Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 12: 7943 - 7955

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.677

RESEARCH PAPER

Comparative Study on Application Effect of Different Lipid Sources in Compound Feeds for Hybrid Snakehead (Channa argus ♂ ×Channa maculate ♀)

  • HUANG Zekui , 1 ,
  • GUAN Junfeng 1 ,
  • SANG Yuhang 1 ,
  • XU Jianzhao 1 ,
  • OUYANG Bin 2 ,
  • LI Xuefei 2 ,
  • LI Yuanyou , 1, * ,
  • XIE Dizhi , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
  • 2 Foshan Shunde District Wanghai Feed Industry Co., Ltd., Foshan 528300, China
*LI Yuanyou, professor, E-mail: ;
XIE Dizhi, associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-05-30

  Online published: 2024-12-12

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Abstract

As to reduce the dependence of aquatic compound feeds on fish oil and soybean oil and to develop new lipid sources, five iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipid (48% crude protein, 12% crude lipid) compound feeds (D1 to D5) with different lipid sources were formulated in this study, of which D1 lipid source was compound oil 1 (tilapia oil∶soybean oil=1∶1), D2 was compound oil 2 (linseed oil∶soybean oil=1∶2), D3 was compound oil 3 (fish oil∶cottonseed oil∶palm oil∶linseed oil=3∶3∶3∶1), D4 was tilapia oil, and D5 was soybean oil. The above diets were used to breed juvenile hybrid snakehead (Channa argus ♂×Channa maculate ♀) with initial body weight of (112.09±0.15) g of five groups in an indoor recirculation system for 60 days, respectively. The results showed that: in terms of growth performance and muscle conventional nutritional component contents, there were no significant differences among all groups (P>0.05). With regard to biochemical indexes, there were no significant differences in serum alkaline phosphatase activity, liver total antioxidant capacity and the malondialdehyde content in serum, liver and intestine of fish in all groups (P>0.05), but had significant effects on other biochemical indexes (P<0.05), in which, D3 group had the lowest serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein contents, liver triglyceride and crude lipid contents, and it had the highest serum total antioxidant capacity and high-density lipoprotein content, serum, liver and intestinal acid phosphatase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities, as well as intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity. With regard to muscle quality, D3 group fish had the highest muscle C20∶5n-3 (EPA) and C22∶6n-3 (DHA) contents and muscle chewiness and gumminess, and the EPA content in D3 group was significantly higher than that of other groups (P<0.05), the DHA content was significantly higher than that of D1, D2 and D5 groups (P<0.05), the chewiness was significantly higher than that of D2 and D4 groups (P<0.05), and the gumminess was significantly higher than that of D1, D2 and D4 groups (P<0.05). In summary, under the conditions of this experiment, diet with compound oil 3 as lipid source not only can ensure the growth effect, but also can enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity, and improve muscle quality of hybrid snakeheads.

Key words： lipid sources; compound oil; hybrid snakehead; biochemical indexes; antioxidant; muscle quality

Cite this article

HUANG Zekui , GUAN Junfeng , SANG Yuhang , XU Jianzhao , OUYANG Bin , LI Xuefei , LI Yuanyou , XIE Dizhi . Comparative Study on Application Effect of Different Lipid Sources in Compound Feeds for Hybrid Snakehead (Channa argus ♂ ×Channa maculate ♀)[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(12) : 7943 -7955 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.677

油脂不仅为水产动物提供高密度的能量物质,且作为必需脂肪酸(EFA)和脂溶性维生素等功能性营养素的载体,在鱼类生长、发育和营养代谢调控上具有重要作用[1]。鱼油富含n-3高不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 HUFA),且诱食效果好,被认为是一种优质脂肪源[2]。然而,随着水产养殖的发展,鱼油出现供不应求,导致其价格上涨、养殖成本提高,严重限制了水产养殖可持续发展[3]。目前,因鱼油价格处于历史新高位,水产配合饲料多采用罗非鱼鱼油(缺乏n-3 HUFA)、豆油、棕榈油和畜禽油脂等为脂肪源,这易导致饲料必需脂肪酸(EFA)缺乏,n-3/n-6脂肪酸比例不平衡,致使养殖鱼代谢紊乱,抵抗力降低。因此,为了促进水产养殖可持续发展,开发适宜的脂肪源合理替代饲料中鱼油是水产养殖可持续发展的客观需要。
杂交鳢(Channa argus ♂×Channa maculate ♀)是乌鳢(父本)和斑鳢(母本)杂交的后代,又称生鱼、黑鱼等。杂交鳢具有生长快、耐低氧能力强、可全程摄取人工配制饲料等优点,已成为我国重要淡水经济鱼类[4]。据《2023中国渔业统计年鉴》,2022年全国杂交鳢产量超55.3万 t。目前,鳢饲料中脂肪相关的研究主要集中于饲料脂肪和大豆卵磷脂适宜添加水平方面[5⇓⇓-8],其必需脂肪酸营养需求仍不清楚。养殖生产中,杂交鳢配合饲料主要以富含n-6脂肪酸的豆油为脂肪源,易导致饲料脂肪酸不平衡,影响鱼体的健康生长。为此,本研究以鱼油、罗非鱼油、棉籽油、棕榈油、亚麻籽油、豆油等不同脂肪酸特征的油脂为脂肪源,配制5种等氮等脂饲料,养殖杂交鳢60 d,比较分析投喂不同脂肪源饲料杂交鳢的生长性能、组织生理生化和肌肉品质等指标的差异,以探究适合杂交鳢养殖的饲料脂肪源添加模式,为其高效优质配合饲料的研发提供依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

