1 碳氮适配技术的缘由
2 淀粉的组成与消化代谢
2.1 淀粉颗粒的分子构成
2.1.1 直链淀粉
2.1.2 支链淀粉
2.2 猪对不同来源淀粉的消化率
表1 猪对不同来源淀粉的消化率Table 1 Digestibility of starch from different sources in pigs |
| 淀粉来源 Starch sources | 形态 Form | 猪体重 Body weight of pigs/kg | 回肠消化率 Ileal digestibility | 全肠道消化率 Total intestinal digestibility | 参考文献 References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
大麦Barley | 粉状 | 78 | 0.84 | 0.97 | Fadel等[20] |
| 粉状 | 38 | 0.93 | 1.00 | Sun等[21] | |
玉米Corn | 粉状 | 31 | 0.95 | 1.00 | Cervantes-Pahm等[22] |
| 粉状 | 88 | 0.89 | 1.00 | Morales等[23] | |
小麦Wheat | 淀粉 | 45 | 0.96 | 1.00 | Bird等[24] |
| 粉状 | 40 | 0.99 | 1.00 | Bach等[25] | |
| 燕麦Oat | 粉状 | 40 | 0.97 | 1.00 | Knudsen等[26] |
高粱Sorghum | 粉状 | 30 | 0.86 | 0.99 | Owsley等[27] |
| 粉状 | 31 | 0.99 | 1.00 | Cervantes-Pahm等[22] | |
豌豆Pea | 粉状 | 34 | 0.86 | — | Gdala等[28] |
| 粉状 | 38 | 0.79 | 0.99 | Sun等[21] | |
| 土豆Potato | 淀粉 | 38 | 0.40 | 0.98 | Sun等[21] |
3 氨基酸与葡萄糖的同步吸收
3.1 蛋白质的消化和氨基酸的吸收
图1 单胃动物胃肠道中饲粮蛋白质的消化Protein in diet:饲粮蛋白质;Stomach and SI:胃和小肠;proteases:蛋白酶;Large peptides:大肽;SI:小肠 small intestine;peptidases:肽酶;Small peptides (2 or 3 AA residues):小肽(2或3个氨基酸残基);Dipeptidases or tripeptidases:二肽酶或三肽酶;Transport:载体;PepT1:肽转运载体1 peptide transporter 1;Free AA:游离氨基酸;Enterocytes and luminal bacteria:肠上皮细胞和肠腔细菌;Oxidation:氧化;Protein:蛋白质;NEAA and other NM:非必需氨基酸和其他含氮分子;Undegraded AA:未降解氨基酸;Free AA and possibly small peptides:游离氨基酸和可能小肽;Ala, Arg, Cit, Orn, Pro, Try, GSH, NT, and NH4+:丙氨酸、精氨酸、瓜氨酸、鸟氨酸、脯氨酸、酪氨酸、谷胱甘肽、核苷酸以及铵离子;Portal vein:门静脉。 Fig.1 Digestion of dietary protein in gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals[29] |
3.1.1 蛋白质的消化
3.1.2 氨基酸和小肽的吸收
3.2 淀粉的消化和葡萄糖的吸收
3.2.1 淀粉的消化
图3 单胃动物胃肠道中饲粮淀粉的消化α-1,4-glycosidic bond:α-1,4-糖苷键;α-1,6-glycosidic bond α-1,6-糖苷键;Starch:淀粉;Sucrose:蔗糖;Sucrase:蔗糖酶;Maltose:麦芽糖;Maltase:麦芽糖酶;Isomaltose:异麦芽糖;Isomaltase:异麦芽糖酶;Dextrins:糊精;Glucoamylase:葡糖淀粉酶;Fructose:果糖;Glucose:葡萄糖。 Fig.3 Digestion of dietary starch in gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals[36] |
3.2.2 淀粉消化率
表2 40~60 kg生长猪不同胃肠道位置淀粉消化率Table 2 Starch digestibility in 40 to 60 kg pigs at different gastrointestinal tract locations |
| 淀粉来源 Starch sources | 形式 Form | 消化率Digestibility | 参考文献 References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 胃Stomach | 小肠Intestine | ||||||
| 黑麦Rye | 粉状 | — | 0.07 | 0.33 | 0.60 | 0.82 | Patience等[42] |
燕麦Oat | 粉状 | 0.00 | 0.64 | 0.95 | 0.98 | 0.99 | Knudsen等[26] |
| 粉状 | -0.10 | 0.49 | 0.90 | 0.98 | 0.99 | ||
| 玉米Corn | 糊化淀粉 | 0.15 | 0.63 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 0.98 | Dekker等[43] |
| 豌豆Pea | 分离淀粉 | -0.09 | -0.04 | 0.80 | 0.98 | 0.98 | |
小麦Wheat | 分离淀粉 | 0.21 | 0.51 | 0.87 | 0.98 | — | Dekker等[44] |
| 糊化淀粉 | 0.24 | 0.50 | 0.86 | 0.99 | — | ||
| 木薯Cassava | 分离淀粉 | -0.02 | 0.64 | 0.76 | 0.84 | — | |
将小肠分为等长的3或4段并采集其中食糜检测淀粉消化率。 | |
The small intestine was divided into 3 or 4 segments of equal length and digesta was collected to detect starch digestibility. |
