1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 薏苡碎米营养成分Table 1 Nutrients in coix broken rice % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 干物质DM | 86.18 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 15.03 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.18 |
| 钙Ca | 0.06 |
| 磷P | 0.11 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 0.58 |
| 粗纤维CF | 2.50 |
| 赖氨酸Lys* | 0.13 |
| 蛋氨酸Met* | 0.43 |
| 亮氨酸Leu* | 2.71 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile* | 0.49 |
| 苏氨酸Thr* | 0.38 |
| 缬氨酸Val* | 0.82 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe* | 0.73 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 0.46 |
| 组氨酸His | 0.25 |
| 天冬氨酸Asp | 0.82 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 0.63 |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 3.49 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 0.23 |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 1.43 |
| 胱氨酸Cys | 2.71 |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.12 |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 1.04 |
| 薏苡素Coixol/(mg/kg) | 0.11 |
| 薏苡仁酯Coixenolide/(g/kg) | 2.34 |
| 表观代谢能AME/(MJ/kg) | 4.47 |
*:必需氨基酸 essential amino acid。 |
1.2 试验设计和饲粮
表2 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡碎米添加比例Coix broken rice supplemental proportion/% | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||
| 玉米Corn | 64.70 | 62.30 | 59.88 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 24.58 | 24.12 | 23.67 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 0.20 | 0.56 | 0.93 |
| 薏仁碎米Coix broken rice | 2.50 | 5.00 | |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| 石粉Limestone | 8.91 | 8.91 | 8.91 |
| 氯化钠NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
| 植酸酶Phytase | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrients levels2) | |||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.54 | 12.54 | 12.54 |
| 干物质DM | 89.71 | 88.52 | 88.36 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.17 | 16.82 | 16.91 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.61 | 3.98 | 4.35 |
| 粗纤维CF | 2.89 | 2.87 | 2.35 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 11.11 | 10.58 | 11.32 |
| 钙Ca | 3.55 | 3.56 | 3.36 |
| 总磷TP | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.45 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.71 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.52 |
| 色氨酸Try | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.63 | 0.61 | 0.60 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kilogram of diets:VA 12 500 IU,VB1 1 mg,VB2 8.5 mg,VB3 32.5 mg,VB6 8 mg,VB12 5 mg,VD3 4 125 IU,VE 15 IU,VK 2 mg,植酸酶 phytase 350 IU,生物素 biotin 2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 50 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 32.5 mg,复合酶 complex enzyme 200 mg,Cu 8 mg,Fe 60 mg,Mn 65 mg,Zn 66 mg,I 1 mg。 2)干物质(GB/T 6435—2014)、粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗脂肪(GB/T 6433—2006)、粗纤维(GB/T 6434—2022)、粗灰分(GB/T 6438—2007)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)和总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)为实测值,其他营养水平为参照NY/T 33—2004所得计算值。DM (GB/T 6435—2014), CP (GB/T 6432—2018), EE (GB/T 6433—2006), CF (GB/T 6434—2022), Ash (GB/T 6438—2007), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018) and TP (GB/T 6437—2018) were measured values, while the other nutrient levels were calculated values referred to NY/T 33—2004. |
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 测定指标及方法
1.4.1 生产性能
1.4.2 蛋品质
1.4.3 血清生化指标
1.4.4 血清免疫指标
1.4.5 免疫器官指数
1.4.6 蛋黄风味
1.4.6.1 电子鼻分析
表3 电子鼻探头检测物质Table 3 Substances detected by electronic nose probe |
| 编号 Number | 传感器 Sensors | 灵敏性 Sensitive characteristics | 参考挥发物 Reference volatiles |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | W1C | 芳香苯类 | 甲苯(检出限10×10-6 V/V) |
| S2 | W5S | 氮氧化物 | 二氧化氮(检出限1×10-6 V/V) |