所有鱼解剖操作均按照美国国立卫生研究院实验动物护理和使用指南(NIH Publications No.8023,1978年修订)进行,并经华南农业大学机构动物护理和使用委员会批准(SCAU-AEC-2010-0416)。

1.2 试验饲料

本研究以秘鲁鱼粉、越南鱼排粉、去皮豆粕、鸡肉粉、猪肉粉和棉籽蛋白为蛋白质源,以不同油脂为脂肪源配制5种等氮(48%粗蛋白质)等脂(12%粗脂肪)的配合饲料(D1~D5)。其中D1脂肪源是复合油1(罗非鱼油∶豆油=1∶1,为商品料常用脂肪源)、D2为复合油2(亚麻籽油∶豆油=1∶2)、D3为复合油3(鱼油∶棉籽油∶棕榈油∶亚麻籽油=3∶3∶3∶1)、D4为罗非鱼油、D5为豆油。试验饲料采用膨化料生产工艺所生产,为浮性膨化料。试验饲料组成及营养水平见表1,试验饲料脂肪酸组成见表2。
表1 试验饲料组成及营养水平

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets %

项目
Items		 饲料编号Diet No.
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
原料(风干基础) Ingredients (air-dry basis)
秘鲁鱼粉Peruvian fish meal 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
越南鱼排粉Vietnamese fish by-product meal 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
猪肉粉Pork powder 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
鸡肉粉Chicken powder 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00
去皮豆粕Peeled soybean meal 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00 27.00
棉籽蛋白Cottonseed protein 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00
复合油1 Compound oil1) 9.00
复合油2 Compound oil1) 9.00
复合油3 Compound oil1) 9.00
罗非鱼油Tilapia oil 9.00
豆油Soybean oil 9.00
高筋面粉Hard flour 15.70 15.70 15.70 15.70 15.70
预混料Premix2) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H2PO4)2 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-lysine hydrochloride 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
L-苏氨酸L-threonine 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
DL-蛋氨酸DL-methionine 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels3)
干物质Dry matter 92.57 92.78 92.61 92.75 92.62
粗蛋白质Crude protein 48.21 48.34 48.38 48.45 48.52
粗脂肪Crude lipid 12.62 12.27 12.56 12.37 11.92
粗灰分Ash 13.85 14.78 14.64 14.49 13.73

1)复合油1为罗非鱼油∶豆油=1∶1;复合油2为亚麻籽油∶豆油=1∶2;复合油3为鱼油∶棉籽油∶棕榈油∶亚麻籽油=3∶3∶3∶1。Compound oil 1 was soybean oil∶tilapia oil=1∶1; compound oil 2 was linseed oil∶soybean oil=1∶2; compound oil 3 was fish oil∶cottonseed oil∶palm oil∶linseed oil=3∶3∶3∶1.

2)每千克维生素预混料含有 One kg of vitamin premix contained the following: VA 280 000 IU,VD3 150 000 IU,VE 3.2 g,VK3 0.43 g,VB1 0.45 g,核黄素 riboflavin 0.8 g,VB6 0.9 g,肌醇 inositol 4.1 g,VC 10.5 g,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 2.8 g,D-泛酸钙 D-calcium pantothenate 0.74 g,D-生物素 D-biotin 0.016 g, Cu 0.4 g,Fe 22 g,Mn 1.8 g,Zn 8 g,I 0.1 g,Se 0.035 g,Co 0.12 g。

3)干物质含量是风干基础上的实测值,粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量是干物质基础上的实测值。Dry matter content was a measured value on the basis of air-dry, and the contents of crude protein, crude lipid and ash were measured values on the basis of dry matter.

