REVIEW

Feeding Value of Walnut Green Husk and Its Application in Animal Production

  • LIU Shangzhou , 1, 2 ,
  • GUO Changzheng 1 ,
  • HU Yan 1 ,
  • SHI Shourong , 1, *
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  • 1 Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, China
  • 2 School of Animal Science and Nutrition Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430024, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-05-18

  Online published: 2024-12-12

Abstract

Walnut green husk is the main by-product of walnut processing. The production of walnut green husk is huge in China, but the utilization rate is low, and most of it is discarded as waste. Studies have shown that walnut green husk is rich in amino acids, dietary fiber, minerals, as well as naphthoquinone, flavonoids, polyphenols, polysaccharides and other bioactive components, Therefore, the development and utilization of walnut green husk as feed raw materials or feed additives for livestock and poultry can not only turn waste into treasure, but also reduce feed costs, reduce environmental pollution, improve the growth performance of livestock and poultry, enhance the body’s immune and antioxidant capacity, and improve the quality of livestock and poultry products. In this paper, the nutritional value and bioactive components of walnut green husk and their application in animal production were reviewed, in order to provide reference for the scientific development and utilization of walnut green husk.

Cite this article

LIU Shangzhou , GUO Changzheng , HU Yan , SHI Shourong . Feeding Value of Walnut Green Husk and Its Application in Animal Production[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(12) : 7647 -7657 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.652

随着国家“减抗、无抗、替抗”政策和玉米、豆粕减量替代行动方案的不断推进,无抗养殖和健康养殖逐渐成为当今畜牧业的发展趋势。因此,寻找新型、绿色、资源丰富的饲料原料和安全、无污染、无残留的饲料添加剂对于我国畜牧业健康发展具有重要意义。其中,核桃青皮因产量丰富和含有多种生物活性物质,有望成为一种新型的饲料原料和饲料添加剂而备受关注。
我国作为世界核桃生产大国,栽培面积、产量均居于全球首位,2020年总种植面积为780万hm2,总产量达479.59万t[1]。核桃青皮的总产量超过100万t,但大部分被作为废弃物丢弃。因此,合理开发利用核桃青皮不仅可避免环境污染,也有利于扩大饲料原料来源。核桃青皮因含有丰富的生物活性成分和生理功能,在我国作为药用植物有很长的历史,可用于治疗水痢不止、痈肿疮毒、癌症痛等[2]。随着研究的不断深入,越来越多的证据表明核桃青皮具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抑菌等多种生理功能[3-4]。其中,研究较多的是核桃青皮中的胡桃醌,其具有较好的抗菌和抗肿瘤作用[5-6];而核桃青皮中的多酚和黄酮类物质具有抗氧化和抗菌功能,日益受到研究者的青睐[7-9]。目前,核桃青皮被广泛应用在医药领域,在畜牧领域上也得到了初步研究和应用。本文主要综述了核桃青皮的营养价值和生物活性成分及其在动物生产中的应用,旨在为核桃青皮的饲用化研究和合理开发提供依据。

1 核桃青皮的营养价值

已有很多研究对核桃青皮的营养成分进行了分析,表明核桃青皮营养物质含量丰富。陆秋[10]研究表明,核桃青皮中水分含量大于85%,粗蛋白质含量为13.83%,高于猕猴桃和成熟的山楂;粗灰分、粗纤维、膳食纤维、碳水化合物含量分别为7.74%、3.42%、52.36%、27.86%。核桃青皮中含量较多的氨基酸为谷氨酸(7.05%)、天冬氨酸(3.60%)、苯丙氨酸(1.58%)和酪氨酸(1.22%),其次是精氨酸(1.80%)、亮氨酸(2.73%)和赖氨酸(2.59%);必需氨基酸含量与总氨基酸的比例为34.56%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸比例为52.81%[10],与世界卫生组织和联合国粮农组织提出的必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的理想比例(40%)以及必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比例(应超过60%)非常接近,表明核桃青皮中必需氨基酸的比例较为合理。用气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)法测定核桃青皮中脂肪酸的成分,饱和脂肪酸含量为21.33%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为19.02%[11]。核桃青皮中还含有丰富的矿物元素,丁立忠等[12]研究表明,每克山核桃果皮中含有铁23.42 μg、锰3.66 μg、锌6.15 μg、镁355 μg、钙2 650 μg、钾41 157.96 μg、砷0.26 μg,其中外果皮中钾含量是树皮中钾含量的9.5倍。核桃青皮之所以具有镇痛效果,主要与含有较多的钾有关[13]。此外,核桃青皮还富含B族维生素和维生素C。因此,核桃青皮的开发利用具有重要意义。

