Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Immune Organ Indices, Serum Biochemical Indices and Intestinal Morphology of Stressed Pheasants in Middle Age

LI Xinhang; ZHONG Wei; GUO Li; XUE Ligang; ZHANG Jiaman

doi:10.12418/CJAN2024.679

2024 , Vol. 36 >Issue 12: 7967 - 7974

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2024.679

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Immune Organ Indices, Serum Biochemical Indices and Intestinal Morphology of Stressed Pheasants in Middle Age

LI Xinhang ^,¹^,² ,
ZHONG Wei ^,²^,^* ,
GUO Li ² ,
XUE Ligang ² ,
ZHANG Jiaman ²

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¹ College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066612, China
² College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin 132204, China

*associate professor, E-mail: zhongwei8015@163.com

Received date: 2024-05-22

Online published: 2024-12-12

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on growth performance, immune organ indices, serum immune and antioxidant indices and intestinal morphology of stressed pheasants in middle age. A total of 200 30-day-old healthy ring-necked pheasants (Hebei subspecies) with an average body weight of (466.58±9.32) g were randomly divided into 4 groups with 5 replicates per group and 10 chickens per replicate. Pheasants in the control group were fed a basal diet, and those in the experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 400 (T1 group), 800 (T2 group) and 1 600 mg/kg (T3 group) APS, respectively. The pheasants were raised in iron cages with a feeding density of 20 chicks/m2. The levels of serum adrenocorticotropin and glucocorticoid were detected to determine the stress state. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the experimental period lasted for 60 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the final body weight of pheasants in T2 and T3 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05); the average daily gain in all experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the ratio of feed to gain was significantly decreased (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the tumor necrosis factor-α content in serum of pheasants in T3 group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the contents of interleukin-10, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A in serum were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) Compared with the control group, the serum malondialdehyde content of pheasants in all experimental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the serum total antioxidant capacity was significantly increased (P<0.05); the serum glutathione peroxidase activity in T3 group was significantly increased (P<0.05). 4) Compared with the control group, the thymus index of pheasants in all experimental groups was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the spleen index in T2 and T3 groups was significantly increased (P<0.05). 5) Compared with the control group, the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum in all experimental groups were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the above indices in T3 group were significantly higher than those in the other two experimental groups (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary 1 600 mg/kg APS can improve the immune function, enhance the antioxidant capacity, improve and promote intestine development of pheasants under stress, and thus enhance their growth performance.

Key words： astragalus polysaccharides; pheasants; growth performance; immune function; antioxidant capacity; intestine development

Cite this article

LI Xinhang , ZHONG Wei , GUO Li , XUE Ligang , ZHANG Jiaman . Effects of Astragalus Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Immune Organ Indices, Serum Biochemical Indices and Intestinal Morphology of Stressed Pheasants in Middle Age[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2024 , 36(12) : 7967 -7974 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2024.679

山鸡作为一种野性较强的禽类,较难驯化,养殖过程中普遍存在应激状况,导致山鸡免疫力降低,生长性能受到影响,影响山鸡产业的发展^[1]。以前多采用抗生素等方法控制或改善应激,但兽用抗生素在动物体内代谢时间长,且代谢不彻底,而作为生态食物链中的高级动物人类,必将蓄积动物源、植物源及其他来源的抗生素残留^[2],因此迫切需要一种安全合理的添加剂来替代抗生素。应激反应是机体对于外界刺激或内在变化产生的一系列生理和行为上的调整。当机体遇到如环境变化、病原感染和营养不均衡等应激因素时,会通过激活神经-内分泌-免疫系统网络进行反应,目的是恢复和维持生理稳态。然而,长期或过度的应激会导致机体防御机制的紊乱,其中包括抗氧化能力的降低和免疫功能的下降。抗氧化能力降低主要表现为机体内抗氧化酶活性的下降和氧化自由基的积聚,这可能导致细胞膜脂质过氧化、DNA损伤和蛋白质变性等,进一步冲击细胞稳定性和功能。同时,免疫功能下降会减弱机体对病原体的防御能力,增加感染疾病的风险。