表2 试验饲料脂肪酸组成(占总脂肪酸的百分比)

Table 2 Fatty acid composition of experimental diets (percentage of total fatty acids) %

脂肪酸
Fatty acids		 饲料编号Diet No.
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
C14∶0 1.27 1.05 2.09 2.22 1.16
C16∶0 17.76 16.04 30.73 22.25 15.82
C18∶0 6.20 6.34 6.59 6.70 5.61
SFA 25.24 23.43 39.41 31.17 22.59
C16∶1 1.54 1.11 1.63 3.44 1.07
C18∶1n-9 29.34 27.29 29.24 33.93 26.92
MUFA 30.88 28.40 30.87 37.37 27.99
C18∶2n-6 (LA) 34.44 30.32 19.35 19.02 37.32
C20∶4n-6 (ARA) 0.46 0.43 0.62 0.93 0.51
Cn-6 PUFA 34.91 30.74 19.97 19.95 37.83
C18∶3n-3 (ALA) 3.84 13.42 2.16 1.67 4.29
C20∶5n-3 (EPA) 0.71 0.70 1.32 0.74 0.65
C22∶6n-3 (DHA) 0.96 0.94 1.91 1.45 0.88
n-3 PUFA 5.51 15.06 5.39 3.86 5.82
HUFA 2.13 2.07 3.85 3.12 2.04

SFA:饱和脂肪酸saturated fatty acids (C14∶0,C16∶0,C18∶0);MUFA:单不饱和脂肪酸monounsaturated fatty acids (C16∶1,C18∶1n-9);n-6 PUFA:n-6多不饱和脂肪酸n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (C18∶2n-6,C20∶4n-6);n-3 PUFA:n-3多不饱和脂肪酸n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (C18∶3n-3,C20∶5n-3,C22∶6n-3);HUFA:高不饱和脂肪酸 highly unsaturated fatty acid (C20∶4n-6,C20∶5n-3,C22∶6n-3)。表5和表6同 the same as Table 5 and Table 6。

1.3 试验设计

试验用杂交鳢由佛山市顺德区旺海饲料实业有限公司研发基地试验站提供,试验前在基地水泥池暂养。暂养期间,用商品饲料投喂至试验规格。在养殖试验正式开展前,试验鱼禁食24 h,挑选形态相同的健康杂交鳢[初始体重(112.09±0.15) g],随机分配至室内循环水系统的20个试验桶(直径1.8 m、水高0.7 m)中,分为5组(D1~D5组),投喂对应的试验饲料,每组4个重复(桶),每个重复35尾鱼,养殖周期为60 d。饲养试验期间,每天近饱食定量投喂2次(08:30和16:00),水体温度为28.0~31.5 ℃,氨氮含量不高于0.2 mg/L,采用增氧机系统持续增氧。每日查看试验鱼吃料和运动情况,若有死鱼则及时处理,同时记录死鱼体重和饲料消耗量。

1.4 样品采集

在试验结束后,禁食24 h,将每桶鱼称重及记录。每桶随机选取2尾鱼,放置于加入0.01% 2-苯氧乙醇(2-phenoxyethanol)的水中,采集尾部静脉血,静置后在4 ℃以1 000×g离心10 min,取上层血清,-80 ℃冰箱保存备用;解剖取肝脏、肠道、肌肉等,用液氮速冻后冻存在-80 ℃冰箱中备用。每桶另随机选取2尾鱼,称其体重、肝脏重和内脏重并测其体长。此外,每桶另随机选取2尾鱼,用于测定肌肉质构特性。

1.5 指标测定

1.5.1 常规营养成分含量及脂肪酸组成测定

测定饲料、肌肉和肝脏的常规营养成分含量和脂肪酸组成。其中,干物质、粗灰分、粗脂肪及粗蛋白质含量分别使用常压干燥法(GB/T 6435—2014)、马弗炉灼烧法(GB/T 6438—2007)、索氏抽提法(GB/T 6433—2006)、凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—2018)进行测定;脂肪酸组成采用气相色谱法测定,参照本课题组前期研究[9],首先用氯仿/甲醇(2∶1,v/v)提取样品总脂质,然后用0.5 mol/L氢氧化钾甲醇溶液皂化、15%三氟化硼甲醇溶液甲酯化,最后使用气相色谱仪(Agilent-7890B)进行分离和定性,根据Sigma公司的脂肪酸标准品进行脂肪酸成分的鉴定,采用面积归一法计算各脂肪酸的占比。

1.5.2 生长性能和形态学指标计算

增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、摄食率、成活率、肥满度、肝体比和脏体比的计算公式如下:
增重率(WGR,%)=[(终末均重-初始均重)/初始均重]×100;
特定生长率(SGR,%/d)=[(ln终末均重-ln初始均重)/养殖天数]×100;
饲料系数(FCR)=投喂饲料总重/(鱼体末总重-鱼体初总重);
摄食率(FR,%/d)={投喂饲料总量/[(鱼体末总重+鱼体初总重)/2]/养殖天数}×100;
成活率(SR,%)=(终末鱼尾数/初始鱼尾数)×100;
肥满度(CF,g/cm3)=(体重/体长3)×100;
肝体比(HSI,%)=(肝脏重/体重)×100;
脏体比(VSI,%)=(内脏重/体重)×100。

