Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 11: 7284 - 7293

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.620

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Bacteriophage Preparation on Growth Performance, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Growing Male Minks

  • WANG Xiaolong , 1 ,
  • GONG Yu 1 ,
  • HU Lijie 1 ,
  • HAN Xingzhuang 1 ,
  • ZHANG Beibei 1 ,
  • SUN Huzhi 2 ,
  • REN Huiying 2 ,
  • LI Wenli , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 Qingdao Noanbite Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266109, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-05-22

  Online published: 2024-11-09

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of bacteriophage preparation on growth performance, immune function and antioxidant capacity of growing male minks. Ninety-six 75-day-old growing male minks were randomly divided into 6 groups with 8 replicates per group and 2 minks per replicate. Minks in the control group were fed a basal diet, and others in experimental groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 175, 350, 525, 700 and 875 mg/kg bacteriophage preparation (Escherichia coli bacteriophage and Salmonella bacteriophage compound preparation, their ratio was 1∶1, and the total titer was 109 PFU/g), respectively. The experiment lasted for 8 weeks, and was divided into period Ⅰ (weeks 1 to 4) and period Ⅱ (weeks 5 to 8). The result showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, dietary 525, 700 and 875 mg/kg bacteriophage preparation significantly decreased the feed to gain ratio (F/G) and diarrhea rate during experimental period Ⅰ, experimental period Ⅱ and whole experimental period (P<0.05 or P<0.01), significantly increased the average daily gain (ADG) during experimental period Ⅱ and whole experimental period (P<0.01). 2) Compared with the control group, dietary 700 and 875 mg/kg bacteriophage preparation significantly increased the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM) in serum (P<0.05 or P<0.01). 3) Compared with the control group, dietary 700 mg/kg bacteriophage preparation significantly decreased the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.05), significantly increased the serum glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, dietary 875 mg/kg bacteriophage preparation significantly increased the spleen index and intestine to body ratio (I/B) (P<0.05), dietary 525 and 700 mg/kg bacteriophage preparation significantly increased the kidney index (P<0.05). 5) The quadratic curves were fitted by dietary bacteriophage preparation supplemental level with F/G during whole experimental period, diarrhea rate during whole experimental period, serum IgG content, and obtained that the dietary optimum supplemental level of bacteriophage preparation for growing male minks was 777.90 to 942.21 mg/kg. Comprehensive consideration, it is suggested that the dietary supplemental level of bacteriophage preparation for growing male minks is 847.20 mg/kg.

Key words： bacteriophage; growing male minks; growth performance; immune; antioxidant

Cite this article

WANG Xiaolong , GONG Yu , HU Lijie , HAN Xingzhuang , ZHANG Beibei , SUN Huzhi , REN Huiying , LI Wenli . Effects of Bacteriophage Preparation on Growth Performance, Immune Function and Antioxidant Capacity of Growing Male Minks[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(11) : 7284 -7293 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.620

水貂饲料主要由新鲜鱼类、肉类和畜禽副产品等成分组成,在夏季高温条件下易腐败变质,不易保存,水貂食入变质饲料后容易产生腹泻或胃肠炎等病症,甚至导致中毒死亡,严重危害水貂胃肠道健康和生产效益[1]。
噬菌体(bacteriophage)是一种个体微小的病毒,只有在电子显微镜下才能观察到它的存在,它只对自己的特异性宿主有裂解作用。噬菌体制剂具有特异性强、不破坏有益菌、起效快、自我繁殖迅速、无残留等优点。噬菌体能特异性地杀灭饲料中的有害细菌,抑制饲料腐败变质,保护畜禽肠道健康。现有研究表明,噬菌体对提高鸡[2-3]、猪[4-5]和兔[6]的生长性能、增强免疫功能和改善肠道健康等方面具有显著作用,但在水貂生产中的研究较少。因此,本试验旨在研究噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂生长性能、免疫功能及抗氧化能力的影响,以确定噬菌体制剂作为抗生素替代品在育成期公貂生产中的应用效果及适宜添加水平。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