2 核桃青皮的生物活性成分

2.1 萘醌类化合物

萘醌类化合物是胡桃科植物中广泛存在的一组重要的化学物质,主要活性成分为胡桃醌。胡桃醌又名5-羟基-l,4-萘醌,广泛存在于核桃的树根、外果皮等部位,因其有显著的抗菌、抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗病毒、消炎等多种生物活性及药理性能,受到了广泛关注。核桃青皮中胡桃醌含量最高,为0.229 mg/g[14],高于树皮和树叶中的含量。国外已有研究表明,从核桃青皮中可分离出5,8-二羟基-1,4-萘醌和5-羟基-3,3'-双胡桃醌[15-16]。许绍惠等[17]研究发现了3,3'-双胡桃醌、3,6'-双胡桃醌。近年来,胡桃醌因其潜在的抗癌活性而被广泛研究。Zhang等[18]通过化学基团取代的方法合成了新的胡桃醌衍生物,并通过活性氧的产生抑制胶质瘤细胞的活力和增殖,诱导细胞凋亡。Ji等[19]研究表明,胡桃醌诱导MCF-7细胞凋亡的机制与活性氧水平升高,B细胞淋巴瘤相关X蛋白(B-cell lymphoma-associated X protein,Bax)表达增加和细胞内钙离子(Ca2+)浓度升高、B细胞淋巴瘤-2(B-cell lymphoma-2,Bcl-2)表达减少、线粒体膜电位降低、线粒体外膜破裂、细胞色素C释放和半胱天冬蛋白酶(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase,Caspase)-3激活有关。Li等[20]研究发现,胡桃醌介导的氧化损伤可能作为上游变化,触发LS-174T细胞中活性氧释放、Bcl-2调节、Caspase激活,从而导致细胞凋亡。综上所述,胡桃醌主要通过细胞凋亡的方式抑制癌细胞的增长,是癌症治疗中的一种有效方法。据报道,胡桃醌诱导的抗肿瘤作用涉及许多可能的机制,其中研究最多的是基于活性氧途径[21]。过量的活性氧可诱导DNA损伤、生长停滞、凋亡和细胞死亡[22],胡桃醌可以产生高水平的活性氧并激活p38-丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen activated protein kinase,MAPK)途径,诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡[23]。此外,核桃青皮中的萘醌类还含有胡桃酮,是一种具有重要生物活性和药理学价值的有机化合物,具有一定的抗炎、抗氧化和抗癌活性。表1列出了核桃青皮中常见的萘醌[24-26]
表1 核桃青皮中常见的萘醌

Table 1 Common naphthoquinone in walnut green husk

化合物Compounds 取代基Substituent group
胡桃醌Juglone quinone R1=H, R2=H, R3=OH, R4=H, R5=H
1,4-萘醌1,4-naphthoquinone R1=H, R2=H, R3=H, R4=H, R5=H
1,2-萘醌1,2-naphthoquinone R1=H, R2=H, R3=H, R4=H, R5=H
1,6-萘醌1,6-naphthoquinone R1=H, R2=H, R3=H, R4=H, R5=H
2,3-二氯萘醌2,3-dichloro naphthoquinone R1=H, R2=Cl, R3=Cl, R4=H, R5=H
3,3'-双胡桃醌3,3'-bisjuglone quinone
3,6'-双胡桃醌3,6'-bisjuglone quinone
胡桃酮Juglone ketone R1=OH, R2=H, R3=H, R4=H, R5=OH
紫茶素Purple catechin R1=OH, R2=COOH, R3=CH3, R4=H, R5=H
白花丹素Plumbagin R1=H, R2=OH, R3=CH3, R4=COOH, R5=H