1.5.3 血清、肝脏和肠道生化指标测定

血清从-80 ℃冰箱取出置于4 ℃冰箱中解冻后备用;肠道和肝脏解冻后,分别称适量于研磨管中,加入生理盐水[样品(g)∶生理盐水(mL)=1∶9]进行研磨,制备成10%匀浆液后离心,取其上清液备用。待测样品的丙二醛(MDA)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(T-CHO)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性或含量均用南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒测定,测定步骤参照各试剂盒说明书。

1.5.4 肌肉质构特性测定

用质构仪(Universal TA型,上海腾拔仪器科技有限公司)测定肌肉质构特性,具体步骤[10]:测定前从新鲜试验鱼取下均匀背肌,在TPA模式下,每块肌肉用TA 25/1000探头测3点,测试前后和进行时速度分别为2.00和1.00 mm/s,压缩比75%,前后2次压缩间隔2 s。

1.6 数据处理与分析

利用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行方差分析,用Tukey法进行多重比较,P<0.05表示差异显著。数据皆以平均值±标准误(mean±SE)表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 各组杂交鳢的生长性能和形态学指标

由表3可知,各组间终末均重、增重率、成活率、饲料系数、摄食率、特定生长率、脏体比及肥满度均无显著差异(P>0.05);D4组的肝体比相比D1组显著提高(P<0.05),其他组间均无显著变化(P>0.05)。
表3 各组杂交鳢的生长性能和形态学指标

Table 3 Growth performance and morphological indexes of hybrid snakehead in different groups

项目
Items		 组别Groups
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
初始均重IBW/g 112.03±0.40 112.20±0.53 112.21±0.55 112.03±0.44 111.99±0.19
终末均重FBW/g 236.12±1.06 232.55±2.07 232.93±2.44 233.29±0.78 233.52±1.22
增重率WGR/% 110.77±1.29 107.25±1.06 107.59±2.13 108.24±0.81 108.51±0.84
成活率SR/% 100.00±0.00 97.86±1.37 99.29±0.71 99.29±0.71 96.43±2.70
饲料系数FCR 1.10±0.01 1.13±0.02 1.14±0.02 1.13±0.01 1.12±0.00
摄食率FR/(%/d) 1.31±0.00 1.31±0.01 1.32±0.01 1.32±0.00 1.31±0.01
特定生长率SGR/(%/d) 1.24±0.01 1.21±0.01 1.22±0.02 1.22±0.01 1.22±0.01
肝体比HSI/% 1.42±0.07b 1.68±0.07ab 1.76±0.10ab 1.87±0.14a 1.54±0.09ab
脏体比VSI/% 9.96±0.35 11.41±0.46 9.91±0.50 10.08±0.37 10.57±0.61
肥满度CF/(g/cm3) 1.68±0.20 1.39±0.03 1.34±0.04 1.40±0.04 1.35±0.03

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示显著差异(P<0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, data with no or the same letter superscripts represented no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts represented significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below.

2.2 各组杂交鳢的肌肉和肝脏常规营养成分含量

由表4可知,各组肌肉水分、粗灰分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白质以及肝脏水分含量均无显著差异(P>0.05)。D3和D4组肝脏粗脂肪含量显著低于D2组(P<0.05),其他组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
表4 各组杂交鳢的肌肉和肝脏常规营养成分含量(干物质基础)

Table 4 Muscle and liver conventional nutritional component contents of hybrid snakehead in different groups (DM basis) %

项目
Items		 组别Groups
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
肌肉Muscle
水分Moisture 76.57±0.28 76.49±0.14 76.79±0.16 76.43±0.13 76.54±0.13
粗脂肪Crude lipid 3.47±0.19 3.60±0.11 3.13±0.09 3.03±0.39 3.22±0.14
粗蛋白质Crude protein 89.75±0.42 90.22±0.72 91.01±0.20 89.89±0.60 89.71±0.40
粗灰分Crude ash 5.44±0.06 5.53±0.07 5.63±0.06 5.44±0.18 5.39±0.13
肝脏Liver
水分Moisture 69.46±0.35 68.55±0.77 68.25±0.58 69.88±0.34 69.68±0.72
粗脂肪Crude lipid 12.49±0.75ab 16.32±1.35a 10.34±0.55b 10.38±0.45b 13.24±1.72ab

2.3 各组杂交鳢的肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成

由表5和表6可知,各组试验鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成与其所摄食饲料的脂肪酸组成相关。对于肝脏,D3组饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、C20∶5n-3(EPA)、C22∶6n-3(DHA)和高不饱和脂肪酸(HUFA)含量最高,其中SFA含量显著高于D1、D2、D5组(P<0.05),EPA、DHA、HUFA含量显著高于D5组(P<0.05);D4组MUFA含量最高,显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);D1、D2和D5组n-6多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)含量显著高于D3和D4组(P<0.05);D2组n-3 PUFA含量最高,显著高于D1、D4和D5组(P<0.05)。对于肌肉,D3组SFA、n-3 PUFA、EPA和DHA含量最高,其中SFA、EPA含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05),n-3 PUFA含量显著高于D1和D5组(P<0.05),DHA含量显著高于D1、D2和D5组(P<0.05);D3和D4组HUFA含量显著高于D1、D2和D5组(P<0.05);D1组MUFA含量最高,显著高于D3和D5组(P<0.05);D1和D5组n-6 PUFA含量显著高于D2、D3和D4组(P<0.05)。
表5 各组杂交鳢的肝脏脂肪酸组成(占总脂肪酸的百分比)

