Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 12: 7563 - 7572

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.644

REVIEW

Characteristics of Microalgae and Its Application in Ruminant Production

  • LI Tingyu ,
  • XIN Hangshu , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-06-14

  Online published: 2024-12-12

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Abstract

Microalgae is abundant in species and rich in a variety of nutrients, possessing biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation. In livestock production, microalgae can be used as feed ingredients to alleviate the demand for grains such as corn and soybean. Particularly, microalgae is high in n-3 fatty acids, which can improve the fatty acid profile of livestock products and enhance their nutritional value, benefiting ruminant animals and human health. However, there are still limitations to the use of microalgae as feed, such as high cost, safety risk, different digestibility and optimal addition amounts of different microalgae, which make it challenging to establish standardized technological application models. This article provided an overview of the nutritional characteristics and biological activities of microalgae, as well as its application in ruminant production, aiming to provide reference for the use of microalgae in ruminant production.

Key words： microalgae; nutritional characteristics; ruminant

Cite this article

LI Tingyu , XIN Hangshu . Characteristics of Microalgae and Its Application in Ruminant Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(12) : 7563 -7572 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.644

据联合国粮食及农业组织报道,地球土壤、土地和水资源状况在过去十年急剧恶化,压力与日俱增,预计到2050年难以满足全球近100亿人口的粮食需求[1]。随着人口数量的增长,人类对粮食与畜产品的需求量也不断增加。微藻可以生长在各种极端环境,如废水、污水、滩涂、盐碱地等[2],不会与农作物争水、争地,且具有生长速度快、光合效率高、固碳能力强等特点,在减少反刍动物甲烷排放上也有巨大潜力。
微藻是一种巨大的光合微生物群,既有原核生物如蓝藻,也有真核生物如绿藻,目前大量生产的有硅藻门、金藻门、绿藻门和蓝藻门[3],其营养丰富,富含蛋白质、脂质、碳水化合物、维生素和矿物质等,还含有多种活性物质,如类胡萝卜素、藻胆蛋白、多糖等,作为饲料可以为动物提供营养,改善畜产品品质。本文主要基于微藻的营养特性和生物学活性综述微藻在反刍动物生产中的应用情况,以期为微藻应用于反刍动物生产提供参考。

1 微藻概述

据估计,微藻种类可达30 000多种,但只有少部分被研究,而被开发利用的更是少数。目前,全球大量生产的有螺旋藻、小球藻、雨生红球藻和盐生杜氏藻。微藻有真核、原核2种,根据新陈代谢可以分为有自养型和异养型,也有些微藻是混合型的,可以同时利用光合作用和分解外源有机物来获得营养物质和能量[4]。自养型微藻的生长发育离不开光合作用,这类微藻利用太阳能转化为生物质的效率相对于陆生植物来说更高,可以通过光合作用将二氧化碳(CO2)转化为蛋白质、糖类、脂质等生物质[5],而异养型微藻是在黑暗中生长,从有机物中产生三磷酸腺苷。

1.1 微藻的营养特性

1.1.1 氮素

微藻中含有丰富的蛋白质,其中螺旋藻、小球藻和杜氏藻经常用来生产藻蛋白,还能合成多种氨基酸,包括反刍动物机体所需的必需氨基酸。一些微藻中的氨基酸含量与豆粕或菜籽粕相当,且与常规饲料相比,有些微藻的组氨酸含量通常较低,但蛋氨酸含量相对丰富(表1),可以作为动物的蛋白质饲料。微藻所含的蛋白质或蛋白质水解产物或肽具有一些生物学活性,如抗癌性、抗氧化性、免疫调节性等[6]。
表1 一些常规饲料与微藻的氨基酸含量

Table 1 Amino acid contents of some conventional feeds and microalgae[13] g/160 g N