黄芪多糖(astragalus polysaccharides,APS)是一种来源于中草药黄芪的生物活性物质。已在多项研究中显示,APS具有调节免疫和增强抗氧化能力的作用,其可通过增强抗氧化酶的活性,减少自由基的生成^[3];同时,其能通过激活核因子E2相关因子(Nrf2)途径调节机体内抗氧化相关基因的表达^[4],从而增强机体抗氧化能力。此外,APS还具有调节免疫细胞的功能,能够增强机体的免疫应答^[5],对抗外界的应激刺激,降低应激引发的损害。尽管APS在传统养殖领域的应用已较为成熟,但在易应激的珍禽养殖中,其应用和效果尚未得到充分论证。因此,本试验通过研究APS对笼养应激状态下山鸡生长性能、免疫器官指数、血清生化指标及肠道形态的影响,以期为APS在山鸡生产中的应用提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

本试验按照吉林农业科技学院实验动物伦理委员会的指导方针进行,所有方案均经吉林农业科技学院实验动物伦理委员会批准,动物试验伦理批准编号为LLSC202401012。

1.1 试验材料

试验所用APS生产工艺为醇提法,其中多糖含量≥50%(采用苯酚-硫酸法测定,由厂商提供)。

1.2 试验设计和饲粮

试验选取平均体重为(466.58±9.32) g的健康30日龄环颈雉(河北亚种)200只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只鸡,各重复之间山鸡体重无显著差异(P>0.05)。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别饲喂在基础饲粮的基础上添加400(T1组)、800(T2组)和1 600 mg/kg(T3组)APS的饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期60 d。

基础饲粮参照《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)^[6]配制,为粉状饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1。

表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items	含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn	58.90
豆粕Soybean meal	12.44
小麦麸Wheat bran	9.70
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal	5.00
羽毛粉Feather powder	3.00
鱼粉Fish meal	3.00
大豆油Soybean oil	2.10
石粉Limestone	0.52
沸石粉Zeolite	1.66
氯化胆碱Choline chloride	0.10
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	1.42
氯化钠NaCl	0.30
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl	0.71
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met	0.15
预混料Premix¹⁾	1.00
合计Total	100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg)	11.72
粗脂肪EE	5.00
粗蛋白质CP	19.50
粗纤维CF	3.19
钙Ca	0.85
总磷TP	1.04
有效磷AP	0.50
赖氨酸Lys	1.40
蛋氨酸Met	0.47
蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys	0.87

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VB₁ 1.6 mg,VB₂ 5 mg,VB₆ 3 mg,VB₁₂ 0.02 mg,VD₃ 2 500 IU,VE 20 IU,VK₃ 2 mg,生物素 biotin 0.12 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1.0 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 9.0 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 8 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 100 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.35 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.15 mg,Co(as cobalt chloride)0.20 mg。

2)代谢能、有效磷和氨基酸为计算值,其余为实测值。ME, AP and amino acids were calculated value, while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

本试验以美国国家鸡肉委员会(NCC)2022年修订的福利指南^[7]为依据,其中活体最大重量低于2 kg的禽类适用的饲养密度为32 kg/m²;但由于山鸡本身具有胆小易应激的特点,Uçar^[8]研究发现当山鸡的饲养密度达到10只/m²时表现出更高水平的攻击行为,本试验经预试验观察到当山鸡饲养密度达到20只/m²时,山鸡出现不安并有啄羽等应激行为,经检测其血清促肾上腺皮质激素水平由(11.71±2.07) pg/mL升高至(18.16±0.73) pg/mL,血清糖皮质激素水平由(1.73±0.15) ng/mL升高至(2.59±0.15) ng/mL,判断其达到应激状态。尽管动物的应激反应已经达到了一定的水平,但由于饲养密度尚未超过32 kg/m²的标准,同时考虑到动物自身的适应能力,本研究在试验过程中不进一步调整饲养密度,因此试验全程的饲养密度为20只/m²。这一决策是基于对动物福利和试验结果准确性的双重考虑。雏鸡饲养在铁笼中(0.25 m²/笼),每笼5只,自由采食,充足饮水,按正常免疫程序进行免疫接种。

1.4 样品采集及指标测定

1.4.1 饲粮营养水平

饲粮代谢能以及有效磷和氨基酸含量均参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2022年第33版)》^[9]计算。粗脂肪(EE)含量参照GB/T 6433—2006,采用索氏提取法测定;粗蛋白质(CP)含量参照GB/T 6432—2018,采用凯氏定氮法测定;粗纤维(CF)含量参照GB/T 6434—2022,采用过滤法测定;钙(Ca)含量参照GB/T 6436—2018,采用乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)络合滴定法测定;总磷(TP)含量参照GB/T 6437—2018,采用分光光度法测定。

1.4.2 生长性能

试验开始和结束时清晨空腹称量每只山鸡的体重,记录初始体重和终末体重,计算平均日增重;试验期间准确称量投料量,回收记录剩余料量,计算平均日采食量和料重比。计算公式如下:

