1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
1.1.1 原料与菌种
1.1.2 主要仪器和试剂
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 发酵菌种活化
1.2.2 固态发酵工艺
1.2.3 多糖提取率测定
1.2.4 蛋白质提取率测定
1.2.5 发酵条件的单因素试验设计
1.2.6 Plackett-Burman试验设计
表1 Plackett-Burman试验设计的因素、水平和编码Table 1 Factors, levels and coding of Plackett-Burman experimental design |
| 因素 Factors | 低水平(-1) Low-level (-1) | 高水平(+1) High-level (+1) |
|---|---|---|
| 发酵温度Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 30 | 40 |
| 料液比Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 1.0∶1.5 | 1.0∶2.5 |
| 接种量Inoculation amount/%(C) | 2 | 4 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/h(D) | 36 | 48 |
| CaCO3添加量CaCO3 addition/(g/mL)(E) | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| 油莎豆粕与中药添加比 Addition ratio of Cyperus esculentus soybean meal to traditional Chinese medicine/(g/g)(F) | 1.0∶1.5 | 1.0∶2.5 |
1.2.7 最陡爬坡试验
1.2.8 响应面试验设计
表2 Box-Behnken试验设计的因素、水平和编码Table 2 Factors, levels and coding of Box-Behnken experimental design |
| 因素 Factors | 水平Levels | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| -1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 发酵温度Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 35 | 40 | 45 |
| 料液比Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 1.0∶1.7 | 1.0∶2.3 | 1.0∶2.7 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/h(D) | 35 | 40 | 45 |
1.3 数据分析与统计
2 结果与分析
2.1 油莎豆粕与中药复合物发酵条件单因素试验结果
2.2 Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选结果
表3 Plackett-Burman试验设计与结果Table 3 Plackett-Burman test design and results |
| 组别 Groups | 因素Factors | 多糖提取率 Polysaccharide extraction rate/% | 蛋白质提取率 Protein extraction rate/% | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | F | |||
| 1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 29.73 | 68.27 |
| 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 13.89 | 35.74 |
| 3 | -1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 12.54 | 32.76 |
| 4 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 21.17 | 51.14 |
| 5 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 19.56 | 46.51 |
| 6 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 16.04 | 40.11 |
| 7 | 1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | 14.36 | 39.83 |
| 8 | -1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 14.16 | 37.98 |
| 9 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 11.43 | 31.24 |
| 10 | 1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 26.89 | 65.94 |
| 11 | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 25.15 | 62.41 |
| 12 | -1 | -1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 11.54 | 32.56 |
表4 Plackett-Burman试验设计以多糖提取率为相应值进行因素、水平及显著性分析Table 4 Plackett-Burman experimental design takes polysaccharide extraction rate as corresponding value to analyze factors, levels and significance |
| 方差来源 Sources of variance | 自由度 Freedom | 平方和 Sum of squares | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 significance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 10 | 2 017.760 0 | 201.780 0 | 1 800.500 0 | 0.018 3 | 显著 | ||
| 发酵温度Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 1 | 914.900 0 | 914.900 0 | 8 163.930 0 | 0.007 0 | 极显著 | ||
| 料液比Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 1 | 517.750 0 | 517.750 0 | 4 620.000 0 | 0.009 4 | 极显著 | ||