种类
Species		 粗蛋
白质
CP/%
DM		 精氨酸
Arg		 组氨酸
His		 异亮
氨酸
Ile		 亮氨酸
Leu		 赖氨酸
Lys		 蛋氨酸
Met		 半胱
氨酸
Cys		 苯丙
氨酸
Phe		 苏氨酸
Thr		 色氨酸
Trp		 缬氨酸
Val
豆粕
Soybean meal		 44.2 73 27 46 77 62 14 16 51 38 14 48
菜籽粕
Rapeseed meal		 38.6 58 27 40 68 53 20 24 39 43 12 51
鱼粉
Fish meal		 60.2 58 22 43 70 75 28 8 38 41 11 49
小球藻
Chlorella vulgaris		 50~60 57 20 35 78 54 19 9 53 38 15 49
螺旋藻
Spirulina platensis		 60~70 65 14 45 73 38 22 15 40 41 10 54
杜氏盐藻
Dunaliella salina		 50~80 — 22 19 36 40 — — — 13 — 18
四尾栅藻
Scenedesmus
quadricauda		 47 43 16 24 53 52 40 6 37 29 — 39
雨生红球藻
Haematococcus
pluvialis		 29~45 44 13 23 55 29 — — 32 40 — 32
破囊壶菌
Aurantiochytrium
limacinum		 25 65 22 41 69 60 26 34 43 43 — 62
微绿球藻
Nannochloropsis
oceanica		 26~33.5 54 16 52 79 71 18 7 46 46 17 97
螺旋藻的蛋白质含量高达60%~70%(干物质基础),且在瘤胃中消化率可超过50%[7]。藻蓝蛋白是螺旋藻中的主要蛋白质之一,含量约为20%,而藻蓝蛋白又包括C-藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白2种,其中C-藻蓝蛋白具有增强免疫力和抗氧化能力的功能[8]。对螺旋藻的蛋白质进行酶解能得到生物活性肽,如螺旋藻的胃蛋白酶水解产物具有很高的抗氧化活性,螺旋藻多肽也被认为是一种具有广阔前景的抗菌肽。
小球藻的蛋白质含量为50%~60%(干物质基础),这些蛋白质具有良好的乳化性能和稳定性[9],是生产蛋白质水解物的良好的蛋白质来源,可以得到高价值水解产物。用胃蛋白酶对小球藻蛋白进行酶解得到的肽可以降低癌细胞活力,还具有较高的抗氧化性、抗菌性[10]。
除此之外,杜氏藻的蛋白质含量也很高,杜氏藻蛋白主要是一种从杜氏藻中提取β-胡萝卜素后产生的副产物,与螺旋藻和小球藻相比,目前对杜氏藻的研究较少。杜氏藻中的蛋白质含量为50%~80%(干物质基础)[11],与其他藻类不同,杜氏藻细胞壁中缺乏刚性的纤维素,使得其更容易被动物消化吸收[12]。

1.1.2 脂质

微藻中的脂肪酸占细胞干重的20%~50%[14]。微藻中的脂肪酸含量、比例等是存在差异的,这种差异与其所处环境有关,如温度、pH等,每一个微藻类群都有特定的脂肪酸谱,根据微藻脂肪酸谱的差异可以将其作为生物标志物[15]。微藻中的脂肪酸主要包括饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸,其中多不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例很大,尤其是二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA),这些脂肪酸是人和动物无法合成的,必须通过摄入吸收来获得。此外,DHA和EPA具有抗炎、抗氧化等功能,对于反刍动物生产也具有重要意义,可以提高反刍动物的生产性能,有利于瘤胃发酵和脂肪代谢,还可以在肉和奶中富集DHA和EPA[16],从而提高产品附加值。
目前已经有几种异养型微藻用于生产EPA和DHA,如裂殖壶菌、紫球藻、硅藻等。其中,裂殖壶菌的DHA含量占总脂肪酸的30%~40%[17];硅藻、紫球藻的EPA含量比较高,三角褐指藻和微绿球藻所含EPA的量占总脂肪酸的39%[18],可以替代鱼油(表2)。
表2 一些常见饲料原料和微藻的不饱和脂肪酸组成

Table 2 Unsaturated fat composition of some common feedstuffs and microalgae[19] g/100 g总脂肪酸