Table 5 Fatty acid composition of liver of hybrid snakehead in different groups (percentage of total fatty acids) %

脂肪酸
Fatty acids		 组别Groups
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
C14∶0 0.79±0.05bc 0.76±0.04bc 0.97±0.07ab 1.07±0.07a 0.69±0.01c
C16∶0 20.30±0.45b 19.86±0.49b 24.32±0.36a 23.56±0.67a 20.78±0.35b
C18∶0 5.98±0.45ab 5.55±0.36b 6.14±0.43ab 5.23±0.45b 7.41±0.33a
SFA 26.94±0.31c 26.16±0.35c 31.43±0.28a 29.86±0.68ab 28.87±0.55b
C16∶1 2.23±0.18c 2.35±0.12bc 2.95±0.15ab 3.52±0.18a 1.98±0.11c
C18∶1n-9 27.17±0.82d 34.42±0.77b 31.80±0.66bc 40.25±0.61a 28.57±0.80cd
MUFA 29.16±0.90c 36.90±0.76b 34.76±0.84b 44.03±0.55a 30.50±0.88c
C18∶2n-6 (LA) 22.31±0.78a 19.52±0.81a 13.66±0.56b 11.57±0.82b 21.70±0.83a
C20∶4n-6 (ARA) 0.19±0.02 0.19±0.03 0.24±0.03 0.25±0.04 0.20±0.01
n-6 PUFA 22.49±0.78a 19.56±0.82a 13.86±0.56b 11.82±0.85b 22.50±0.55a
C18∶3n-3 (ALA) 2.84±0.15c 6.52±0.28a 3.63±0.18b 3.66±0.15b 3.07±0.05bc
C20∶5n-3 (EPA) 0.32±0.06ab 0.29±0.03ab 0.34±0.03a 0.21±0.02ab 0.19±0.02b
C22∶6n-3 (DHA) 2.73±0.42ab 2.45±0.26ab 4.20±0.59a 2.88±0.73ab 2.20±0.29b
n-3 PUFA 5.88±0.39b 9.44±0.56a 7.95±0.69ab 6.53±0.69b 5.48±0.26b
HUFA 3.18±0.43ab 3.01±0.33ab 4.78±0.59a 3.34±0.82ab 2.57±0.31b
表6 各组杂交鳢的肌肉脂肪酸组成(占总脂肪酸的百分比)

Table 6 Fatty acid composition of muscle of hybrid snakehead in different groups (percentage of total fatty acids) %

脂肪酸
Fatty acids		 组别Groups
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
C14∶0 2.77±0.72ab 3.68±0.43ab 4.48±0.33a 1.93±0.40bc 1.13±0.15c
C16∶0 20.32±0.19b 19.71±0.37b 24.14±0.32a 23.83±0.27a 20.63±0.41b
C18∶0 4.96±0.04ab 4.88±0.13b 5.54±0.17a 5.20±0.16ab 5.47±0.14ab
SFA 28.27±0.80c 28.27±0.49c 34.15±0.50a 30.96±0.32b 27.23±0.36c
C16∶1 2.13±0.06ab 1.89±0.08bc 1.80±0.03bc 2.45±0.13a 1.65±0.05c
C18∶1n-9 28.48±0.40a 27.12±0.55ab 24.68±0.34b 26.78±0.94ab 26.24±0.62ab
MUFA 30.61±0.45a 29.01±0.61ab 26.48±0.35c 29.64±0.58ab 27.89±0.66bc
C18∶2n-6 (LA) 25.69±0.72a 22.54±0.75b 17.57±0.23c 16.60±0.32c 26.70±0.82a
n-6 PUFA 25.69±0.72a 22.54±0.75b 17.57±0.23c 16.60±0.32c 26.70±0.82a
C18∶3n-3 (ALA) 3.47±0.18b 6.67±0.26a 2.46±0.06c 2.40±0.04c 3.23±0.17b
C20∶3n-3 1.06±0.07c 1.39±0.09bc 1.78±0.03ab 2.14±0.13a 1.43±0.11bc
C20∶5n-3 (EPA) 0.26±0.04c 0.37±0.02c 0.67±0.01a 0.51±0.04b 0.31±0.03c
C22∶6n-3 (DHA) 4.48±0.59c 5.87±0.81c 10.54±0.20a 9.56±0.92ab 6.93±0.82bc
n-3 PUFA 9.26±0.52c 14.30±0.67ab 15.45±0.15a 14.60±1.07ab 11.89±0.79bc
HUFA 5.80±0.68b 6.95±0.77b 12.99±0.21a 12.18±1.11a 8.66±0.94b