平均日增重(g/d)=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;

平均日采食量(g/d)=(投料总量-剩料总量)/(饲养天数×饲喂只数);

料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重。

1.4.3 血清免疫和抗氧化指标

试验结束时,每个重复随机选取2只山鸡,清晨空腹称重后翅静脉采血5 mL,静置,离心(2 018.4×g,10 min,4 ℃),收集血清,于-80 ℃保存。采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法测定血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量,测定波长为450 nm。血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)和总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)活性采用比色法测定,通过测量酶催化反应的速率或产物的生成来定量酶的活性;血清总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)采用比色法测定,通过测量样本对特定试剂的氧化反应来评估总体抗氧化能力;血清丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量采用硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法测定,通过测量与MDA反应生成的色素的吸光度来定量MDA含量。所有测定试剂盒均购自南京建成生物工程研究所。

1.4.4 免疫器官指数

将采血后的山鸡屠宰,取出胸腺、脾脏和法氏囊,并进行称重,计算免疫器官指数。计算公式如下:

免疫器官指数(g/kg)=免疫器官重量(g)/活体重(kg)。

1.4.5 肠道形态

取屠宰山鸡空肠和十二指肠中段(约3 cm),横切为合适大小组织块,采用10%福尔马林进行固定。固定24 h后的空肠和十二指肠经过冲水、梯度乙醇溶液脱水、二甲苯透明及石蜡包埋后切片为3 μm的薄片,进行苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,于光学显微镜下观察。每个横切面选取相同位置的绒毛,测量绒毛高度(从以肠腺开口至绒毛顶端的垂直距离)和隐窝(从隐窝开口至隐窝基部的垂直距离),并计算绒隐比(绒毛高度/隐窝深度)。每组山鸡的不同切片共计数12根绒毛。

1.5 数据统计分析

采用SPSS 22.0软件对试验数据进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和LSD多重比较,结果数据以“平均值±标准差”形式表示,P<0.05表示差异显著,P>0.05表示差异不显著。

2 结果

2.1 APS对应激山鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,与对照组相比,T2组和T3组山鸡终末体重显著提高(P<0.05);T2组平均日采食量显著提高(P<0.05),并且显著高于其他2个试验组(P<0.05);各试验组平均日增重均显著提高(P<0.05),且平均日增重随APS添加量的提高呈显著提高(P<0.05);各试验组料重比显著降低(P<0.05),且T3组料重比显著低于T1组和T2组(P<0.05)。

表2 APS对应激山鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of APS on growth performance of stressed pheasants (n=5)

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	T1	T2	T3	P值 P-value
初始体重Initial BW/g	452.18±8.23	458.22±10.03	466.58±9.32	486.61±6.77	0.169
终末体重Final BW/g	894.43±30.90^b	1 009.12±39.26^ab	1 082.62±43.49^a	1 128.93±42.70^a	0.016
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d)	65.12±1.43^b	68.20±0.82^b	72.53±1.28^a	68.35±0.54^b	0.030
平均日增重ADG/(g/d)	4.98±0.13^d	6.22±0.09^c	6.79±0.04^b	7.18±0.06^a	0.017
料重比F/G	13.08±0.13^a	10.96±0.16^b	10.67±0.15^b	9.52±0.11^c	<0.001

	同行数据肩标不同字母不同表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 APS对应激山鸡血清免疫指标的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,T3组山鸡血清TNF-α含量显著降低(P<0.05),且显著低于其他2个试验组(P<0.05);T3组血清IL-10含量显著提高(P<0.05);T3组血清IgG含量显著提高(P<0.05),且显著高于其他2个试验组(P<0.05);T1组和T3组血清IgA含量显著提高(P<0.05)。各组间血清IgM含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表3 APS对应激山鸡血清免疫指标的影响

Table 3 Effects of APS on serum immune indices of stressed pheasants (n=5)

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	T1	T2	T3	P值 P-value
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(ng/mL)	520.48±39.94^a	517.79±59.06^a	504.56±63.73^a	493.18±53.29^b	0.007
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(pg/mL)	122.01±10.30^b	154.61±10.55^ab	164.54±16.26^ab	174.43±7.50^a	0.036
免疫球蛋白G IgG/(mg/mL)	3.23±0.48^b	3.18±0.39^b	3.49±0.41^b	3.78±0.22^a	0.018
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(mg/mL)	0.16±0.10^b	0.32±0.30^a	0.23±0.11^ab	0.38±0.11^a	<0.001
免疫球蛋白M IgM/(mg/mL)	0.66±0.05	0.64±0.11	0.64±0.08	0.70±0.21	0.165