| S3 | W3C | 氨类 | 苯(检出限10×10-6 V/V) |
| S4 | W6S | 氢键 | 氢气(检出限100×10-9 V/V) |
| S5 | W5C | 烷烃 | 丙烷(检出限1×10-6 V/V) |
| S6 | W1S | 甲烷 | 烷类(检出限100×10-6 V/V) |
| S7 | W1W | 硫化物 | 硫化氢(检出限1×10-6 V/V) |
| S8 | W2S | 乙醇 | 一氧化碳(检出限100×10-6 V/V) |
| S9 | W2W | 含硫有机物 | 硫化氢(检出限1×10-6 V/V) |
| S10 | W3S | 芳香烷烃 | 烷烃(检出限100×10-6 V/V) |
1.4.6.2 电子舌分析
1.5 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡生产性能的影响
表4 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡生产性能的影响Table 4 Effects of dietary coix broken rice on performance of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡碎米添加比例 Coix broken rice supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 试验前Pre-trial | |||||
| 体重Body weigh/kg | 1.95 | 1.95 | 1.96 | 0.023 | 0.995 |
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | 87.31 | 87.40 | 87.66 | 0.004 | 0.950 |
| 正试期Experimental period | |||||
| 产蛋率Laying rate/% | |||||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | 88.64b | 89.09b | 91.37a | 0.005 | 0.016 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | 88.36b | 88.96b | 90.96a | 0.006 | 0.049 |
| 第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 | 83.86b | 84.87b | 87.66a | 0.008 | 0.033 |
| 第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 | 87.61b | 87.70b | 90.67a | 0.006 | 0.032 |
| 平均蛋重Average egg weight/g | |||||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | 62.13 | 62.46 | 62.80 | 0.189 | 0.366 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | 61.49 | 62.10 | 61.51 | 0.248 | 0.553 |
| 第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 | 60.32 | 60.57 | 60.73 | 0.345 | 0.432 |
| 第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 | 61.31 | 61.71 | 61.68 | 0.219 | 0.740 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/g | |||||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | 119.98 | 119.04 | 119.52 | 0.754 | 0.891 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | 114.82 | 115.57 | 115.56 | 0.571 | 0.843 |
| 第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 | 106.47 | 108.28 | 104.68 | 1.096 | 0.898 |
| 第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 | 113.76 | 114.30 | 113.26 | 0.570 | 0.779 |
| 料蛋比F/E | |||||
| 第1~4周Weeks 1 to 4 | 2.10 | 2.13 | 2.09 | 0.014 | 0.450 |
| 第5~8周Weeks 5 to 8 | 2.11 | 2.13 | 2.11 | 0.014 | 0.896 |
| 第9~12周Weeks 9 to 12 | 2.09 | 2.19 | 2.15 | 0.032 | 0.458 |
| 第1~12周Weeks 1 to 12 | 2.10 | 2.13 | 2.12 | 0.016 | 0.695 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响
表5 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡蛋品质的影响Table 5 Effects of dietary coix broken rice on egg quality of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡碎米添加比例 Coix broken rice supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 第4周Week 4 | |||||
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.36 | 1.35 | 1.38 | 0.006 | 0.120 |
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/×10-2 mm | 40.84 | 40.78 | 40.63 | 0.426 | 0.982 |
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | 42.67 | 44.62 | 43.80 | 0.663 | 0.512 |
| 蛋白高度Albumen height/mm | 6.69 | 6.98 | 6.78 | 0.152 | 0.753 |
| 蛋黄颜色Yolk color | 5.60 | 5.61 | 5.35 | 0.107 | 0.564 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 78.65 | 80.63 | 81.03 | 0.769 | 0.425 |
| 蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% | 24.61 | 24.98 | 24.87 | 0.141 | 0.947 |
| 蛋壳比例Eggshell ratio/% | 10.08 | 10.12 | 9.98 | 0.104 | 0.872 |
| 蛋清比例Albumen ratio/% | 64.95 | 64.84 | 64.39 | 0.193 | 0.483 |
| 第8周Week 8 | |||||
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.38 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 0.007 | 0.494 |
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/×10-2 mm | 40.72 | 40.96 | 41.20 | 0.708 | 0.967 |
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | 43.58 | 43.34 | 42.59 | 0.463 | 0.690 |