2.4 各组杂交鳢的血清生化指标

由表7可知,各组间血清AKP活性和MDA含量无显著差异(P>0.05);D3组血清T-CHO、TG含量最低,其中T-CHO含量显著低于D4组(P<0.05),TG含量显著低于D5组(P<0.05);D1和D3组血清LDL含量显著低于D4组(P<0.05);D3组血清HDL含量和ACP活性最高,其中HDL含量显著高于D5组(P<0.05),ACP活性显著高于D2组(P<0.05);D3组T-AOC、SOD和CAT活性最高,其T-AOC显著高于D1组(P<0.05),SOD活性显著高于D5组(P<0.05),CAT活性显著高于D4和D5组(P<0.05)。
表7 各组杂交鳢的血清生化指标

Table 7 Serum biochemical indexes of hybrid snakehead in different groups

项目
Items		 组别Groups
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/L)		 0.42±0.02b 0.48±0.03ab 0.54±0.02a 0.51±0.02ab 0.49±0.01ab
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mL)		 5.40±0.20ab 4.96±0.16ab 5.69±0.15a 5.35±0.22ab 4.91±0.16b
过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) 5.57±0.41ab 5.67±0.14ab 6.19±0.16a 4.93±0.41b 4.87±0.20b
酸性磷酸酶ACP/(U/mL) 6.26±0.40ab 5.19±0.23b 7.01±0.52a 5.32±0.08ab 5.96±0.43ab
碱性磷酸酶AKP/(U/dL) 1.08±0.12 1.59±0.18 1.29±0.11 1.27±0.11 1.10±0.12
丙二醛MDA/(nmol/mL) 3.58±0.34 3.59±0.16 3.11±0.07 3.80±0.16 3.24±0.10
总胆固醇
T-CHO/(mmol/L)		 4.21±0.45ab 4.34 ±0.15ab 4.08±0.19b 5.07±0.19a 4.27±0.17ab
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 1.72±0.13ab 1.48±0.08ab 1.24±0.07b 1.63±0.21ab 1.81±0.13a
高密度脂蛋白
HDL/(mmol/L)		 4.59±0.26ab 4.79±0.13ab 5.06±0.17a 5.02±0.21ab 4.23±0.18b
低密度脂蛋白
LDL/(mmol/L)		 3.20±0.27b 4.00±0.22ab 3.09±0.27b 4.25±0.24a 3.66±0.17ab

2.5 各组杂交鳢的肝脏生化指标

由表8可知,各组间肝脏T-AOC、MDA含量无显著差异(P>0.05);相比D1组,D4组肝脏AKP活性显著升高(P<0.05);相比D2组,D1和D3组肝脏TG含量显著降低(P<0.05);D3组肝脏ACP、CAT和SOD活性最高,其ACP活性显著高于D1组(P<0.05),CAT活性显著高于D4组(P<0.05),SOD活性显著高于D1、D2和D4组(P<0.05)。
表8 各组杂交鳢的肝脏生化指标

Table 8 Liver biochemical indexes of hybrid snakehead in different groups

项目
Items		 组别Groups
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
碱性磷酸酶
AKP/(U/g prot)		 84.83±26.76b 131.31±15.07ab 146.55±17.08ab 186.67±33.42a 98.55±24.20ab
酸性磷酸酶
ACP/(U/g prot)		 1 454.75±52.21b 1 585.03±52.76ab 1 662.73±26.07a 1 636.73±33.24ab 1 589.68±46.81ab
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mg prot)		 176.49±7.23ab 185.27±8.90ab 209.79±9.80a 174.44±7.42b 192.12±6.92ab
总抗氧化能力
T-AOC/(mmol/g prot)		 0.12±0.01 0.11±0.01 0.12±0.01 0.09±0.01 0.12±0.01
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)		 114.45±5.48b 110.31±5.01b 140.77±6.79a 115.25±4.47b 120.52±3.54ab
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mg prot)		 0.42±0.04 0.52±0.03 0.43±0.01 0.43±0.01 0.54±0.02
甘油三酯
TG/(mmol/g prot)		 0.56±0.12b 0.88±0.01a 0.46±0.07b 0.68±0.02ab 0.75±0.10ab

2.6 各组杂交鳢的肠道生化指标

由表9可知,各组间肠道MDA含量无显著差异(P>0.05);相比D2组,D3和D4组肠道AKP、ACP活性显著升高(P<0.05);相比D1组,D3、D4和D5组肠道CAT活性显著升高(P<0.05);相比D1和D2组,D3组和D5组肠道SOD活性显著升高(P<0.05)。
表9 各组杂交鳢的肠道生化指标

