REVIEW

Research Progress on Effects of Heat Stress on Intestinal Immune Function and Nutritional Regulation in Livestock and Poultry

  • LIU Huimin ,
  • LUO Ye ,
  • QU Mingren ,
  • XU Lanjiao , *
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  • Jiangxi Engineering Research Center of the Nutritional Feed Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of Jiangxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-06-16

  Online published: 2025-01-10

Abstract

Heat stress can lead to problems such as intestinal mucosal damage, microflora imbalance and immune cell inactivation in livestock and poultry, which in turn affects their growth and health. The intestinal mucosal immune system is one of the functions to regulate the immune response, which can maintain the balance of the immune system and promote the health of the body. This paper summarized the effects of heat stress on the intestinal immune function of livestock and poultry and the three commonly used feed additives to alleviate heat stress intestinal immunity in recent years, i.e., through the use of amino acids, probiotics and antioxidants and other nutritional control measures to improve the intestinal microflora of heat-stressed livestock and poultry, enhance the intestinal barrier function and improve the immune ability, with the aim of providing reference for relieving the intestinal injury of livestock and poultry due to heat stress response.

Cite this article

LIU Huimin , LUO Ye , QU Mingren , XU Lanjiao . Research Progress on Effects of Heat Stress on Intestinal Immune Function and Nutritional Regulation in Livestock and Poultry[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(1) : 160 -168 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.014

全球畜牧行业都受到环境温度升高的不利影响。畜禽养殖是生成高质量蛋白质的关键产业之一,而环境高温是畜禽生产上的主要应激来源[1]。热应激会导致畜禽摄食减少、生长迟缓、肠道健康遭受破坏、内分泌功能紊乱以及免疫和繁殖性能降低。研究表明,热应激的发病机制主要与氧化应激、激素分泌紊乱、细胞因子失衡、细胞凋亡、细胞自噬以及细胞功能异常等有关[2]。此外,肠道是遭受热应激的主要器官,完整的肠上皮细胞(intestinal epithelial cells,IECs)可以防止病原体侵入体内。健康的肠道可以维持机体的内环境稳态和正常生理功能,同时有抵抗感染性疾病和非传染性疾病的能力。畜禽肠道还是动物体内重要的免疫器官,也被称为机体防卫系统的第一道屏障。但热应激条件会增加病原体通过肠上皮细胞,影响畜禽对营养物质的消化吸收和肠道菌群平衡,进而导致肠道病原体的定殖和炎症反应,机体免疫反应被激活,因此在热应激下肠道屏障的完整性将面临严峻的挑战[3-4]。目前,关于热应激与肠道免疫的报道在小鼠上研究较多,畜禽肠道免疫屏障能与其他屏障相互作用,共同维护机体乃至全身的免疫应答。本文主要整理分析了热应激条件下的畜禽肠道免疫功能,探讨了热应激畜禽肠道损伤的缓解途径及其内在机制,并总结了相关的营养调控手段,以期为缓解热应激对畜禽肠道健康的影响提供参考。

1 畜禽肠道免疫功能

1.1 畜禽肠道黏膜免疫

免疫系统由免疫器官、免疫细胞和免疫因子等组成,是机体进行免疫功能和产生免疫应答的物质基础。畜禽的肠道是消化吸收养分的主要场所,也是机体免疫器官中与外界接触最紧密的一种。胃肠道黏膜以肠上皮细胞、固有层淋巴细胞(innate lymphoid cells,ILCs)、上皮内淋巴细胞(intraepithelial lymphocytes,IELs)及派伊尔结(Peyer’s patches,PP)等构成肠道黏膜免疫系统[5]。胃肠道黏膜能够调节免疫应答,维持免疫系统平衡,促进机体健康,是机体对抗病原体攻击的一道关键防线[6]