试验所用水貂种类为红眼白色水貂,来自山东省海阳市水貂养殖示范基地。试验所用噬菌体制剂为大肠杆菌噬菌体和沙门氏菌噬菌体的复合制剂,二者比例为1∶1,总效价为109 PFU/g。

1.2 试验设计与饲养管理

动物试验由青岛农业大学动物科技学院试验动物管理及伦理委员会审批批准,动物试验伦理批准编号为DKY20230610。
试验选择96只75日龄育成期公貂,随机分为6组,每组8个重复,每个重复2只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加175、350、525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂。试验期共8周,分为Ⅰ期(第1~4周)和Ⅱ期(第5~8周)。
试验地点为山东省海阳市水貂养殖示范基地。试验开始前对公貂棚舍和笼舍等进行清洗消毒,并选用合适驱虫剂进行驱虫。试验用公貂已完成出血性肺炎和犬瘟热疫苗的注射。试验全期公貂自由采食和饮水。

1.3 试验饲粮

公貂所用基础饲粮参照NRC(1982)[7]和生产实际进行配制。饲粮代谢能(ME)参照LS/T 3403—1992[8]提供的数据计算。饲粮主要营养成分中粗脂肪(EE)含量参照GB/T 6433—2006[9]测定,粗蛋白质(CP)含量参照GB/T 6432—2018[10]测定,钙(Ca)含量参照GB/T 6436—2018[11]测定,磷(P)含量参照GB/T 6437—2018[12]测定。基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 含量Content
第1~4周
Weeks 1 to 4		 第5~8周
Weeks 5 to 8
原料Ingredients
海杂鱼Sea fish 32.00 32.00
毛蛋Hairy egg 32.00 32.00
鸡头Chicken head 20.00 20.00
膨化玉米Extruded corn 10.00 10.00
猪油Lard 1.00 2.00
豆粕Soybean meal 2.00 2.00
预混料Premix1) 3.00 2.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 16.14 16.89
粗脂肪EE 16.41 19.92
粗蛋白质CP 31.74 32.05
钙Ca 2.61 2.84
磷P 1.63 1.72

)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VE 50 mg,VK3 1 mg,VB1 20 mg,VB2 10 mg,VB6 10 mg,VB12 0.1 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 40 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 13 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,生物素 biotin 0.5 mg,Fe 60 mg,Zn 50 mg,Mn 30 mg,Cu 5 mg,I 0.5 mg,Se 0.4 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.4 样品采集及测定指标

1.4.1 生长性能

记录各组公貂每日的给料量与剩料量,计算平均日采食量(average daily feed intake,ADFI);每隔2周称重1次,计算平均日增重(average daily gain,ADG);根据ADFI和ADG计算料重比(feed to gain ratio,F/G)。记录各组公貂每日的腹泻只数,计算腹泻率。
腹泻率(%)=[腹泻只数/(试验天数×总只数)]×100。

1.4.2 血清免疫指标

试验结束后,每组随机挑选体重相近且发育良好的公貂各6只,参照胡立杰等[13]的方法对采集到的血液进行处理,获取血清。血清免疫球蛋白A(immunoglobulin A,IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(immunoglobulin M,IgM)含量均采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法测定。上述指标所用试剂盒均来自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4.3 血清抗氧化指标

血清的获取同1.4.2。血清总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)活性采用羟胺法测定,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸法测定,总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性均采用比色法测定。上述指标所用试剂盒均来自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4.4 脏器指数和肠体比(intestine to body ratio,I/B)

将采血后的公貂处死,摘取心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏进行称量,计算脏器指数;测量全肠(小肠和大肠)总长度,计算I/B[13]。

1.5 数据统计与分析

试验数据用SPSS 27.0软件进行单因素方差分析,Duncan氏法进行多重比较。结果以“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。对相关敏感指标进行回归分析,拟合二次曲线,计算育成期公貂饲粮中噬菌体制剂的适宜添加水平。