2.2 黄酮类化合物

黄酮类化合物是植物中普遍存在的次生代谢产物,具有抗炎、抗突变、抗癌和抗菌等特性[27]。黄酮类化合物又分为几个亚类,包括黄酮、黄烷醇、黄烷酮、黄酮醇、异黄酮、查耳酮、花色素和无色花色素[28]。核桃青皮中的总黄酮通过乙醇提取得率为6.13%[9],运用超声辅助提取得率可达7.32%[29],高于牡丹籽(1.45%)[30]、银杏叶(4.5%)[31]、柑橘橘皮(3.48%~6.93%)[32]等的总黄酮提取率,可能是因为核桃青皮中的黄酮类化合物在极性较大的有机溶剂和碱性溶液中更易溶解[33]。目前对核桃绿壳中黄酮类化合物的研究主要集中在其抗氧化和抗菌特性上。研究表明,当核桃青皮总黄酮含量达到1.0 g/L时,对羟自由基的清除率为89.89%[9],对羟自由基的清除能力明显优于维生素C[29],表现出较好的抗氧化活性。核桃青皮中不同含量的黄酮对于多种真菌以及细菌具有抑制效果,并且比核桃叶中的效果好[34]

2.3 多酚类化合物

多酚是植物的次级代谢产物,可分为类黄酮(如花青素、黄烷醇、黄烷酮、黄酮醇、黄酮酮和异黄酮)和非黄酮类(如酚酸、氧杂蒽酮、二苯苷乙烯、木脂素和单宁)[35]。所有这些多酚都存在于植物中,与葡萄糖和其他碳水化合物(糖苷)酯化,或以游离苷元的形式存在。核桃青皮中含有大量的酚类成分[36],多酚在核桃青皮中的含量仅次于黄酮、蒽醌类[37]。路振康等[38]对核桃青皮中总酚含量进行了测定,结果表明,总酚含量为(21.71±0.98) mg/g。Cosmulescu等[39]采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)方法分析和鉴定了5种不同品种的核桃青皮,结果检测出6种酚类化合物,分别为阿魏酸、香草酸、香豆酸、丁香酸、杨梅素和胡桃醌。这些酚类化合物均具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗炎等生物活性[40-44]。阿魏酸还具有改善心血管疾病以及抗肝癌作用[45-46]。香草酸通过抑制相关的分子途径对癌症、糖尿病、肥胖症、神经退行性疾病、心血管疾病和肝脏疾病发挥多种生物活性[47]。香豆酸还能促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖与迁移、抑制肿瘤血管的生成、抗血小板聚集、减轻动脉粥样硬化、降低药物的心脏毒性、预防和改善糖尿病、保护神经等[48]。丁香酸可能有助于调控胆汁酸代谢,改善胆汁淤积性肝病[49]。胡桃醌对多种肿瘤细胞株具有明显的抑制作用,能够诱导癌细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤细胞增殖,并且对肿瘤细胞DNA合成有显著的抑制作用[50-52]
目前,对于核桃青皮中多酚的研究越来越多。研究表明,小鼠服用核桃青皮多酚提取物可以显著降低体内丙二醛含量,提高超氧化物歧化酶活性[53];将含有16种多酚类物质的核桃青皮提取物灌胃急性高血脂小鼠,其血清中的总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著降低,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量显著升高,表明核桃青皮提取物中的多酚具有良好的降脂作用[54]。体外试验也表明核桃青皮中的多酚具有更好的抗氧化能力[55],当核桃青皮中多酚含量高于10 mg/L时,对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除力强于维生素C。核桃青皮提取物对革兰氏阴性菌(如大肠杆菌)的生长具有抑制作用[56]

