Effects of Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine on Growth Performance and Serum Immune, Protein Metabolism, Anti-Stress Indexes of Weaned Piglets

LIU Xianjun; LI Wen; CHEN Jing; MA Xudong; CHEN Chang; LIU Hongyu; SU Qing; ZHANG Jiashuo; QIAO Fubo; JIA Zhanpeng

doi:10.12418/CJAN2025.017

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 1: 194 - 203

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.017

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine on Growth Performance and Serum Immune, Protein Metabolism, Anti-Stress Indexes of Weaned Piglets

LIU Xianjun ,
LI Wen ^*^,^* ,
CHEN Jing ^,^** ,
MA Xudong ,
CHEN Chang ,
LIU Hongyu ,
SU Qing ,
ZHANG Jiashuo ,
QIAO Fubo ,
JIA Zhanpeng

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College of Animal Science and Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China

^** associate professor, E-mail: jingchen@syau.edu.cn

^* Contributed equally

Received date: 2024-07-07

Online published: 2025-01-10

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine (Agastache rugosa, Perilla frutescens, Angelica dahurica and Magnolia officinalis Rehd) on growth performance and serum immune, protein metabolism, anti-stress indexes of weaned piglets. In this experiment, a one-way randomised design was used, in which 100 weaned piglets of (28±2) days of age with good health and similar initial weight [(7.0±0.2) kg] were randomly divided into five groups with four replicates in each group and five pigs in each replicate. The control group was fed a basal diet, the Chinese herbal medicine groups were fed the basal diets supplemented with 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% compound Chinese herbal medicine, respectively, and the colistin sulfate group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 0.003% colistin sulphate. The experimental period was 28 days. The results showed as follows: 1) during days 1 to 14, days 15 to 28 and days 1 to 28 of the experiment, the average daily gain of 0.10% Chinese herbal medicine group and colistin sulfate group was significantly higher than that of control group and 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group (P<0.05). During days 15 to 28 and days 1 to 28 of the experiment, the feed to gain ratio of 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups and colistin sulfate group was significantly lower than that of control group and 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group (P<0.05). 2) On day 14 of the experiment, the contents of immunoglobulin A (IgA), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and nitric oxide (NO) in serum of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the serum complement 4 (C4) content of 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups and colistin sulfate group was significantly higher than that of control group and 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group (P<0.05). On day 28 of the experiment, the contents of IgA, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 in serum of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), and the contents of C4 and NO in serum of 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups and colistin sulfate group were significantly higher than those of control group and 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group (P<0.05). 3) On day 14 of the experiment, the contents of albumin (ALB) and globulin (GLO) in serum of 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups were significantly higher than those of control group and 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group (P<0.05), and the serum urea nitrogen (UN) content of 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups and colistin sulfate group was significantly lower than that of control group and 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group (P<0.05). On day 28 of the experiment, the contents of total protein (TP), ALB and globulin (GLO) in serum of 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups were significantly higher than those of control group and 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group (P<0.05), and the serum UN content of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups and colistin sulfate group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 4) On days 14 and 28 of the experiment, the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in serum of 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups and colistin sulfate group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). On day 28 of the experiment, the serum somatostatin (SS) content of 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine groups and colistin sulfate group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary compound Chinese herbal medicine can improve the growth performance, enhance the body immune, protein metabolism and anti-stress ability. Under the conditions of this experiment, the dietary suitable supplemental level of compound Chinese herbal medicine for weaned piglets is 0.10%.

Key words： compound Chinese herbal medicine; weaned piglets; growth performance; immune; anti-stress

Cite this article

LIU Xianjun , LI Wen , CHEN Jing , MA Xudong , CHEN Chang , LIU Hongyu , SU Qing , ZHANG Jiashuo , QIAO Fubo , JIA Zhanpeng . Effects of Compound Chinese Herbal Medicine on Growth Performance and Serum Immune, Protein Metabolism, Anti-Stress Indexes of Weaned Piglets[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(1) : 194 -203 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.017