1.2 畜禽肠道免疫系统的分类

肠道免疫系统由肠道相关淋巴组织(gut-associated lymphoid tissue,GALT)、淋巴细胞、细胞因子和抗体等组成,包括相互关联又相互区别的天然性免疫和适应性免疫。肠道的天然性免疫也叫先天性免疫,是一种非特异性的免疫反应。首先,先天性免疫是针对致病性器官和环境损害的多层反应[7]。先天免疫反应是由肠上皮中的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRRs)开始,其能识别入侵的病原体并开启免疫应答,被称为病原体相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs),能使免疫耐受能力与免疫反应能力达到平衡。肠道的适应性免疫系统是经天然固有免疫而产生,同时具备相应免疫细胞的特异性免疫系统。适应性免疫又称获得性免疫,是一系列反应比较慢的反应,其防御机制依赖于外来蛋白的识别,这些蛋白统称为抗原,获得性免疫反应的启动是通过T或B淋巴细胞表面表达的特定受体对抗原的识别[8]。环境高温通过刺激下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴和交感神经-肾上腺-髓质(SAM)轴激活来调节机体对应激源的反应,进而引起免疫反应[9]。综上可知,肠道免疫分为先天性免疫和适应性免疫,为了衡量畜禽肠道免疫系统的作用和肠道健康,可通过研究畜禽肠道黏膜相关的免疫组织和免疫细胞来作为判定标准。

2 热应激对畜禽肠道免疫功能及健康的影响

2.1 热应激对畜禽肠道黏膜屏障的影响

热应激是机体在热的环境中产生的一系列机体可感知的生理疲劳及不适应性等非特异性的全身免疫应答反应[4,10]。肠道黏膜屏障功能也会因热应激受损。黏蛋白2(Muc2)是由肠道杯状细胞分泌的黏液成分的重要组成部分,可防止病原体入侵肠道[11]。研究发现,热应激降低了Muc2的表达,Muc2是一种与空肠上皮屏障功能有关的蛋白[12]。过度表达的热休克蛋白(HSP)60能保护肠黏膜,促使肠上皮细胞的恢复,与肠上皮细胞炎症有关[13]HSP70和HSP60基因与促炎性和抗炎性细胞因子显著相关,研究发现,慢性热应激处理组肉鸡小肠HSP70和HSP60表达升高,由此表明HSP70和HSP60激活了热应激处理组肉鸡小肠的适应性免疫,使肉鸡能够适应慢性热应激环境[13]。封闭蛋白-1(claudin-1)是一种重要的紧密连接蛋白,高表达claudin-1可导致上皮紧密度增加,从而使溶质通透性降低。有研究显示,热应激引起肠道通透性增高与claudin-1表达下降有关[14]。较高的温度也导致肉鸡回肠闭锁小带蛋白-1(ZO-1)和闭合蛋白(occludin)的表达增加[15]。研究发现,肉鸡热应激处理24和72 h,空肠occludin的表达呈现先升高后降低的趋势,推测可能是热应激的作用时间不同会影响肠黏膜紧密连接蛋白的表达[16]。还有一种叫肌球蛋白轻链激酶(myosin light chain kinase antibody,MLCK)的关键分子,其能引起平滑肌收缩,对黏膜上皮细胞的连接性有调控作用[17]。环境高温可通过提高MLCK的表达来影响黏膜的完整性[15]。此外,热应激上调了空肠促炎因子的表达,提高了肠道通透性并破坏了肠道紧密连接屏障[16,18]。这些结果表明,热应激损害了畜禽肠道黏膜屏障,包括黏液层减少、上皮细胞结构改变和紧密连接蛋白表达下调,从而提高了细菌、毒素和抗原物质的渗透力,造成炎症反应。

2.2 热应激对畜禽肠道菌群的影响

动物机体对热应激和免疫反应的应激源适应,肠道菌群是关键因素[19]。通过分泌抗菌物质和竞争性抑制,肠道微生物能够防止和减轻外来病原体对机体的侵袭[20]。热应激条件下,肉鸡和母鸡盲肠菌群,如厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门等的相对丰度会发生变化[21-23]。厚壁菌门能促进动物体对能量的吸收并抵御病原体的入侵,拟杆菌门参与机体的代谢并具有肠黏膜修复能力,二者都能维持肠道微生物平衡[24];而变形菌门则与肠道生态失调和炎症性疾病有关[23]。热应激还会导致小肠大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌和梭状芽孢杆菌数量增多,乳酸菌等益生菌数量减少,引起肠道菌群失衡和肠黏膜损伤,从而导致细菌性肠炎[25]。进一步地,肉鸡在有害菌感染下,可引发炎症反应并产生氧化应激[26]。众多研究发现,除畜禽肠道微生物丰富度外,热应激对畜禽肠道微生物群α多样性的影响较小[27-30]。而在“长白×大白”杂交母猪中,从妊娠第85天到分娩期,热应激改变了肠道菌群的β多样性,提高了梭菌目和盐单胞菌属的相对丰度,而降低了拟杆菌目和链球菌属的相对丰度[31]。此外,微生物群落也随热应激时间的延长而变化,热应激导致蛋鸡盲肠中第7天群落发生了变化,并在第28天形成了一个明显的集群[32]。由此可知,热应激导致畜禽肠道微生物群落失衡,增加了有害菌数量,减少了有益菌数量,从而降低了肠道微生物多样性,并对机体免疫功能和抗病力有负面影响。