2 结果

2.1 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂生长性能的影响

由表2可知,试验Ⅰ期,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加175、350、525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够极显著降低育成期公貂的腹泻率(P<0.01),饲粮中添加525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著降低育成期公貂的F/G(P<0.05)。各组之间ADG和ADFI差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表2 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂试验Ⅰ期生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of bacteriophage preparation on growth performance of growing male minks during experimental period Ⅰ

项目
Items		 噬菌体制剂添加水平Bacteriophage preparation supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 175 350 525 700 875
平均日增重
ADG/g		 13.12
±3.54		 13.90
±2.04		 14.19
±2.54		 16.05
±1.16		 16.26
±1.88		 16.05
±1.03		 0.073
平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 276.36
±16.15		 272.47
±15.35		 282.57
±10.56		 282.80
±12.43		 280.53
±15.68		 269.96
±14.52		 0.516
腹泻率
Diarrhea rate/%		 11.06
±1.70Aa		 9.26
±1.02Bb		 8.22
±0.61BCbc		 7.86
±0.70Cc		 7.20
±0.73Cc		 7.02
±0.63Cc		 <0.001
料重比
F/G		 22.18
±6.76a		 20.61
±2.39ab		 19.82
±2.42ab		 17.68
±1.29b		 16.85
±0.85b		 17.36
±1.38b		 0.044

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),相同小写字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant differences (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant differences (P<0.01), while with the same small letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant differences (P>0.05). The same as below.

由表3可知,试验Ⅱ期,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加175、350、525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够极显著提高育成期公貂的ADG(P<0.01),极显著降低育成期公貂的F/G(P<0.01);饲粮中添加350、525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够极显著降低育成期公貂的腹泻率(P<0.01)。各组之间ADFI差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂试验Ⅱ期生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of bacteriophage preparation on growth performance of growing male minks during experimental period Ⅱ

项目
Items		 噬菌体制剂添加水平Bacteriophage preparation supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 175 350 525 700 875
平均日增重
ADG/g		 9.44
±3.63Bb		 13.40
±3.84Aa		 14.57
±0.82Aa		 14.85
±5.12Aa		 17.65
±1.51Aa		 16.88
±2.98Aa		 0.003
平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 270.73
±16.23		 290.39
±7.03		 288.90
±24.07		 290.27
±14.25		 282.43
±13.44		 282.59
±12.78		 0.244
腹泻率
Diarrhea rate/%		 10.88
±1.72Aa		 9.62
±1.02ABab		 8.94
±0.47BCbc		 8.02
±0.43Cc		 7.70
±0.83Cc		 7.56
±0.86Cc		 <0.001
料重比
F/G		 31.64
±9.66Aa		 23.01
±8.16Bb		 21.27
±6.39Bb		 19.98
±1.03Bb		 16.13
±1.81Bb		 17.70
±3.55Bb		 0.002
由表4可知,试验全期,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够极显著提高育成期公貂的ADG(P<0.01),饲粮中添加175、350、525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够极显著降低育成期公貂的腹泻率和F/G(P<0.01)。各组之间ADFI差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂试验全期生长性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of bacteriophage preparation on growth performance of growing male minks during whole experimental period

项目
Items		 噬菌体制剂添加水平Bacteriophage preparation supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 175 350 525 700 875
平均日增重
ADG/g		 11.82
±2.36Cc		 13.84
±2.06BCbc		 14.37
±2.78ABCabc		 14.72
±2.38ABab		 16.88
±1.59Aa		 16.79
±1.45Aa		 0.003
平均日采食量
ADFI/g		 273.54
±12.21		 281.43
±8.21		 285.74
±14.03		 286.53
±6.01		 281.48
±7.88		 276.28
±13.08		 0.258
腹泻率
Diarrhea rate/%		 10.97
±1.40Aa		 9.44
±0.95Bb		 8.58
±0.36BCbc		 7.94
±0.39CDcd		 7.45
±0.65Dd		 7.29
±0.71Dd		 <0.001
料重比
F/G		 24.57
±5.48Aa		 20.81
±2.81Bb		 20.38
±3.03Bb		 18.99
±2.65Bb		 16.76
±1.69Bb		 17.24
±1.65Bb		 0.002