种类
Species		 C16∶1
n-7		 C16∶4
n-3		 C18∶1
n-9		 C18∶2
n-6		 C18∶3
n-3		 C18∶3
n-6		 C18∶4
n-3		 C20∶4
n-6		 C20∶5
n-3		 C22∶6
n-3
大豆粕Soybean meal 0.1 — 14 54 9.4 — — — — —
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal 1.0 — 55 26 3.9 — — — — —
鱼油Fish oil 4.3 0.2 8.7 1.5 1.3 0.7 3.0 1.4 19 19
小球藻Chlorella vulgaris 4.9 0.5 9.8 15 25 0.9 — 0.3 0.1 0.2
螺旋藻Spirulina platensis 2.2 — 5.0 15 1.4 19 — — 0.2 0.9
杜氏盐藻Dunaliella salina 0.5 26 3.2 8.9 35 1.4 0.5 1.4 0.1 0.8
四尾栅藻
Scenedesmus quadricauda		 1.1 25 9.1 9.8 32 0.9 2.6 — 0.3 —
雨生红球藻
Haematococcus pluvialis		 — — 12 27 14 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.0 0.6
破囊壶菌
Aurantiochytrium limacinum		 0.1 — 0.7 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.8 0.6 43
微绿球藻
Nannochloropsis oceanica		 18 — 16 3.4 5.0 — — 4.3 39 0.7

1.1.3 碳水化合物

微藻中的碳水化合物以纤维素、淀粉、单糖以及其他多糖形式存在,因其具有较高的光合效率,碳水化合物含量高达50%[20]。微藻中纤维含量很低,而且没有物理有效纤维,但脱脂后的微藻产品纤维含量相对高些,例如,脱脂小球藻的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量分别为47.11%、4.73%[21]。微藻的淀粉组成也与陆生植物相似,也是由直链淀粉和支链淀粉组成[22],小球藻的淀粉含量高达60.3%,其中直链淀粉可达34%~38%[23]。在其他多糖中对于胞外多糖(extracellular polysaccharides,EPS)的研究较多,EPS具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗氧化和抗炎等活性[24]。硫酸盐多糖(sulphated polysaccharides,sPS)是EPS的一种,也具有很多生物活性,如抗病毒、抗菌、抗氧化、抗凝等[25]。不同的微藻其所含多糖存在较大的差异,其生物活性取决于单糖的组成、支化度、糖醛酸含量以及硫酸根浓度[26]。

1.1.4 矿物质和维生素

微藻中含有大量矿物质(包括常量元素钙、磷、钾、钠、镁、氯、硫等与微量元素硅、硼、锌、锰、铁、钼、硒等),可以提供机体所需的矿物质。微藻中含有较多的铁,淡水微藻中铁含量在100~49 510 mg/kg,海藻中铁含量在15~15 473 mg/kg[27]。微藻是潜在的铁补充剂,有研究表明,微藻可以抑制大鼠缺铁性贫血[28]。微藻还可以通过生物吸附除去废、污水中的重金属,并从废水中获取营养[29]。
此外,微藻含有多种维生素[维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素B6、维生素B12、生育酚(维生素E)、抗坏血酸(维生素C)、烟酸、叶酸、泛酸、生物素],就维生素含量而言,与发酵面包和肉类相当,且优于大豆和谷物等[30]。微藻中维生素的含量取决于微藻的种类、生长季节、培养时间和培养方式。微藻还有一种特性,不同物种之间某些维生素(如生育酚、泛酸、硫胺素等)的含量有很大差异,而其他的维生素的含量相似[31],根据这种特性可以选择微藻的不同混合物,来满足动物对饲粮营养浓度的需求。

1.1.5 色素

微藻中含有多种色素,用于光合作用和色素积累,主要有3类:叶绿素、藻胆素、类胡萝卜素。
叶绿素是带有卟啉大环的脂溶性色素,是主要的光合色素,在光合作用中发挥作用[32]。大多数微藻含有叶绿素a,也有少数含有叶绿素b和叶绿素c等。微藻中叶绿素的含量为0.5%~1.0%,其代谢产物具有抗氧化、抗癌、抗遗传毒性等[33]。
藻胆素是一种开链四吡咯类水溶性化合物,具有捕光功能,可以结合特定的蛋白质,如藻胆蛋白。藻胆蛋白分为藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白,它们分别为红色和蓝色。藻胆蛋白的不同颜色是由不同的藻胆素发色团产生,而这些发色团的不同在于共轭双键数[34]。藻胆素及藻胆蛋白都有抗氧化、抗炎、抗血小板聚集等作用。
微藻中常见的类胡萝卜素有β-胡萝卜素、虾青素、叶黄素、岩藻黄素、角黄素等,其含量为0.1%~0.2%[35],具有很高的商业价值,其中对β-胡萝卜素和虾青素的研究较多。杜氏藻是β-胡萝卜素的天然来源,在光胁迫、高盐度、缺乏氮等条件下,其含量高达13%[36]。雨生红球藻是虾青素的主要来源,虾青素可在其胁迫条件下产生,其含量为0.2%~3.0%[37]。