仔猪断奶是其生长过程中最关键的节点之一。在仔猪断奶过程中,首先,仔猪要彻底摆脱母体营养物质的依赖,所摄入的营养物质发生巨大变化后,需要克服换料应激;其次,仔猪在哺乳期依靠母乳中的抗体来抵御病原微生物的侵袭,断奶后这种供给关系中断,母源抗体迅速消失,仔猪免疫系统需要重新建立;最后,仔猪在断奶过程中还面临着环境变化、心理压力等多重挑战,容易引起断奶应激反应,导致仔猪采食量下降、免疫力降低,影响仔猪生长性能和免疫功能。随着我国“禁抗”政策的实施,各大企业和科研院所已经开始了“替抗”产品的研发。复方中草药具有绿色安全、无残留、抗炎消菌、抗病毒等优势,能够应对多种病原微生物侵袭动物机体而导致的疾病^[1],可以作为一种有效“替抗”的饲料添加剂产品,并且复方中草药结合了多种中草药的有效成分,可以更全面的发挥其药理作用。目前已有养殖场选用中草药代替抗生素来防止疾病发生。

由藿香、紫苏、白芷、厚朴组成的复方中草药富含蛋白质、维生素、脂肪酸等营养物质,还含有许多挥发油、酮类、酚类等活性成分,对动物机体恢复免疫机能方面具有积极作用。研究发现,复方中草药可以有效缓解由病原微生物引起的仔猪炎症和腹泻^[2],降低疾病发生的风险,提升仔猪抗病能力^[3];同时复方中草药可以调控动物机体肾上腺素、皮质醇的释放,增强动物机体应对外界刺激的能力^[4]。复方中草药具有丰富的药效物质基础,相比于单一药物,复方中草药中包含了多种化学成分,这些成分可以产生协同作用,增强药效,同时还可以有效抑制轻药物的不良反应,这在单一药物中是难以实现的^[5]。因此,本试验以断奶仔猪为试验对象,将藿香、紫苏、白芷、厚朴组成的复方中草药作为饲料添加剂,研究复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能及血清免疫、蛋白质代谢、抗应激指标的影响,为复方中草药饲料添加剂在养猪生产中的应用提供实践参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 复方中草药组成、活性成分及主要营养成分

藿香、紫苏、白芷、厚朴等比例(1:1:1:1)研磨,过60目筛,制成复方中草药。

复方中草药其主要活性成分黄酮含量为28.31 mg/g,多糖含量为45.79 mg/g,多酚含量为21.45 mg/g。复方中草药主要营养成分含量见表1。

表1 复方中草药主要营养成分含量(干物质基础)

Table 1 Main nutrient contents of compound Chinese herbal medicine (DM basis) %

项目Items	含量Content
粗蛋白质Crude protein	9.31±1.72
粗脂肪Ether extract	1.46±0.13
粗纤维Crude fiber	12.70±1.12
粗灰分Crude ash	11.60±0.61
钙Calcium	1.19±0.21
总磷Phosphorus	0.15±0.02

	营养成分含量均为实测值。
	Nutrient contents were all measured values.

1.2 试验设计

本研究中试验程序已获得沈阳农业大学实验动物福利与伦理委员会的批准,批准编号2022020801。

试验采用单因素随机化设计,将100头健康状况良好、初重[(7.0±0.2) kg]相近的(28±2)日龄断奶仔猪随机分成5个组,每组4个重复,每个重复5头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,中草药组分别在基础饲粮中添加0.05%、0.10%、0.15%的复方中草药,硫酸黏菌素组在基础饲粮中添加0.003%的硫酸黏菌素。试验期为28 d。基础饲粮参照NRC(2012)标准配制,营养水平满足仔猪需要,其组成及营养水平见表2。

表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items		含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn		11.07
小麦次粉Wheat middling		1.96
面粉Flour		12.25
米糠粕Rice bran		2.94
膨化玉米Extruded corn		26.95
饼干粉Cracker meal		14.70
豆粕Soybean meal		7.53
膨化大豆Extruded soybean		7.84
发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal		2.94
鱼粉Fish meal		2.45
白糖White sugar		1.96
花生壳颗粒粉Peanut shell granulated flour		2.00
石粉Limestone		0.98
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄		0.29
磷酸二氢钙Ca(H₂PO₄)₂		0.29
食盐NaCl		0.29
赖氨酸Lys (98.5%)		0.60
蛋氨酸Met		0.10
苏氨酸Thr		0.17
一水柠檬酸C₆H₈O₇·H₂O		0.98
预混料Premix¹⁾		1.71
合计Total		100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels²⁾
水分Moisture		10.74
代谢能Metabolic energy/(MJ/kg)		14.02
粗蛋白质Crude protein		21.14
粗脂肪Ether extract		5.35
粗纤维Crude fiber		2.86
粗灰分Crude ash		4.59
钙Calcium		0.76
总磷Total phosphorus		0.55
有效磷Available phosphorus		0.28
可消化赖氨酸Digestible lysine		1.33
可消化蛋氨酸Digestible methionine		0.83
含硫氨基酸Sulfur-containing amino acid		0.76
可消化苏氨酸Digestible threonine		0.96
可消化色氨酸Digestible tryptophan		0.49

