1 材料与方法
1.1 试验动物与分组
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 含量 Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米Corn | 64.5 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 23.5 |
| 鱼粉Fish meal | 1.5 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.5 |
| 石粉Limestone | 8.0 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.3 |
| L-赖氨酸单盐酸盐(L-赖氨酸≥78.8%) L-lysine monohydrochloride (L-lysine≥78.8%) | 0.1 |
| 饲料级DL-蛋氨酸(DL-蛋氨酸≥98.5%) Feed grade DL-methionine (DL-methionine≥98.5%) | 0.2 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (≥50%) | 0.1 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 0.3 |
| 合计Total | 100.0 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 11.56 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 16.35 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.08 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 3.16 |
| 钙Ca | 3.49 |
| 总磷TP | 0.58 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.39 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.91 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.51 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.57 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 12 000 IU,VB1 4 mg,VB2 15 mg,VB3 65 mg,VB5 21 mg,VB6 7 mg,VB12 0.035 mg,VD3 4 400 IU,VE 85 mg,VK3 5 mg,生物素 biotin 0.35 mg,叶酸 folic acid 3 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 2.5 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 75 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 25 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 115 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 1.0 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.35 mg,Cr (as sodium selenite) 0.2 mg,Co (as sodium selenite) 0.48 mg。 2)代谢能和有效磷均为计算值,其余为实测值。ME and AP were measured values, while the others were calculated values. |
1.2 肝脏转录组测序
1.3 血清非靶代谢组液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS)测序
1.4 数据分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 禁食对蛋鸡体重、肝脏重与肝脏指数的影响
表2 禁食对蛋鸡体重、肝脏重与肝脏指数的影响Table 2 Effects of fasting on body weight, liver weight and liver index of laying hens |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| C | Y | S | |
| 体重Body weight/kg | 1.78±0.07A | 1.71±0.05B | 1.60±0.05C |
| 肝脏重Liver weight/g | 32.81±4.68Aa | 22.14±1.30Bb | 22.07±2.24Bb |
| 肝脏指数Liver index | 1.84±0.22Aa | 1.29±0.08Bb | 1.38±0.13Bb |
同行数据肩标相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below. |
2.2 肝脏转录组分析结果
2.2.1 测序质量评估
表3 肝脏转录组数据统计Table 3 Quality analysis of liver RNA-seq data |
| 样本 Samples | raw reads数量 raw reads number/个 | clean reads数量 clean reads number/个 | effective reads比率 effective reads rate/% | mapped reads比率 mapped reads rate/% | Q30值 Q30 value/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C1 | 49 978 564 | 49 677 978 | 99.40 | 95.35 | 92.27 |
| C2 | 55 838 930 | 55 501 294 | 99.40 | 95.67 | 92.59 |
| C3 | 49 870 360 | 49 563 994 | 99.39 | 95.65 | 92.46 |
| C4 | 57 102 500 | 56 760 150 | 99.40 | 95.56 | 92.44 |
| Y1 | 51 382 828 | 51 107 436 | 99.46 | 95.89 | 92.61 |
| Y2 | 53 054 746 | 52 763 018 | 99.45 | 96.06 | 93.04 |
| Y3 | 43 187 582 | 42 968 126 | 99.49 | 95.72 | 92.45 |
| Y4 | 48 688 984 | 48 460 288 | 99.53 | 95.81 | 92.79 |
| S1 | 59 237 576 | 58 922 610 | 99.47 | 95.32 | 92.04 |
| S2 | 49 240 770 | 49 006 892 | 99.53 | 95.73 | 92.07 |
| S3 | 42 490 186 | 42 235 672 | 99.40 | 95.67 | 92.51 |
| S4 | 53 015 688 | 52 768 432 | 99.53 | 96.06 | 92.54 |
C1、C2、C3、C4为C组的4个样本,Y1、Y2、Y3、Y4为Y组的4个样本,S1、S2、S3、S4为S组的4个样本。 | |
C 1,C2, C3, C4 were 4 samples of group C, Y1, Y2, Y3, Y4 were 4 samples of group Y, and S1, S2, S3, S4 were 4 samples of group S. |
2.2.2 差异表达基因(DEGs)分析