2.3 APS对应激山鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,各试验组山鸡血清MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),其中T1组血清MDA含量最低,且显著低于其他2个试验组(P<0.05);T3组血清GSH-Px活性显著提高(P<0.05),且显著高于其他2个试验组(P<0.05);各试验组血清T-AOC均显著提高(P<0.05),但各试验组间血清T-AOC无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组间血清T-SOD活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表4 APS对应激山鸡血清抗氧化指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of APS on serum antioxidant indices of stressed pheasants (n=5)

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	T1	T2	T3	P值 P-value
丙二醛MDA/(mmol/mL)	3.80±0.49^a	2.39±0.45^c	2.91±0.33^b	2.94±0.83^b	0.014
总超氧化物歧化酶T-SOD/(U/mL)	248.99±17.29	243.01±7.89	248.19±7.77	243.94±5.91	0.273
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶GSH-Px/(U/L)	1 313.13±85.52^b	1 392.94±62.22^b	1 320.97±117.75^b	1 568.35±80.39^a	<0.001
总抗氧化能力T-AOC/(U/mL)	6.74±0.50^b	7.69±0.44^a	8.00±0.68^a	8.91±0.74^a	<0.001

2.4 APS对应激山鸡免疫器官指数的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,各试验组山鸡胸腺指数均显著提高(P<0.05),但各试验组间无显著差异(P>0.05);T2组和T3组脾脏指数显著提高(P<0.05),且与T1组无显著差异(P>0.05)。各组间法氏囊指数均无显著差异(P<0.05)。

表5 APS对应激山鸡免疫器官指数的影响

Table 5 Effects of APS on immune organ indices of stressed pheasants (n=5) g/kg

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	T1	T2	T3	P值 P-value
胸腺指数Thymus index	0.84±0.17^b	1.04±0.15^a	1.17±0.18^a	1.16±0.21^a	0.027
脾脏指数Spleen index	1.82±0.02^b	2.11±0.04^ab	2.23±0.06^a	2.25±0.05^a	0.016
法氏囊指数Bursa of Fabricius index	0.74±0.04	0.70±0.03	0.74±0.08	0.71±0.05	0.314

2.5 APS对应激山鸡肠道形态的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,各试验组山鸡十二指肠绒毛高度和绒隐比显著提高(P<0.05),其中T3组十二指肠绒毛高度和绒隐比最高,显著高于其他2个试验组(P<0.05),并且T2组十二指肠绒毛高度和绒隐比显著高于T1组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,各试验组山鸡空肠绒毛高度和绒隐比显著提高(P<0.05),其中T3组空肠绒毛高度和绒隐比最高,显著高于其他2个试验组(P<0.05)。各组间十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度均无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表6 APS对应激山鸡肠道形态的影响

Table 6 Effects of APS on intestinal morphology of stressed pheasants (n=5)

项目 Items	组别Groups				P值 P-value
项目 Items	对照Control	T1	T2	T3	P值 P-value
十二指肠Duodenum
绒毛高度Villus height/mm	0.49±0.05^d	0.74±0.04^c	0.87±0.05^b	0.99±0.03^a	<0.001
隐窝深度Crypt depth/mm	0.16±0.07	0.15±0.06	0.14±0.08	0.12±0.05	0.265
绒隐比V/C	3.06±0.34^d	4.93±0.45^c	6.21±0.56^b	8.25±0.97^a	<0.001
空肠Jejunum
绒毛高度Villus height/mm	0.47±0.11^c	0.58±0.04^b	0.59±0.04^b	0.70±0.07^a	<0.001
隐窝深度Crypt depth/mm	0.17±0.11	0.18±0.14	0.15±0.08	0.13±0.11	0.372
绒隐比V/C	2.76±0.31^c	3.22±0.23^b	3.93±0.34^b	5.38±0.67^a	<0.001

3 讨论

3.1 APS对应激山鸡生长性能的影响

动物在面对环境变化和生理刺激时会出现应激反应,应激条件下更多的营养物质被重新分配用于合成抗体,供给免疫和抗氧化系统,从而导致可用于动物生长的营养物质减少,影响其健康及生长性能^[10]。对于山鸡养殖而言,应激更是影响山鸡生长性能及发病的关键因素^[11]。天然植物多糖可以增强动物机体的免疫和抗氧化能力,从而缓解应激给机体带来的负担,进而达到促进生长的作用。Huang等^[12]研究表明,天然植物多糖通过捕获自由基、激活抗氧化酶系统、抑制氧化酶活性以及参与金属离子螯合等机制发挥抗氧化和清除自由基的作用。Zhao等^[13]总结了天然植物多糖的结构特征,其通过激活免疫细胞和调节免疫应答,发挥免疫刺激和调节作用。