2.2 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂血清免疫指标的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著提高育成期公貂的血清IgA含量(P<0.05),饲粮中添加350、525、700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够极显著提高育成期公貂的血清IgG含量(P<0.01),饲粮中添加700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著提高育成期公貂的血清IgM含量(P<0.05)。
表5 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂血清免疫指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of bacteriophage preparation on serum immune indices of growing male minks μg/mL

项目
Items		 噬菌体制剂添加水平Bacteriophage preparation supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 175 350 525 700 875
免疫球蛋白A
IgA		 42.37
±2.28c		 44.31
±3.67bc		 46.40
±1.89abc		 47.94
±1.63ab		 48.82
±3.65a		 49.32
±2.39a		 0.012
免疫球蛋白G
IgG		 7.06
±0.49Cc		 7.69
±0.40BCbc		 7.95
±0.35Bb		 8.19
±0.55Bb		 9.06
±0.71Aa		 8.32
±0.62ABab		 0.002
免疫球蛋白M
IgM		 633.70
±12.91c		 670.40
±27.50bc		 673.73
±14.74bc		 685.51
±33.28abc		 738.45
±62.08a		 723.81
±46.46ab		 0.009

2.3 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加700 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著降低育成期公貂的血清MDA含量(P<0.05),显著提高育成期公貂的血清GSH-Px活性(P<0.05);饲粮中添加700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著提高育成期公貂的血清T-AOC(P<0.05)。各组之间血清T-SOD活性差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表6 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of bacteriophage preparation on serum antioxidant indices of growing male minks

项目
Items		 噬菌体制剂添加水平Bacteriophage preparation supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 175 350 525 700 875
丙二醛
MDA/(μmol/L)		 13.23
±1.27a		 12.97
±1.69a		 12.32
±2.19ab		 11.61
±1.57ab		 9.54
±0.57b		 9.87
±1.59ab		 0.012
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/L)		 0.78
±0.24b		 0.86
±0.11ab		 0.93
±0.13ab		 1.19
±0.10ab		 1.28
±0.42a		 1.32
±0.17a		 0.010
总超氧化物歧化酶
T-SOD/(U/mL)		 166.22
±2.10		 168.61
±13.26		 170.63
±6.46		 172.77
±2.52		 179.70
±13.14		 179.57
±6.23		 0.327
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶
GSH-Px/(U/mL)		 1 035.01
±29.03b		 1 041.04
±27.03b		 1 054.20
±24.56b		 1 063.03
±42.73ab		 1 097.48
±24.40a		 1 069.61
±27.51ab		 0.015

2.4 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂脏器指数和I/B的影响

由表7可知,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著提高育成期公貂的脾脏指数(P<0.05),饲粮中添加525和700 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著提高育成期公貂的肾脏指数(P<0.05),饲粮中添加700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著提高育成期公貂的I/B(P<0.05)。各组之间心脏指数、肝脏指数和肺脏指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表7 噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂脏器指数和I/B的影响

Table 7 Effects of bacteriophage preparation on organ indices and I/B of growing male minks

项目
Items		 噬菌体制剂添加水平Bacteriophage preparation supplemental levels/(mg/kg) P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 175 350 525 700 875
心脏指数
Cardiac index/%		 0.62
±0.11		 0.63
±0.13		 0.68
±0.11		 0.77
±0.11		 0.84
±0.20		 0.78
±0.12		 0.095
肝脏指数
Liver index/%		 2.30
±0.30		 2.43
±0.39		 2.39
±0.63		 2.50
±0.50		 2.51
±0.43		 2.91
±0.51		 0.322
脾脏指数
Spleen index/%		 0.35
±0.10b		 0.36
±0.09b		 0.41
±0.09b		 0.42
±0.08b		 0.46
±0.06ab		 0.56
±0.15a		 0.028
肺脏指数
Lungs index/%		 1.10
±0.20		 1.24
±0.22		 1.27
±0.21		 1.36
±0.29		 1.57
±0.47		 1.41
±0.55		 0.305
肾脏指数
Kidney index/%		 0.50
±0.07c		 0.57
±0.12bc		 0.58
±0.11bc		 0.69
±0.13ab		 0.76
±0.15a		 0.61
±0.12abc		 0.031
肠体比
I/B		 2.65
±0.07c		 2.70
±0.09bc		 2.73
±0.12bc		 2.75
±0.08abc		 2.80
±0.11ab		 2.88
±0.11a		 0.020