图3 肝脏转录组差异表达基因基本分析C vs Y表示Y组与C组相比,C vs S表示S组与C组相比,Y vs S表示S组与Y组相比。下图同。 SCD:硬脂酰辅酶A脱氢酶 stearyl-CoA dehydrogenase;ME1:苹果酸酶1 malic enzyme 1;ACACA:乙酰辅酶A羧化酶α acetyl-CoA carboxylase α;HADHB:羟酰基辅酶A脱氢酶β亚基 hydroxyl-CoA dehydrogenase β subunit;ECI2:烯酰辅酶Aδ异构酶2 enoyl-CoA delta isomerase 2;HADHA:羟酰基辅酶A脱氢酶α亚基 hydroxylacyl-CoA dehydrogenase alpha subunit;ACAA1:乙酰辅酶A酰基转移酶1 acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1;SLC16A1:溶质载体家族16成员1 solute carrier family 16 member 1;PLIN1:围脂滴蛋白1 perliposomal protein 1;ACSBG2:酰基辅酶A合成酶泡泡糖家族成员2 acyl-CoA synthetase bubblegum family member 2;ANGPTL4:血管生成素样蛋白4 angiopoietin-like protein 4 ;ACSL1:长链酯酰辅酶A合成酶1 long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase;GATM:甘氨酸脒基转移酶 glycine amidinotransferase;LPL:脂蛋白脂酶 lipoprotein lipase;ACACB:乙酰辅酶A羧化酶β acetyl CoA carboxylase beta;SHMT1:丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶1 hydroxy methyltransferase 1;PSAT1:磷酸丝氨酸氨基转移酶1 phosphoserine aminotransferase 1;gamt:胍基乙酸-甲基转移酶 guanidinoacetate N methyltransferase。 Fig.3 Basic analysis of liver RNA-seq DEGs C vs Y indicates group Y versus group C, C vs S indicated group S versus group C, and Y vs S indicated group S versus group Y. The same as below. |
2.2.3 DEGs的GO分析及KEGG分析
2.3 血清代谢组分析结果
2.3.1 代谢物PCA
2.3.2 代谢物的正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)
表4 OPLS-DA模型参数Table 4 OPLS-DA model parameters |
| 项目 Items | 比较组Comparable groups | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| C vs Y | C vs S | Y vs S | |
| R2Y | 0.990 | 0.996 | 0.982 |
| Q2 | 0.956 | 0.977 | 0.953 |
R2Y表示所建模型对Y矩阵的解释率,Q2表示模型的预测能力。理论上,R2Y、Q2数值越接近1说明模型越好。 | |
R2Y denotes the interpretation rate of the model to the Y matrix, and Q2 denotes the prediction ability of the model. Theoretically, the closer the values of R2Y and Q2 are to 1, the better the model is. |
2.3.3 差异表达代谢物(DEMs)分析
2.3.4 DEMs的KEGG富集分析
2.4 转录组与代谢组联合分析
图14 部分差异表达代谢物与差异表达基因的相关性热图PANX2:泛连接蛋白2 pannexin 2;MFSD4A:主要协同转运蛋白超家族4A major facilitator superfamily 4A;SLC26A9:溶质载体家族26成员9 solute carrier family 26 member 9;HEP21:卵蛋白21 hen egg protein 21;KCNA2:钾电压门控通道亚家族A成员2 potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily a member 2;TMEM9:跨膜蛋白9 transmembrane protein 9;ANGPTL4:血管生成素样蛋白4 angiopoietin-like proteins 4;Espn:espin基因 espin gene;DPYSL2:二氢嘧啶酶样2 dihydropyrimidinase-like 2;TRIM7.1:包含7的三联基序 tripartite motif containing 7;ETNK2:乙醇胺激酶 2 ethanolamine kinase 2;MRC2:甘露糖受体C2 mannose receptor C type 2;GPR37L1:G蛋白偶联受体37样1 G protein-coupled receptor 37 like 1;IL4I1:白细胞介素4诱导蛋白1 interleukin-4 induced protein 1;Lad1:锚定细丝蛋白 ladinin 1;A2ML1:阿尔法-2巨球蛋白样蛋白 alpha-2-macroglobulin like 1;UBE2T:泛素结合酶2T ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 T;ELF3:血影蛋白3 embryonic liver fodrin 3;SLC25A37:溶质载体家族25成员37 solute carrier family 25 member 37;FANCA:范可尼贫血A型 Fanconi anemia complementation group A。 “*”表示P<0.05,“**”表示P<0.01,“***”表示P<0.001。下图同。“*” indicates P<0.05, “**” indicates P<0.01, and “***” indicates P<0.001. The same as below. Fig.14 Heatmap of correlation of some DEMs with DEGs |
图15 甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢信号通路中差异表达代谢物与差异表达基因的相关性热图AGXT2:丙氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶2 alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase 2;PSAT1:磷酸丝氨酸氨基转移酶1 phosphoserine aminotransferase 1;SHMT1:丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶1 hydroxy methyltransferase 1;SARDH:肌氨酸脱氢酶 sarcosine dehydrogenase;gamt:胍基乙酸-甲基转移酶 guanidinoacetate N methyltransferase;CHDH:胆碱脱氢酶 choline dehydrogenase;AGXT:丙氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶 alanine glyoxylate aminotransferase;CTH:胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶 cystathionine-gamma-lyase;CBSL:胱硫醚-β-合成酶 cystathionine-β-synthase;DMGDH:二甲基甘氨酸脱氢酶 dimethylglycine dehydrogenase;Bhmt:甜菜碱-同型半胱氨酸甲基转移酶 betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase;Gnmt:甘氨酸-N-甲基转移酶 glycine-N-methyltransferase;TDH:L-苏氨酸脱氢酶 L-threonine dehydrogenase;GATM:甘氨酸脒基转移酶 glycine amidinotransferase;ALAS1:δ-氨基乙酰丙酸合酶1 aminolevulinate delta synthase 1;MAOB:单胺氧化酶B monoamine oxidase B。 Fig.15 Correlation heatmap of DEMs and DEGs in glycine, serine and threonine metabolic pathway |