1.1.6 其他物质

有些微藻中具有藻毒素[38],而不同藻类的藻毒素也有所不同,比如蓝藻中的藻毒素具有抗菌性、抗肿瘤性等[39],而甲藻谱系的微藻产生藻毒素的能力很强,甚至可以通过食物链使人类中毒[40]。

1.2 微藻的生物学活性

1.2.1 抗菌性

小球藻是最早被报道具有抗菌性的微藻,其能够显著抑制革兰氏阳性菌和革兰氏阴性菌的生长[41]。从微藻中分离出的大多数具有抗菌性的化合物都是来自蓝藻门,这些化合物有40%是脂肽,其他化合物包括酰胺、氨基酸、生物碱、脂肪酸、大环内酯、酯类、吲哚、二萜、内酯、吡罗、联苯和醛衍生物以及环状聚合物等[42]。研究发现,微藻中碳链大于10个碳原子的脂肪酸具有抗菌性,可以诱导细菌原生质体裂解[43]。

1.2.2 抗氧化性

微藻是受氧化应激与自由基胁迫的光自养生物,因此可以积累各种抗氧化物质,来保护细胞免受损伤[44]。微藻的抗氧化能力高于或等于高等植物的抗氧化能力,如绿藻的抗氧化能力可达260 μmol Trolox/g,而树莓的抗氧化能力为224 μmol Trolox/g[45]。微藻中的不饱和脂肪酸、多糖、维生素、类胡萝卜素以及酚类化合物等都具有抗氧化性,其中类胡萝卜素因其共轭双键被认为是使氧失活最有效的分子,其共轭双键数目越多,抗氧化效果越好[46]。

1.2.3 抗炎性

目前人们发现很多微藻都具有抗炎性,如螺旋藻、三角褐指藻等。在小鼠或羊上进行的试验发现微藻提取物可以减少炎症因子[47]。可采用化学诱导微藻氧化应激来促进产生具有抗炎性的化合物,所以很多具有抗氧化性的化合物也具有抗炎性,如类胡萝卜素、多糖、不饱和脂肪酸等[48]。

1.2.4 抗病毒性

目前已有一些关于微藻多糖抗病毒性的研究,这种活性已在许多病毒的体外试验得到证实。微藻多糖可以阻挡病毒在细胞中的渗透与吸收,其中硫酸酸化多糖的抗病毒活性最为突出。硫酸酸化多糖是由甘露糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖和醛酸以及硫酸盐基团组成,可以抑制A型和B型流感病毒对Madin-Darby犬肾细胞的细胞病变影响,A型和B型呼吸道合胞病毒对HEp-2细胞的影响,以及人类免疫缺陷病毒1型对MT-4细胞的影响[49]。

1.2.5 抗癌性

微藻及其产物也是治疗和预防癌症的有效生物活性物质。类胡萝卜素在1981年首次被观察到具有降低癌症风险的作用。与其他类胡萝卜素相比,番茄红素具有显著的抗癌活性,可以有效抑制肿瘤细胞的生长。岩藻黄素是潜在的化疗药物,可以通过引导癌细胞凋亡来抑制生长。角黄素在抑制黑色素瘤(JB/MS和B16F10)和纤维肉瘤(PYB6)细胞系的生长方面显示出相当大的抗癌活性[50]。