Table 9 Intestinal biochemical indexes of hybrid snakehead in different groups

项目
Items		 组别Groups
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
碱性磷酸酶
AKP/(U/g prot)		 4 275.64
±81.64ab		 3 978.23
±126.96b		 4 793.81
±213.05a		 4 659.59
±150.59a		 4 305.52
±223.28ab
酸性磷酸酶
ACP/(U/g prot)		 3 757.10
±299.96ab		 2 942.71
±251.74b		 4 767.07
±267.58a		 4 593.93
±228.12a		 3 633.28
±299.16ab
过氧化氢酶
CAT/(U/mg prot)		 10.28
±0.58c		 12.23
±0.64bc		 15.33
±0.68a		 16.66
±0.59a		 14.31
±0.61ab
超氧化物歧化酶
SOD/(U/mg prot)		 17.14
±0.27c		 16.48
±0.42c		 20.41
±0.80a		 18.38
±0.35bc		 19.10
±0.31ab
丙二醛
MDA/(nmol/mg prot)		 0.74
±0.06		 0.59
±0.02		 0.65
±0.04		 0.70
±0.08		 0.84
±0.08

2.7 各组杂交鳢的肌肉质构特性

由表10可知,各组间肌肉剪切力、硬度、黏聚性、脆度和弹性无显著差异(P>0.05);D3组肌肉咀嚼性显著高于D2和D4组(P<0.05);D3组肌肉胶着性显著高于D1、D2和D4组(P<0.05);D5组肌肉回复性显著高于D1、D2和D3组(P<0.05)。
表10 各组杂交鳢的肌肉质构特性

Table 10 Muscle texture properties of hybrid snakehead in different groups

项目
Items		 组别Groups
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5
剪切力Shear force/gf 2 947±143 3 032±234 3 492±302 3 009±223 3 118±201
硬度Hardness/gf 160.47±5.97 158.10±4.94 172.78±4.61 154.10±6.64 157.44±3.90
脆度Brittleness/gf 25.93±0.09 25.92±0.10 25.93±0.09 25.65±0.17 25.84±0.12
弹性Springiness/mm 0.46±0.01 0.44±0.01 0.45±0.01 0.46±0.01 0.46±0.01
黏聚性Cohesiveness 0.52±0.01 0.53±0.01 0.54±0.01 0.54±0.01 0.54±0.01
咀嚼性Chewiness/gf 40.08±1.80ab 39.79±2.74b 48.34±2.65a 37.06±1.90b 41.36±1.41ab
胶着性Gumminess/gf 83.55±2.96b 83.86±2.86b 97.49±4.71a 83.81±3.55b 87.46±1.72ab
回复性Resilience 0.40±0.01b 0.40±0.01b 0.40±0.01b 0.44±0.02ab 0.48±0.03a