2.3 热应激对畜禽肠道免疫细胞的影响

免疫反应的发生通过细胞抗原的呈递、抗体的产生和细胞因子的分泌,包括B淋巴细胞、T淋巴细胞和巨噬细胞等免疫细胞作用在肠黏膜上。微生物群和免疫系统之间的交流是通过细菌与肠上皮的相互作用,以及各种抗原呈递细胞表达的模式来识别受体,从而激活先天性和适应性免疫反应[8]。鸡肠道内如β防御素与分泌型免疫球蛋白A(secretory immunoglobulin A,sIgA)等一些重要的抗菌分子,都会因肠道菌群的有无或组成的改变而呈现不同的表达状态[33]。肠道中的sIgA是抗感染的最初屏障,免疫球蛋白(immunoglobulin A,IgA)相关的黏膜适应性免疫对维护机体肠道健康起着至关重要的作用[34]。刘华伟等[35]研究发现,热应激会使空肠IELs数量和sIgA含量减少。肠道IELs包括位于肠上皮细胞之间的特异性淋巴细胞如自然杀伤(NK)细胞、T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞等多种淋巴细胞群[36],发挥着维持黏膜稳态和屏障保护的关键作用。热应激还能使家禽肠道内的促炎因子表达失衡。而PRRs识别PAMPs的发生途径有2种:其一是黏膜上皮细胞分泌一些抗菌肽和细胞因子,从而激活相关的淋巴细胞,并在脂蛋白中起到抗感染作用;其二是被激活的Toll样受体(TLR)4会促进肠道中的B淋巴细胞产生sIgA,从而中和致病菌[37-38]。热应激还会激活肉鸡空肠炎症细胞因子反应的信号通路,即黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤易位蛋白1(mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1,Malt1)/核因子-κB(NF-κB)通路[39]。此外,肠道ILCs能通过产生白细胞介素-22、白细胞介素-5和白细胞介素-13等细胞因子来调控肠道上皮屏障的完整性及肠道炎症反应[40-41]。还有研究发现,热应激能通过增强TLR4-NF-κB信号通路,显著提高十二指肠和回肠TLR4和NF-κB相关基因和蛋白的表达,放大大肠杆菌对麻鸡肠道炎症损伤的影响[42]。因此,热应激可能导致畜禽肠道淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和树突状等免疫细胞数量和分泌的免疫介质减少,并影响其活性,从而降低了识别和清除病原体微生物的能力。
综上所述,热应激通过损害肠道黏膜屏障、改变微生物群落及调节免疫细胞数量与活性,破坏肠道物理、化学、免疫和微生物屏障,影响畜禽肠道免疫功能。因此,了解调控热应激影响肠道免疫功能的营养手段及其机制对改善畜禽的免疫和健康状态至关重要。

3 调控热应激对畜禽肠道免疫影响的饲料添加剂及其作用机制

3.1 氨基酸类

近年来,各种氨基酸已被评估用于缓解热应激对畜禽肠道免疫,对维持肠道完整性和功能具有至关重要的作用。研究发现,在热应激肉鸡饲粮中添加甘氨酸能使其十二指肠绒毛高度和绒毛高度/隐窝深度(V/C)值显著提高,并线性提高回肠黏膜occludin和ZO-1 mRNA的表达,改善并增强肠道紧密连结和肠道屏障功能[43]。还有研究发现,饲粮中添加0.18%色氨酸可降低直肠温度,改善盲肠微生物群落和色氨酸代谢,并增强热应激肉鸡的体液免疫,推测放线菌可能通过增加盲肠代谢的产热来促进肉鸡热应激,而补充色氨酸可改变肠道微生物相对丰度,从而缓解热应激[44]。研究表明,L-精氨酸可作用于多种代谢途径,包括蛋白质合成和免疫反应调节,这种氨基酸可以缓和炎症反应后空肠和回肠绒毛萎缩,防止肠道形态受损,并已被证明可以提高受损肠道的缺氧恢复能力,保护热应激下细胞活性[45-47]。虽然L-精氨酸减少肠黏膜热损伤的途径尚不明确,但发现其在热损伤时上调紧密连接蛋白[ZO-1、occludin和封闭蛋白-6(claudin-6)]和上皮钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)蛋白表达是维持肠道完整性的关键,其中单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)是参与能量平衡的关键蛋白,可促进ZO-1和occludin的表达,故推测L-精氨酸在维持热损伤后肠道完整性方面可能是通过激活AMPK通路来实现的[9,48-49]。此外,热应激可通过影响菌群来激活蛋氨酸代谢相关通路[32]。与D-蛋氨酸相比,L-蛋氨酸作为蛋氨酸的直接来源,对胃肠道发育具有有利作用[50]。研究表明,与饲喂添加D-蛋氨酸饲粮的肉鸡相比,饲喂添加L-蛋氨酸饲粮的肉鸡第7天的肠道绒毛高度增加,第14天和第21天肠道V/C值也有提高的趋势[51]。总之,饲粮添加氨基酸主要通过提高肠道紧密连接蛋白的表达及V/C值等来维持肠道完整性,部分还通过改善肠道微生物群落来缓解热应激损伤。