2 微藻在反刍动物生产中的应用

2.1 奶牛

在奶牛饲粮中,微藻可作为蛋白质原料,在一定程度上,可以部分替代豆粕,通过加工也可以作为能量饲料。在奶牛饲粮中添加藻粕(脱脂微藻与豆壳)替代部分玉米,可将泌乳奶牛血液中总胆固醇和高密度脂蛋白的含量分别提高15.1%和8.9%[51]。研究表明,在奶牛饲粮中添加微藻,可使牛奶中的DHA含量增加4倍以上[52]。最常用于提高乳品质的微藻是裂殖壶菌,与小球藻、螺旋藻等相比,其DHA与EPA含量较高,分别占总脂肪酸的25.6%~36.2%和0.7%[53],并能改善瘤胃生物氢化,提高乳中c9,t11-共轭亚油酸(c9,t11-CLA)的含量[54]。裂殖壶菌还可降低乳中饱和脂肪酸的含量,并提高不饱和脂肪酸的含量,如DHA、油酸、共轭亚油酸等[55]。
微藻还对奶牛的繁殖具有一定影响,但不同研究所得结果并不一致。Sinedino等[56]向产后(27±5) d的经产和初产奶牛饲喂富含DHA的微藻后提高了初产奶牛的发情周期恢复率和妊娠率,且与胎盘发育、免疫调节和妊娠延长相关的受体转运蛋白4(RTP4)基因的表达在饲喂微藻的奶牛中上调。而Vlcek等[57]的研究发现,富含DHA的微藻对奶牛卵巢活动无显著影响。此外,从理论上讲,富含n-3脂肪酸的饲粮可使减少前列腺素F2α(prostaglandins F2α,PGF2α)合成,从而防止黄体退化,并使黄体酮持续分泌,进而有利于提高胚胎存活率[58]。但Till等[59]给奶牛饲喂裂殖壶菌,在产后(33.0±0.9) d时24头奶牛同期发情,并在催产素刺激后测定血浆中PGF2α浓度,发现PGF2α浓度与对照组相比较低但差异不显著,而其他富含n-3脂肪酸(如亚麻籽油、鱼油)的饲粮均会使产后奶牛血浆中的PGF2α浓度显著降低[60]。这可能是由于n-3脂肪酸的类型不同导致的,DHA主要是通过抑制前列腺素H合成酶表达,从而来减少PGF2α的合成[61],不是直接作用的,这可能是效果不显著的原因。

2.2 肉牛

藻粕(脱脂微藻与豆壳)可作为能量饲料应用于肉牛饲粮中,其在瘤胃中易于消化,消化率介于玉米与豆皮之间。在微藻中添加豆壳可提供纤维和蛋白质,肉牛可以接受含有30%~45%藻粕的饲粮[62]。在饲粮中添加藻渣能增加肉牛的采食量和瘤胃通过率,从而降低饲粮的消化率[63],这种差异可能是微藻的产品类型不同导致的。研究表明,补充微藻可使胸最长肌和腰肌的n-3脂肪酸含量增加4.44倍,并改善n-3脂肪酸谱,n-6/n-3脂肪酸的比值降低了3.60倍,其中EPA、DHA含量分别提高了7.0倍和20.5倍[64];而Carvalho等[65]的研究结果则显示了较低的牛肉n-3脂肪酸富集,EPA、DHA含量分别提高了4倍和6.25倍,这可能也与添加微藻的种类、添加量有关。同时,微藻的添加可降低肉牛的料重比[66]。
但微藻的添加对于牛肉品质存在一些负面影响,主要表现在牛肉的色泽稳定性和风味上。微藻可使牛肉表面氧肌红蛋白和红度(a*)值快速下降,从而降低肉色稳定性[67],这可能与长链多不饱和脂肪酸氧化有关,含有更多的多不饱和脂肪酸的牛肉更容易氧化[68],同时还会使牛肉有“鱼腥味”[69]。所以,在应用微藻时,需要搭配一些抗氧化剂、维生素E和酵母硒等,这样可以防止微藻对肉品质的影响,并可以提高牛肉的色泽稳定性。