2.4 多糖类化合物

核桃青皮多糖是从核桃青皮中提取的一种低分子质量多糖,主要由鼠李糖、半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸组成[57]。核桃中多糖含量因品种、组织部位的不同具有一定的差异,核桃壳中含量最高,其次是核桃青皮[58-60]。季宇彬等[61]测得粗制核桃青皮多糖的提取率达到了38.07%,经过一系列的精制工艺,核桃青皮精制多糖的提取率显著提升,达到了76.08%。研究表明,核桃青皮多糖具有改善肥胖小鼠肝脏和肠道健康的作用。Wang等[57]研究发现,高糖饮食诱导的肥胖小鼠,口服核桃青皮多糖后,糖代谢和脂质代谢得到改善,氧化应激也得到了缓解。同时,核桃青皮多糖逆转了高果糖引起的肠道微生物群失调,改善了肠道健康。Wang等[62]还研究了核桃青皮多糖对高脂饮食诱导的大鼠肥胖、氧化应激、炎症及肝脏、结肠损伤的预防作用及其机制,结果表明,核桃青皮多糖可减轻高脂饮食所致大鼠体重异常增加、脂质代谢紊乱、炎症反应、氧化应激、结肠组织损伤,并上调结肠紧密连接蛋白的表达水平。国内外已有多项研究证实核桃青皮多糖具有抗癌、抗氧化等功能[63-67],因此核桃青皮多糖逐渐引起了人们的关注。

3 核桃青皮在动物生产中的应用

3.1 对生产性能的影响

核桃青皮含丰富的营养成分,有利于改善动物生长性能,提高产品品质。目前核桃青皮在动物生产上的研究主要集中在家禽上。研究发现,饲粮中添加核桃青皮具有提高肉鸡生长性能和蛋鸡产蛋性能的作用,这主要是因为核桃青皮中含有大量的生物活性物质,这些物质具有显著的抗氧化能力和抑菌活性,有助于提升动物的抗氧化状态,减少氧化应激,从而可能提高动物的整体健康和生产性能。研究表明,核桃青皮提取物能够改善黄羽肉鸡的生长性能和屠宰性能,对提升肉质和增加经济效益具有潜在益处[68]。然而,当核桃青皮提取物剂量控制不当时,会对动物的生产性能产生不利影响。例如,当核桃青皮提取物中的单宁使用过量时可能会与饲料中的蛋白质结合,影响其消化吸收,从而对动物生产性能产生不利影响[69]。核桃青皮在动物生产中的适宜添加量及其应用效果见表2[68,70-76]
表2 核桃青皮在动物生产中的适宜添加量及其应用效果

Table 2 Suitable addition amount of walnut green husk in animal production and its application effect

动物
Animals
年龄及品种
Age and
breed
添加物
Additive
适宜添加量
Suitable addition
amount
应用效果
Application
effects
参考文献
References
肉鸡
Broilers
黄羽肉鸡 核桃青皮提取物 500、
1 000 mg/kg
提高磷、钙的表观代谢率 [70]
21日龄
黄羽肉鸡
核桃青皮提取物 200、
500 mg/kg
显著降低料重比 [71]
黄羽肉鸡 核桃青皮粉
核桃青皮提取物
1% 降低采食量,不影响生长
性能和屠宰性能
[68]
云南本地
土杂鸡
核桃青皮水提物 5% 显著提高平均日增重,
显著降低料重比
[72]
蛋鸡
Laying hens
66周龄海兰
褐壳蛋鸡
核桃青皮提取物 1% 显著提高钙的
表观利用率
[73]
66周龄海兰
褐壳蛋鸡
核桃青皮提取物 1% 维持产蛋性能,并降低料蛋比,
提高鸡蛋哈氏单位
[74]
66周龄海兰
褐壳蛋鸡
核桃青皮粉提取物 1% 显著提高蛋鸡产蛋率,显著降低
料蛋比,显著提高鸡蛋哈氏单位
[75]
羊Sheep 绵羊 核桃青皮提取物 0.05% 具有增加采食量的趋势 [76]