3.2 益生菌类

益生菌被定义为活的微生物,能稳定肠道微生物群落,对改善肠道健康和保护肠道免受应激损伤具有重要作用[52]。研究发现,在热应激下饲粮中添加1.5×108 CFU/kg益生菌可上调回肠occludin表达,降低回肠TLR5和TLR15基因表达,并改善肉鸡盲肠微生物群平衡[53]。乳酸杆菌可能是通过产生抗菌物质,如有机酸等来减轻炎症和肠道损伤,提高热应激条件下肉鸡对沙门氏菌的抵抗力[54]。约氏乳杆菌BS15则可能通过提高肉仔鸡血清免疫球蛋白和细胞因子含量及提高其抗氧化能力和肠道免疫力而降低亚临床坏死性肠炎的感染[55]。还有研究发现,母猪饲粮中添加植物乳酸杆菌B90与酿酒酵母P11结合益生菌可以提高其仔猪空肠黏膜sIgA、干扰素-α和白细胞介素-10含量[56]。此外,枯草芽孢杆菌作为有益菌,能够通过阻止病原体与肠上皮细胞结合,改变肠上皮内淋巴细胞中细胞因子的表达,以及释放抗菌化学物质和神经递质来抑制肉鸡的全身炎症[57]。研究表明,将枯草芽孢杆菌作为基础益生菌添加到饲粮中,可激活HSP70-TLR4信号通路和调节肠-脑-免疫轴,使热应激引起的肉鸡脑炎症反应降低[58]。HSP70作为内源性刺激物,可通过先天和适应性免疫反应诱导TLR4激活,保护细胞免受热应激诱导的炎症反应[59]。同时,还有研究表明,饲粮中添加0.5 g/kg枯草芽孢杆菌可提高十二指肠抗氧化能力和屏障完整性并调节肠道微生物组成,抑制蛋鸡肠道炎症,并发现枯草芽孢杆菌能改善十二指肠occludin的表达并减少脂多糖(LPS)诱导的肿瘤坏死因子的表达;而差异基因细胞色素b-245β链、转铁蛋白和嘌呤能受体P2X7等大多数与炎症和免疫相关,能降低十二指肠丙二醛含量,对潜在有益菌Candidatus_Soleaferrea有显著的促进作用,并抑制了有害菌毛螺菌科FCS020群(Lachnospiraceae_FCS020_group)、瘤胃梭菌属(Ruminiclostridium)、毛螺菌科UCG-010(Lachnospiraceae_UCG-010)和草酸杆菌属(Oxalobacter)[60]。芽孢杆菌还能刺激抗炎因子分泌,调节机体免疫,缓解微生物如沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌及梭状芽孢杆菌等对家禽肠道的感染[61]。综上可知,益生菌不仅能调节肠道菌群,还能减缓动物肠道的炎症反应,主要免疫机制有促进抗炎因子分泌、减少促炎因子分泌、增加免疫球蛋白的生成以及调节先天性免疫相关基因表达等。