2.3 羊

在羔羊饲粮中添加2%富含DHA的微藻会使采食量、生长性能和饲养效率下降[70],这可能是添加过量对饲料的适口性造成了负面影响。但也有研究表明微藻添加量≤28 g/kg DM可以提高羔羊的采食量,因为微藻可以增加瘤胃纤维素分解菌的相对丰度,提高食物过瘤胃速度,从而使采食量增加[71]。这种差异可能是由于微藻种类不同造成的。在羔羊饲粮中添加裂殖壶菌可以增加肌肉和脂肪组织中的总n-3脂肪酸、DHA、EPA含量,降低胆固醇含量,从而改善胴体品质[72]。饲粮中添加微藻可以增加波尔山羊的产奶量,可能是因为微藻可以提高总挥发性脂肪酸的含量,促进营养物质消化和瘤胃发酵[73]。微藻还可以通过改善羊奶中的脂肪酸谱来提高羊奶的营养价值[74],而且添加适量的裂殖壶菌有利于乳脂的保存以及羊奶的氧化稳定性[75]。此外,微藻对母羊的繁殖性能也有利,添加盐藻可提高卵巢活性,在发情周期喂食盐藻可以提高血液中生殖激素(孕酮、促卵泡生成素和促性腺激素)和一些血液代谢产物(血糖和总胆固醇)的浓度[76]。但对动物的健康来说,微藻的添加会使动脉粥样硬化性、血栓形成性指数升高,增加冠状动脉疾病的风险[77]。

2.4 低碳生产

体外研究表明,有些微藻如裂殖壶菌,具有抑制甲烷生成、降低乙酸和增加丙酸产量的作用,而有些微藻如小球藻,对体外瘤胃发酵、甲烷生成并没有显著影响[78],其抑制作用可能归因于它们的不饱和脂肪酸含量,尤其是DHA。因为丙酸、乙酸和丁酸形成平衡对产甲烷古菌的氢气可利用性有重要作用,将代谢氢转向丙酸被认为是一种抑制甲烷生成的策略[79]。但微藻的抑制甲烷生成作用并不显著,可以与大藻搭配使用。大藻如海门冬,由于含有大量溴仿,可使甲烷产量降低80%以上。溴仿已被证明可与维生素B12发生反应,从而阻碍依赖于钴胺的甲基转移酶反应,这也是甲烷形成的最后一步[80],但是溴仿是致癌化合物,这也限制了大藻的使用。有研究表明,25%绿藻与1%海天冬的组合具有协同作用,可使甲烷产量降低40%[81]。但无论是微藻的使用还是与大藻搭配使用,都还需要在体内进行进一步的试验验证。

3 微藻作为饲料的挑战

微藻生产成本高,限制了其在动物生产中的大规模利用,而培养、收获和加工所需的技术是导致成本高的主要因素。生产5 000 t微藻,成本约为2.5万元/t,其中收获成本占20%~30%,因为微藻大小不一,在收集上具有一些难度,而且每种藻株的收获方式也不相同[13]。微藻在培养过程中受温度、pH、光照、盐度和污染等外部环境的影响大,这也是微藻生产率低的原因。
此外,微藻作为饲料原料也具有局限性。在安全与质量方面,某些微藻含有生物毒素(如嘌呤)和非生物毒素(如重金属)。微藻可以迅速从环境中吸收和积累砷和铅等重金属,作为饲料会在动物体内积累,从而通过食物链对人体造成负面影响,但目前对于微藻产品中的重金属限量尚无官方规定[82]。在培养微藻的过程中还容易受到真菌或细菌的污染,培养物中微生物数量的限定目前也没有统一规定。除此之外,微藻核酸含量高,容易代谢后产生尿酸,严重会引起痛风;在适口性方面,其味道、质地、气味都可能会使饲料的适口性变差;在消化率方面,虽然微藻容易被消化吸收,但不同种类的微藻在代谢物组成、蛋白质降解性和细胞壁组成方面存在显著差异,微藻的消化率也不尽相同;在添加量方面,不同动物以及不同微藻的最适添加量也有所不同。

4 小结

微藻的多样性以及其具有的丰富营养物质与生物学活性能够为反刍动物生产利用,特别是它们可以改善畜产品中的脂肪酸组成和增加n-3脂肪酸、EPA、DHA等的含量,从而提高畜产品的营养价值;使用微藻作为饲料成分具有替代主食作物玉米、大豆等的潜力,从而减轻畜禽养殖业对人类粮食的竞争,有助于农业发展;微藻可以替代鱼油,是n-3脂肪酸的最佳来源,可减缓渔业过度开发;微藻还具有减少甲烷产生的潜力,但是还需进一步探索。微藻的生产成本较高,在养殖技术方面还需不断进行优化,以期未来能够满足消费者的要求,更好地提供富有营养的畜产品。

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