| 蛋白高度Albumen height/mm | 6.69 | 6.82 | 6.46 | 0.127 | 0.531 |
| 蛋黄颜色Yolk color | 7.47 | 7.97 | 7.30 | 0.139 | 0.122 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 80.45 | 80.67 | 79.72 | 0.687 | 0.856 |
| 蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% | 24.69 | 24.98 | 26.31 | 0.418 | 0.252 |
| 蛋壳比例Eggshell ratio/% | 10.10 | 10.67 | 9.94 | 0.243 | 0.459 |
| 蛋清比例Albumen ratio/% | 64.47 | 64.39 | 65.52 | 0.280 | 0.192 |
| 第12周Week 12 | |||||
| 蛋形指数Egg shape index | 1.37 | 1.35 | 1.36 | 0.005 | 0.267 |
| 蛋壳厚度Eggshell thickness/×10-2 mm | 40.68 | 40.52 | 40.27 | 0.704 | 0.975 |
| 蛋壳强度Eggshell strength/N | 39.46 | 38.82 | 41.30 | 0.665 | 0.304 |
| 蛋白高度Albumen height/mm | 7.28 | 7.30 | 7.10 | 0.116 | 0.789 |
| 蛋黄颜色Yolk color | 7.00 | 6.89 | 6.23 | 0.151 | 0.077 |
| 哈氏单位Haugh unit | 83.79 | 83.27 | 82.48 | 0.705 | 0.767 |
| 蛋黄比例Yolk ratio/% | 24.60 | 24.40 | 25.05 | 0.279 | 0.652 |
| 蛋壳比例Eggshell ratio/% | 9.95 | 10.14 | 10.08 | 0.388 | 0.717 |
| 蛋清比例Albumen ratio/% | 65.45 | 65.46 | 64.87 | 0.309 | 0.699 |
2.3 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响
表6 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of dietary coix broken rice on serum biochemical indices of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡碎米添加比例 Coix broken rice supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 谷丙转氨酶ALT/(U/L) | 5.50 | 5.67 | 5.83 | 0.181 | 0.775 |
| 谷草转氨酶AST/(U/L) | 261.67 | 265.33 | 255.00 | 9.760 | 0.918 |
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 56.19b | 59.89a | 60.79a | 0.693 | 0.007 |
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 19.38 | 20.75 | 19.99 | 0.367 | 0.328 |
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 36.82b | 39.14ab | 40.80a | 0.632 | 0.024 |
| 甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) | 28.35a | 23.11a | 11.29b | 2.413 | <0.001 |
| 总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) | 2.18a | 2.02a | 1.52b | 0.107 | 0.018 |
| 高密度脂蛋白胆固醇HDL-C/(mmol/L) | 21.11b | 23.90a | 24.35a | 0.581 | 0.036 |
| 低密度脂蛋白胆固醇LDL-C/(mmol/L) | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.28 | 0.009 | 0.840 |
2.4 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响
表7 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡血清免疫指标的影响Table 7 Effects of dietary coix broken rice on serum immunity indices of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡碎米添加比例 Coix broken rice supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(μg/mL) | 76.26 | 78.47 | 73.44 | 1.28 | 0.292 |
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(μg/mL) | 5 209.13b | 5 489.10a | 5 537.21a | 51.88 | 0.010 |
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(μg/mL) | 819.44b | 904.66a | 922.69a | 19.00 | 0.049 |
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 35.03a | 24.28b | 22.71b | 1.89 | 0.006 |
| 白细胞介素-1β IL-1β/(pg/mL) | 217.80 | 196.85 | 210.20 | 9.98 | 0.743 |
2.5 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡免疫器官指数的影响
表8 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡免疫器官指数的影响Table 8 Effects of dietary coix broken rice on immune organ indices of laying hens g/kg |
| 项目 Items | 薏苡碎米添加比例 Coix broken rice supplemental proportion/% | SEM | P值 P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2.5 | 5.0 | |||
| 胸腺指数Thymus index | 0.455 | 0.462 | 0.478 | 0.008 | 0.461 |
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 1.118 | 1.062 | 1.278 | 0.057 | 0.298 |
| 法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index | 0.660 | 0.652 | 0.668 | 0.056 | 0.994 |
2.6 饲粮添加薏苡碎米对蛋鸡蛋黄风味的影响
2.6.1 熟蛋黄电子鼻分析
图1 电子鼻传感器对各组熟蛋黄气味响应值直方图(左)和雷达图(右)数据柱标记不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。图2同。 Fig.1 Histogram (left) and radar chart (right) of response values of electronic nose sensors to cooked egg yolk odor in each group Value columns with different letters mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as Fig.2. |