3.3 抗氧化剂类

通过抗氧化剂或促氧化剂适度诱导活性氧的化合物,激活抗氧化防御系统来缓解氧化应激可作为预防热应激诱导的肠道相关功能障碍的有效措施[62]。饲粮中添加不同水平的表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCC)会影响热应激肉鸡肠道绒毛高度、隐窝深度和V/C值,对Muc2和claudin-1的表达也有积极作用,同时通过调控核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)的基因表达来有效提高热应激肉鸡抗氧化能力和抗炎能力,缓解其肠道形态的损伤[63]。Nrf2通过影响T细胞极化调节肠道免疫功能,其先抑制Th1细胞因子干扰素-γ和白细胞介素-2的分泌,随后促进CD4+ Th2分化[62,64]。TLR4是一种先天免疫跨膜蛋白,对入侵机体的病原体能诱导产生促炎反应[65]。TLR识别来自微生物的结构保守分子,如LPS、肠道上皮内源性HSP或染色质相关蛋白高迁移率族蛋白B1,然后激活TLR通路[9],通过提高TLR4的表达来影响肠道的完整性并损害肠道[66]。韦崇万等[67]研究发现,EGCG通过降低巴马香猪小肠中HSPTLR4和炎症因子的表达,提高小肠紧密连接蛋白的表达,抑制结肠中TLR4/NF-κB信号通路及其下游炎症基因的表达,并改善肠道微生物菌群及其代谢,缓解热应激带来的肠黏膜损伤及炎症反应。任艳丽等[68]通过研究预测,在热应激条件下,饲粮中添加60 mg/kg抗坏血酸锌可有效提高马岗鹅盲肠瘤胃球菌属相对丰度,增强D-精氨酸和D-鸟氨酸代谢途径,促进肠组织发育并平衡肠道的微生物群,继而维持热应激马岗鹅的肠道健康。瘤胃球菌科属于厚壁菌门,能减少可能会导致的炎症的发生[69],因此提高瘤胃球菌属等优势微生物群落的相对丰度,能有效缓解热应激的影响。研究表明,硒能保护热应激对猪小肠上皮细胞(IPCE-J2)的损伤,逆转claudin-1和ZO-1基因和蛋白表达的失衡,同时降低炎性细胞因子和氧化应激促发因子的表达,如干扰素-β、白细胞介素-6、白细胞介素-8、诱导型一氧化氮合酶-2和单核细胞趋化蛋白-1等[70]。还有研究提到,阿魏酸对小肠黏膜完整性有积极影响,并已在肠上皮细胞6的试验上得到证实,推测可能是通过激活磷脂酰肌醇-3-羟激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)介导的Nrf2/血红素氧合酶-1(HO-1)抗氧化通路来维持肠道屏障的正常功能[9,71]。另外,白藜芦醇(RES)是一种抗氧化、抗炎作用很强的重要生物活性化合物。饲粮中添加400 mg/kg的RES能显著提升育肥猪空肠抗氧化能力,并通过提高occludin、claudin-1和连接黏附分子A(JAM-A)表达来保护肠道黏膜屏障[72]。RES能改善肠道形态,减轻空肠黏膜损伤,改变热应激家禽肠道菌群的分布,并调节相关细胞因子和蛋白表达从而改善肉鸡肠道屏障功能[73]。RES还可通过TLR4/丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)信号通路来减轻黑骨鸡空肠黏膜热应激损伤和炎症反应[74]。以上结果表明,抗氧化剂具有抗氧化能力,主要通过调节抗炎、促炎和氧化应激细胞因子等激活相关炎症通路,缓解肠道屏障破坏,同时调节肠道微生物群落,增强肠道免疫功能。
综上所述,热应激会损害肠道屏障的完整性,影响畜禽营养物质吸收,使肠道菌群失衡。通过添加氨基酸、益生菌和抗氧化剂等可有效缓解热应激对畜禽肠道的影响。

4 小结与展望

热应激会导致畜禽肠道黏膜损伤、菌群失衡及免疫细胞活性下降等问题,进而影响畜禽的生产和健康。为应对这些问题,可以采取氨基酸、益生菌及抗氧化剂等营养调控措施来改善肠道菌群,增强肠道屏障功能,提高免疫能力。然而,目前关于肠道免疫方面内容的研究主要集中在单胃动物和小鼠上,在反刍动物上的研究还较少。此外,总结发现,热应激作用时间不同会对肠道免疫调节因子和微生物群落影响不一,而具体原因缺乏相关的研究报道。在营养调控方面,不同添加剂或同种添加剂不同剂量的作用效果不同,出现差异的更深层次原因和作用机制还有待研究。因此,对上述问题还需深入研究,以进一步探究不同饲料添加剂作用在不同动物和不同生理状况下的肠道免疫相关调控机制和信号通路,确定其在不同动物不同生长阶段的适宜添加水平,为缓解畜禽生产过程中肠道免疫及健康问题以及畜禽新型饲料添加剂的开发提供参考。
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