid requirements for maintenance=19.67×BW0.75×amino acid pattern for maintenance. |