2.5 育成期公貂饲粮中噬菌体制剂的适宜添加水平

由表8可知,对试验相关敏感指标进行二次曲线拟合,发现试验全期F/G、试验全期腹泻率、血清IgG含量、血清MDA含量与噬菌体制剂的添加水平均表现出二次曲线变化趋势,得到回归方程并计算育成期公貂饲粮中噬菌体制剂的适宜添加水平。结果表明,饲粮中噬菌体制剂的添加水平为847.20 mg/kg时,试验全期F/G最低;饲粮中噬菌体制剂的添加水平为823.55 mg/kg时,试验全期腹泻率最低;饲粮中噬菌体制剂的添加水平为942.21 mg/kg时,血清MDA含量最低;饲粮中噬菌体制剂的添加水平为777.90 mg/kg时,血清IgG含量最高。
表8 育成期公貂饲粮中噬菌体制剂的适宜添加水平

Table 8 Dietary optimum supplemental level of bacteriophage preparation for growing male minks

项目
Items		 回归方程
Regression equation		 决定系数
R2		 噬菌体制剂适宜添加水平
Optimum supplemental level of
bacteriophage preparation/(mg/kg)
试验全期料重比
F/G during whole experimental period		 Y=9.738E-5X2-0.165X+237.317 0.927 847.20
试验全期腹泻率
Diarrhea rate during whole
experimental period/%		 Y=4.857E-6X2-0.008X+10.894 0.996 823.55
血清免疫球蛋白G含量
Serum IgG content/(μg/mL)		 Y=-2.571E-6X2-0.004X+7.022 0.830 777.90
血清丙二醛含量
Serum MDA content/(μmol/L)		 Y=-1.592E-6X2-0.003X+13.413 0.906 942.21

3 讨论

3.1 噬菌体对育成期公貂生长性能的影响

近年来,由大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和魏氏梭菌等致病菌引起的水貂肠道疾病的发病率逐年上升[14]。噬菌体制剂作为一种有效的生物防治剂,具有安全性、高效性、绿色无污染等优点,可在一定程度上替代抗生素在畜禽养殖中应用[15]。
腹泻是危害动物健康的常见疾病。造成腹泻的原因主要是肠道有害菌的数量增多和有益菌的数量减少,诱使其释放促炎因子,使肠道黏膜产生损害,破坏肠道平衡[16]。噬菌体具有改善动物肠道稳态平衡和调整动物肠道菌落的功能,因此对降低腹泻率有一定功效[17]。本试验条件下,饲粮中添加823.55 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂为降低育成期公貂腹泻率的适宜添加水平,这与李磊[18]在断奶仔猪中所得出的结论相似。
本研究表明,当饲粮中噬菌体制剂添加水平为847.20 mg/kg时,育成期公貂F/G最低。噬菌体制剂为大肠杆菌噬菌体和沙门氏菌噬菌体的复合制剂,能特异性杀灭育成期公貂肠道内的大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌,降低这2种致病菌在肠道内的数量,改善肠道环境,提高肠道对食糜的消化吸收率,从而改善育成期公貂的生长性能。Hosseindoust等[19]与Kim等[20]的试验结果表明,噬菌体对提升断奶仔猪的ADG具有显著效果。葛龙等[21]研究发现,噬菌体复合制剂对提升广西麻鸡机体消化吸收率和降低F/G效果显著,且适宜添加水平为300 mg/kg。本研究中,相较于试验Ⅱ期,试验Ⅰ期育成期公貂的ADG更高,这与水貂断奶后至90日龄生长速度较快、其后生长速度减慢的生产实际经验相吻合。但据卓国荣等[22]和张灿等[23]在肉鸡上所做的研究表明,饲粮中添加噬菌体对生长性能无显著影响,可能是因为动物物种不同,也可能是由于噬菌体制剂成分的差异导致效果不同,有待进一步研究。