Wang等^[14]报道,在仔猪饲粮中添加APS和人参多糖,仔猪终末体重和平均日增重均高于对照组,料重比均低于对照组,原因是其改善了肝脏功能障碍,降低了免疫应激,增强了肠道屏障功能,进而改善了仔猪生长性能。Zhao等^[15]评估了3种不同植物源性多糖对肉鸡的影响,其中饲粮添加丹参多糖显著提高了21和42日龄体重以及起始期和整个试验期的平均日增重和平均日采食量,同时降低了血清白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、TNF-α和MDA含量,提高了血清白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和IL-10含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。Zhu等^[16]研究表明,APS可促进乌鳢生长,增强免疫和抗氧化反应,调节炎症相关基因表达,且适宜添加量为1 000 mg/kg。在本研究中,随着APS添加量的提高,应激状态下山鸡终末体重和平均日增重显著提高,料重比显著降低,与上述研究结果一致。

3.2 APS对应激山鸡免疫器官指数的影响

免疫器官指数是反映动物免疫功能状态的重要指标。本研究结果发现,饲粮添加APS能够显著提高应激山鸡胸腺和脾脏指数,促进免疫器官的发育,增强机体免疫应答能力。这与前人研究结果稍有不同,虞伟祥等^[17]研究表明,饲粮添加200、400或800 mg/kg APS对肉仔鸡免疫器官指数均无显著影响,这可能与多糖含量、肉鸡品种(白羽鸡与山鸡)和肉仔鸡生理状态(正常状态与应激状态)的差异有关;相同点是APS对法氏囊指数均无显著影响,这可能由于法氏囊的发育与多种因素有关。Li等^[18]研究表明,饲粮联合添加益生菌与APS对免疫功能和肠道菌群具有协同调节作用,其中脾脏指数、法氏囊指数以及免疫器官组织学变化均与单一添加APS或益生菌有较大差异。

3.3 APS对应激山鸡血清生化指标的影响

APS能够通过与免疫细胞的相互作用来激发先天免疫和细胞免疫反应,调节免疫系统功能,并促进免疫系统的完善^[19]。Li等^[20]从免疫机制的角度论述了APS的作用机制,其通过恢复免疫器官功能、调节细胞免疫反应和增加细胞免疫因子含量来实现免疫调节的作用。本研究结果显示,饲粮添加1 600 mg/kg APS能显著提高山鸡血清IgA和IgG含量,显著降低血清TNF-α含量,并提高血清IL-10含量,这表明APS有利于增强应激状态下山鸡的免疫能力,减轻炎症反应。此外,饲粮添加APS显著降低了应激山鸡血清MDA含量,显著提高了血清T-AOC和GSH-Px活性,这进一步揭示了APS的抗氧化作用,同时表明其能够减轻氧化应激对山鸡的损伤。这与魏炳栋等^[21]的研究结果一致,据其报道,多糖分子一方面可以提高体内抗氧化酶的活性,进而提升机体抗氧化水平;另一方面也可以直接作用于自由基本身,捕获脂质过氧化反应过程中的活性氧,从而达到抗氧化的目的。

3.4 APS对应激山鸡肠道形态的影响

肠道是动物消化吸收和免疫防御的重要器官,绒毛高度和隐窝深度是反映山鸡肠道健康和消化代谢状态的重要指标,直接影响肠黏膜的吸收能力。Yamauchi等^[22]报道,绒毛高度与小肠吸收能力呈正相关。本研究结果显示,饲粮添加APS能够显著提高山鸡十二指肠和空肠绒毛高度,并显著提高绒隐比。这与钟伟等^[23]的研究结果一致,其报道饲粮添加200 mg/kg APS显著提高了冬毛期银黑狐空肠绒毛高度和绒隐比。这表明APS有助于改善肠道组织形态结构,促进肠道发育,增强对营养物质的消化吸收能力。

4 结论

综合本试验结果,饲粮添加1 600 mg/kg APS可以提高应激状态下山鸡免疫功能,增强机体抗氧化能力,改善并促进肠道发育,从而提高其生长性能。

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