| 接种量Inoculation amount/%(C) | 1 | 7.270 0 | 7.270 0 | 64.890 0 | 0.078 6 | |||
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/h(D) | 1 | 61.110 0 | 61.110 0 | 545.290 0 | 0.027 2 | 显著 | ||
| CaCO3添加量CaCO3 addition/(g/mL)(E) | 1 | 12.350 0 | 12.350 0 | 110.160 0 | 0.060 5 | |||
| 油莎豆粕与中药添加比 Addition ratio of Cyperus esculentus soybean meal to traditional Chinese medicine/(g/g)(F) | 1 | 33.500 0 | 33.500 0 | 298.950 0 | 0.036 8 | |||
| 残差Residual | 1 | 0.110 0 | 0.110 0 | |||||
| 综合Comprehensive | 11 | 2 017.870 0 | ||||||
| 决定系数R2 | 0.961 5 | 拟合优度Pred R2 | 0.475 8 | |||||
| 判定系数R2 adj | 0.894 0 | 信噪比Adeq precision | 11.643 0 | |||||
表5 Plackett-Burman试验设计以蛋白质提取率为相应值进行因素、水平及显著性分析Table 5 Plackett-Burman experimental design takes protein extraction rate as corresponding value to analyze factors, levels and significance |
| 方差来源 Sources of variance | 自由度 Freedom | 平方和 Sum of squares | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value | 显著性 Significance | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 9 | 411.020 | 45.670 | 22.750 | 0.042 8 | 显著 | ||
| 发酵温度Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 1 | 123.790 | 123.790 | 61.680 | 0.015 8 | 显著 | ||
| 料液比Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 1 | 58.850 | 58.850 | 29.320 | 0.032 5 | 显著 | ||
| 接种量Inoculation amount/%(C) | 1 | 30.100 | 30.100 | 15.000 | 0.060 7 | |||
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/h(D) | 1 | 38.350 | 38.350 | 19.110 | 0.048 6 | 显著 | ||
| CaCO3添加量CaCO3 addition/(g/mL)(E) | 1 | 0.073 | 0.073 | 0.036 | 0.866 6 | |||
| 油莎豆粕与中药添加比 Addition ratio of Cyperus esculentus soybean meal to traditional Chinese medicine/(g/g)(F) | 1 | 17.16 | 17.160 | 8.550 | 0.099 8 | |||
| 残差Residual | 2 | 4.01 | 2.010 | |||||
| 综合Comprehensive | 11 | 415.04 | ||||||
| 决定系数R2 | 0.965 7 | 拟合优度Pred R2 | 0.234 1 | |||||
| 判定系数R2 adj | 0.905 6 | 信噪比Adeq precision | 12.188 0 | |||||
2.3 最陡爬坡试验结果
表6 多糖提取率最爬坡试验结果Table 6 Results of highest climbing test of polysaccharide extraction rate |
| 编号 Numbers | 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 料液比 Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/h(D) | 多糖提取率 Polysaccharide extraction rate/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | 1.0∶1.7 | 39 | 29.91 |
| 2 | 40 | 1.0∶1.9 | 42 | 34.71 |
| 3 | 45 | 1.0∶2.1 | 45 | 24.59 |
| 4 | 50 | 1.0∶2.3 | 48 | 20.31 |
| 5 | 60 | 1.0∶2.5 | 51 | 16.83 |
| 6 | 65 | 1.0∶2.7 | 54 | 13.21 |
表7 蛋白质提取率最爬坡试验结果Table 7 Results of highest climbing test of protein extraction rate |
| 编号 Numbers | 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 料液比 Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/h(D) | 蛋白质提取率 Protein extraction rate/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 35 | 1.0∶1.9 | 37 | 50.98 |
| 2 | 40 | 1.0∶2.3 | 38 | 68.11 |
| 3 | 45 | 1.0∶2.7 | 39 | 48.90 |
| 4 | 50 | 1.0∶3.1 | 40 | 43.08 |
| 5 | 60 | 1.0∶3.5 | 41 | 40.98 |
| 6 | 65 | 1.0∶3.9 | 42 | 31.22 |
2.4 Box-Behnken试验优化结果
表8 Box-Behnken试验优化结果Table 8 Optimization results of Box-Behnken test |
| 编号 Numbers | 因素Factors | 多糖提取率 Polysaccharide extraction rate/% | 蛋白质提取率 Protein extraction rate/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵温度 Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 料液比 Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/h(D) | |||