3.2 噬菌体对育成期公貂血清免疫指标的影响

IgA、IgG和IgM主要由体液免疫在维持动物健康方面发挥功效。噬菌体在肠道经肠黏膜进入机体内环境后,机体通过产生特异性抗体做出免疫应答,以杀灭侵入的噬菌体,因此体液免疫被激活,促使血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量增加[24]。吴立婷等[25]研究表明,饲粮中添加复合噬菌体对提升海兰褐蛋鸡的免疫功能具有一定功效。葛龙等[26]研究发现,噬菌体能显著提升断奶仔猪的机体免疫力,其筛选出的噬菌体适宜添加水平为400 mg/kg。在本试验中,与对照组相比,饲粮中添加700和875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂能够显著或极显著提高育成期公貂血清IgA、IgG和IgM含量。

3.3 噬菌体对育成期公貂血清抗氧化指标的影响

水貂机体抗氧化能力的强弱与健康水平具有密切联系,氧化应激已被认为是动物患上肠道疾病的一个重要原因[27]。GSH-Px为血清主要的抗氧化酶,噬菌体可以有效提升其活性,从而抑制过氧化氢对动物机体造成损害;MDA为衡量脂质过氧化程度的重要指标,血清MDA含量越低表示细胞受损伤程度越小[28]。本研究筛选出对降低血清MDA含量的适宜噬菌体制剂添加水平为942.21 mg/kg。刘燕坤等[29]研究发现,在断奶仔猪的饲粮中加入噬菌体鸡尾酒后其抗氧化能力显著增强,与本研究所得结论相似。

3.4 噬菌体对育成期公貂脏器指数和I/B的影响

脏器指数能反映动物机体各器官的生理状态,其与生长性能和胴体质量成正比[30]。脾脏是水貂重要的免疫器官,是B细胞和巨噬细胞攻击有害微生物的场所。噬菌体具有激活体液免疫的作用,能通过增加脾脏质量增强机体免疫功能[31]。彭娅婷[32]研究发现,噬菌体对提高白羽蛋鸡脾脏指数有显著效果。本研究结果表明,饲粮中添加875 mg/kg的噬菌体制剂可显著提高育成期公貂的脾脏指数。本研究中,随着饲粮中噬菌体制剂添加水平的增加,育成期公貂的I/B也有所上升,可能是因为噬菌体制剂能通过特异性的抑菌作用降低水貂肠道内大肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的丰度,增强肠道消化吸收食糜的活性,育成期公貂ADG升高,全肠道重量与长度也随之上升。但本研究中,饲粮中添加噬菌体制剂对育成期公貂心脏指数、肝脏指数和肺脏指数均无显著影响,有待进一步研究。

3.5 育成期公貂饲粮中噬菌体制剂的适宜添加水平

本研究通过二次曲线模型拟合试验全期F/G、试验全期腹泻率、血清IgG含量、血清MDA含量等敏感指标,并通过回归方程计算,得出育成期公貂饲粮中噬菌体制剂的适宜添加水平为777.90~942.21 mg/kg。在生产实际中,为获得更高的生产效益,往往以生长性能为最主要的评价指标。水貂作为毛皮类特种经济动物,毛皮重量是衡量其经济价值的最主要依据,因此F/G高低与水貂养殖的经济效益具有密切联系。所以本研究选择以试验全期F/G为评价指标,确定育成期公貂饲粮中噬菌体制剂的适宜添加水平为847.20 mg/kg。陈朴然[6]研究表明,降低肉兔F/G的适宜噬菌体添加水平为500和750 mg/kg,与本研究筛选出的噬菌体制剂适宜添加水平相近。

4 结论

饲粮中添加噬菌体制剂可提升育成期公貂的生长性能、免疫功能及抗氧化能力。综合考虑,育成期公貂饲粮中噬菌体制剂的适宜添加水平为847.20 mg/kg。

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