3.2 提高抗氧化能力

核桃青皮中含有大量的多酚类化合物,因此具有较好的抗氧化活性。Taheri等[77]通过研究证明核桃青皮可以促进大鼠伤口愈合,而这与它的抗氧化以及抗炎特性具有密切的关系。另外,有大量研究验证了核桃青皮的抗氧化活性[56,78-79]。马菁菁等[71]研究表明,用90%乙醇提取核桃青皮,其提取物对于1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(DPPH)自由基清除率显著高于维生素E,并且核桃青皮组肉鸡肝脏指数与抗生素组没有显著差异,这间接说明肉鸡饲粮中添加核桃青皮提取物可以影响其抗氧化能力。在蛋鸡饲粮中加入核桃青皮,其肝脏中丙二醛含量显著降低[73]

3.3 改善肠道微生物组成

核桃青皮提取物中含有大量的多糖和黄酮类化合物,因此对于维护动物的肠道健康也有一定的效果。李文菁等[80]研究表明,在黄羽肉仔鸡饲粮中添加1%核桃青皮或其提取物,能够显著提高肠道微生物多样性和物种丰富度,在门水平上,变形杆菌门相对丰度减少了2.218%,厚壁菌门相对丰度增加了2.208%;在属水平上,大肠杆菌属相对丰度降低了5.35%,肠球菌属相对丰度增加了9.63%[81]。张少秋[73]研究表明,在蛋鸡饲粮中添加核桃青皮或其提取物可提高菌群中的厚壁菌门和乳酸菌属相对丰度。综上所述,核桃青皮及其提取物具有调节肠道微生物组成的功能。

3.4 增强免疫机能

核桃青皮提取物在肉鸡上也已经得到应用。肖望成等[72]研究发现,在肉鸡饮水中添加核桃青皮提取物,不仅可以提高云南当地土杂鸡的生长性能,还能提升新城疫、禽流感抗体水平,且其效果随着饮水中核桃青皮水提物浓度的增加而提高。但是目前对于核桃青皮及其提取物可以提高肉鸡免疫机能的研究较少,其具体机制也需要进一步探明。

4 核桃青皮存在的问题

核桃青皮虽然对动物有很多的益处,但是也具有一定的毒性[17],这主要是因为核桃青皮中单宁和胡桃醌等抗营养因子的含量较高,对动物产生不利影响。核桃绿色外壳中的单宁会干扰蛋白质的消化和消化酶的活性,过量会降低饲料的营养价值,导致畜禽的生长速度下降和总体健康状况下降[82]。但是已有研究表明,核桃青皮中含有的水解单宁可以改善动物的生产性能,会对动物产生有利影响[83-84]。胡桃醌自身具有的细胞毒性,无论将其作用于动物、植物还是微生物,都表现出不同程度的体内毒性[85],胡桃醌和其代谢产物能与肾脏细胞溶质蛋白共价结合,造成肾脏毒性[86]。由此可见,当核桃青皮中的一些活性成分过量时会对动物产生毒害作用,而适量的活性成分可以对动物起到有益的作用。

5 小结

核桃青皮含有丰富的营养物质和生物活性成分,在提高动物生产性能、抗氧化能力、改善肠道健康、增强免疫机能等方面显示出较大的潜力。当前,核桃青皮及其提取物作为饲料添加剂的潜力已受到广泛关注,但具体哪些成分发挥了生物活性作用,目前还尚未明确。此外,核桃青皮及其提取物在家禽养殖业中已得到广泛研究,但是其作用机制尚不清楚,需要进行更深层次的研究。同时,需要进一步研究其潜在毒性作用,保障动物生产健康安全。核桃青皮的研究不仅有助于推动核桃产业的可持续发展,而且对于环境保护、新型饲料添加剂的开发、以及生物活性成分的提取和应用都具有重要的科学和经济价值。
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