| 1 | 0 | 1 | -1 | 19.51 | 40.09 |
| 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32.09 | 66.13 |
| 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 18.11 | 39.02 |
| 4 | 0 | -1 | -1 | 20.83 | 42.32 |
| 5 | 1 | -1 | 0 | 29.75 | 50.13 |
| 6 | -1 | 0 | 1 | 26.67 | 50.11 |
| 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32.72 | 65.32 |
| 8 | 0 | -1 | 1 | 31.54 | 48.43 |
| 9 | -1 | 0 | -1 | 22.96 | 42.76 |
| 10 | -1 | -1 | 0 | 26.49 | 45.12 |
| 11 | -1 | 1 | 0 | 21.78 | 42.08 |
| 12 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 28.45 | 51.90 |
| 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32.51 | 66.76 |
| 14 | 1 | 0 | -1 | 25.45 | 47.99 |
| 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 31.81 | 67.11 |
| 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 30.89 | 65.99 |
| 17 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 20.01 | 39.54 |
表9 多糖提取率为响应值回归模型方差分析Table 9 Variance analysis of regression model with polysaccharide extraction rate as response value |
| 方差来源 Sources of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 Freedom | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 459.62 | 9 | 51.07 | 22.310 | 0.000 1 |
| 发酵温度Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 1.86 | 1 | 1.86 | 0.810 | 0.039 7 |
| 料液比Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 106.58 | 1 | 106.58 | 46.560 | 0.000 2 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/h(D) | 40.14 | 1 | 40.14 | 17.540 | 0.004 1 |
| AB | 12.01 | 1 | 12.01 | 5.250 | 0.055 8 |
| AD | 0.13 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.055 | 0.821 2 |
| BD | 26.06 | 1 | 26.06 | 11.390 | 0.011 9 |
| A2 | 36.17 | 1 | 36.17 | 15.800 | 0.005 4 |
| B2 | 143.64 | 1 | 143.64 | 62.750 | <0.000 1 |
| D2 | 67.06 | 1 | 67.06 | 29.300 | 0.001 0 |
| 残差Residual | 16.02 | 7 | 2.29 | ||
| 失拟项Misfitting term | 6.80 | 3 | 2.27 | 0.980 | 0.584 8 |
| 纯误差Pure error | 9.22 | 4 | 2.31 | ||
| 总离差Total deviation | 475.64 | 16 |
表10 以蛋白质提取率为响应值回归模型方差分析Table 10 Variance analysis of regression model with protein content as response value |
| 方差来源 Sources of variance | 平方和 Sum of squares | 自由度 Freedom | 均方 Mean square | F值 F-value | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 模型Model | 1 885.38 | 9 | 209.49 | 112.46 | <0.000 1 |
| 发酵温度Fermentation temperature/℃(A) | 10.06 | 1 | 10.06 | 5.40 | 0.033 1 |
| 料液比Material-liquid ratio/(g/mL)(B) | 79.82 | 1 | 79.82 | 42.85 | 0.000 3 |
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/h(D) | 35.36 | 1 | 35.36 | 18.98 | 0.003 3 |
| AB | 16.28 | 1 | 16.28 | 8.74 | 0.021 2 |
| AD | 2.96 | 1 | 2.96 | 1.59 | 0.248 0 |
| BD | 11.09 | 1 | 11.09 | 5.95 | 0.044 8 |
| A2 | 303.48 | 1 | 303.48 | 162.91 | <0.000 1 |
| B2 | 835.28 | 1 | 835.28 | 448.39 | <0.000 1 |
| D2 | 419.56 | 1 | 419.56 | 225.23 | <0.000 1 |
| 残差Residual | 13.04 | 7 | 1.86 | ||
| 失拟项Misfitting term | 8.42 | 3 | 2.81 | 2.43 | 0.505 2 |
| 纯误差Pure error | 4.62 | 4 | 1.15 | ||
| 总离差Total deviation | 1 898.42 | 16 |
2.5 双因素交互作用与最优条件预测
图2 各因素交互作用对油莎豆粕与中药复合物多糖提取率的影响Fig.2 Effects of interaction of various factors on polysaccharide extraction rate of Cyperus esculentus soybean meal and traditional Chinese medicine compound |