3 讨论

生长性能是评估配合饲料优劣的重要指标之一。本研究结果发现,投喂不同脂肪源饲料的杂交鳢的生长性能无显著差异,说明在含20%鱼粉(含5%~10%脂肪)基础上,试验所用的饲料脂肪源皆能满足鱼体生长对EFA的需求。相似的是,陆游等[11]在18%鱼粉饲料基础上,探讨了椰子油、苏子油、葵花籽油以及鱼油+葵花籽油(鱼油∶葵花籽油=1∶1)为脂肪源对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长性能的影响,结果发现各组间黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能均无显著差异;Liang等[12]以椰子油、菜籽油、亚麻籽油及鱼油为脂肪源,结果发现各组间大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)生长性能无显著差异;周秋白等[13]以鱼油、大豆油、亚麻油、猪油为脂肪源配制不同饲料,养殖黄鳝(Monopterus albus)8周,结果发现各组间生长性能无显著差异。以上结果表明,尽管饲料中仅含少量的HUFA,但肉食性淡水鱼具有一定的HUFA合成能力,可利用C18 PUFA合成HUFA,以满足鱼体生长对EFA的需求。
血液生化指标是评价鱼类营养和健康的重要指标,血清中T-CHO和TG含量反映了脂质的吸收和代谢,T-CHO和TG含量较高会导致水产动物患脂肪肝[14]。本研究发现,相比于其他脂肪源饲料,以含较高HUFA的复合油3为脂肪源的饲料可降低杂交鳢血清中T-CHO和TG含量。相似的是,在大口黑鲈和多鳞白甲鱼(Onychostoma macrolepis)的相关研究中也发现,采用植物油适量地替代饲料中鱼油(适量的HUFA含量)可降低血清中TG和T-CHO含量[15-16]。血清HDL和LDL含量可反映机体对血液脂质转运和清除能力,提升HDL和降低LDL含量有利于预防高脂血症,改善鱼体健康[14,17]。本研究中发现,复合油3组杂交鳢血清HDL和LDL含量分别高于和低于其他脂肪源组,这与配合饲料中添加适量n-3 HUFA可降低大口黑鲈血清T-CHO、LDL含量、提高HDL含量[18]的结果一致。肝脏是机体重要的脂质代谢中转站,其脂质过度蓄积不利于鱼体健康[19-20]。本研究中,复合油1和复合油3降低了杂交鳢肝脏中TG含量,同时复合油3还降低了杂交鳢肝脏中粗脂肪含量。Li等[21]在罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)中发现,亚麻籽油部分替代鱼油可降低鱼体肝胰脏中粗脂肪含量。在饲料中添加适量的n-3 HUFA也可降低大口黑鲈肝脏TG含量[18]。以上研究结果说明,以含较高HUFA的复合油3为饲料脂肪源,有助于促进杂交鳢血清脂质转运和肝脏脂质代谢,维持鱼体健康。
氧化应激是由自由基产生不平衡导致的,对鱼类健康产生不利影响,同时当鱼体受到一定程度刺激时,也会影响体内抗氧化系统平衡,而产生代谢紊乱[22-23]。动物体内存在酶和非酶促两大抗氧化防御系统,其中抗氧化酶包含SOD和CAT等,T-AOC可反映机体的综合抗氧化能力[24],ACP和AKP活性则反映机体非特异性防御能力[25-26]。本研究中,复合油3能提高杂交鳢血清T-AOC,血清、肝脏和肠道ACP、SOD、CAT活性,以及肠道AKP活性,这说明复合油3有助于增强杂交鳢体内的抗氧化能力,维护抗氧化系统平衡,进而维持代谢功能正常。研究显示,豆油部分替代饲料中鱼油(3.02% HUFA)可提高银鲳(Pampus argenteus)幼鱼血清SOD和CAT活性[27]。在草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)、镜鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. specularis)的研究中发现,在饲料中逐渐增加n-3 HUFA的含量,血清SOD活性也随着升高[28-29]。尽管复合油3可显著提升杂交鳢的组织抗氧化能力,但各组鱼体组织脂质过氧化产物MDA含量却无显著差异。相似的是,在大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)上的研究发现,采用混合微藻(富含n-3 HUFA)替代50%鱼油可提高肠道ACP、AKP、CAT和SOD活性,但MDA含量无显著差异[30]。以上结果表明,以复合油3为饲料脂肪源,可提高杂交鳢的抗氧化和免疫能力,进而有利于维持鱼体健康。
鱼类肌肉品质是影响其商品价值的重要因素,主要包括质构特性、营养价值和风味等[31]。肌肉质构特性是评估肌肉品质的重要指标。在一定程度内,随着鱼体肌肉质构参数升高,肌肉品质和口感变好[32]。本研究发现,相比于其他脂肪源,复合油3可以改善杂交鳢肌肉咀嚼性和胶着性,豆油可提高肌肉回复性,这说明复合油3和豆油可提高杂交鳢肌肉品质和口感。相似的是,Wang等[33]研究发现,在饲料中添加适量的DHA可改善团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala)肌肉的胶着性和咀嚼性;Gong等[34]分别以鱼油、大豆油、亚麻籽油、棕榈油和橄榄油为脂肪源,发现不同植物油替代鱼油可改善大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼肌肉咀嚼性和胶着性。
鱼肉是消费者获取DHA和EPA的主要食物来源,后者的水平直接决定肌肉营养品质[35]。肌肉脂肪酸组成与饲料脂肪酸组成有相关性[36]。本研究发现,复合油3可以提高杂交鳢肌肉中EPA和DHA含量,说明复合油3有益于提高杂交鳢肌肉的营养价值。增加饲料中n-3 HUFA含量,黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)肌肉EPA和DHA含量也随之增加[37]。夏腾等[38]研究发现,在不同脂肪源的配合饲料中,富含n-3 HUFA的饲料可提高鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)肌肉中EPA和DHA含量。用棕榈油替代25 g/kg混合脂肪源(鱼油∶豆油=1∶2)在一定程度上可改善黄颡鱼肌肉脂肪酸组成,进而改善肌肉品质[39]。以鱼油、玉米油、亚麻籽油以及不同比例亚麻籽油和藻油为脂肪源,发现通过调节饲料脂肪源可以显著提高罗非鱼肌肉脂肪酸特别是n-3 HUFA的含量,进而提高鱼肉的食用价值[40]。以上结果表明,以复合油3为脂肪源配制饲料,可以改善杂交鳢的肌肉质构特性及肌肉品质。

4 结论

综上所述,投喂不同脂肪源饲料的杂交鳢的生长性能无显著差异,表明杂交鳢具有一定的HUFA合成能力,少量的饲料HUFA即可满足其生长对EFA的需求;但饲料中添加适量鱼油(复合油3)可提高杂交鳢的免疫和抗氧化能力,更有利于肠道健康,改善肌肉品质,这也证实鱼体健康对HUFA的需求较生长更高。本研究结果可为杂交鳢健康养殖中饲料脂肪源的选择提供依据。

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