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 8 000 IU,VC 500 mg,VD₃ 3 000 IU,VE 60 mg,VK 35 mg,VB₁ 15 mg,VB₂ 30 mg,VB₆ 15 mg,VB₁₂ 0.5 mg,胆碱 choline 500 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 175 mg,D-生物素 D-biotin 2.5 mg,叶酸 folic acid 5 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 50 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 120 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 35 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 55 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 30 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.6 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分均为实测值,其余为计算值^[6]。Crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber and crude ash were measured values, while the others were calculated values^[6].

1.3 饲养管理

试验在沈阳博睿农牧科技有限公司猪场进行。在断奶仔猪转舍前对猪舍内部进行彻底的清扫和消毒,保持舍内环境的温度和湿度适宜,通风采光良好。在试验饲养期间,每天清粪1次,保持猪舍的整洁与卫生,采用鸭嘴氏饮水器提供清洁饮用水,仔猪自由采食、自由饮水。

1.4 样品采集及预处理

在试验期第14、28天,每个重复选取2头试验仔猪,空腹前腔静脉采血8 mL,静置25 min后,在离心机中2 146.56×g离心10 min后取血清,然后分装于离心管中,储存于-20 ℃的冰箱中待测。

1.5 指标测定

1.5.1 复方中草药活性成分、主要营养成分及饲粮营养成分

复方中草药活性成分含量采用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)法进行测定,试剂盒由沈阳今惠科技有限公司提供;复方中草药中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙、总磷含量分别参考GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 6438—2007、GB/T 6436—2018、GB/T 6437—2018进行测定。

饲粮中粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗纤维、粗灰分含量分别参考GB/T 6432—2018、GB/T 6433—2006、GB/T 6434—2022、GB/T 6438—2007进行测定。

1.5.2 生长性能

试验猪在试验的第7、14、28天分别进行空腹称重,记录试验期间各栏试验猪的供料量和剩余料量,并计算平均日增重和平均日采食量,根据平均日采食量和平均日增重计算料重比。计算公式如下:

平均日采食量=总采食量/试验天数;

平均日增重=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;

料重比=平均日采食量/平均日增重。

1.5.3 血清免疫、蛋白质代谢、抗应激指标

血清免疫指标包括免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、补体4(C4)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、白细胞介素-10(IL-10)、一氧化氮(NO)含量。

血清蛋白质代谢指标包括白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、球蛋白(GLO)、尿素氮(UN)含量。

血清抗应激指标包括肌酸激酶(CK)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和生长抑素(SS)含量。

以上指标均采用南京建成生物工程研究所提供的ELISA试剂盒,通过全自动酶标仪(Sunrise F50,瑞士)测定。

1.6 数据统计分析

试验数据采用SPSS 26.0软件进行单因素方差分析,如差异显著则用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。数据结果用“平均值±标准差”表示,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果

2.1 复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

由表3可知,试验第1~14天、第15~28天和第1~28天,0.10%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的平均日增重显著高于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05)。试验第1~14天、第15~28天和第1~28天,各组之间平均日采食量无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验第1~14天,各组之间料重比无显著差异(P>0.05);试验第15~28天和第1~28天,0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的料重比显著低于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05)。

表3 复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on growth performance of weaned piglets

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	0.05%中草药组 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group	0.10%中草药组 0.10% Chinese herbal medicine group	0.15%中草药组 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine group	硫酸黏菌素组 Colistin sulphate group
平均日增重ADG/(g/d)
第1~14天Days 1 to 14	267.17±24.01^b	276.37±24.46^b	304.09±23.34^a	288.91±25.30^ab	293.16±24.11^a
第15~28天Days 15 to 28	395.94±22.49^b	427.79±23.39^b	473.27±23.70^a	460.13±24.17^ab	462.53±22.48^a
第1~28天Days 1 to 28	331.56±22.77^b	352.08±23.46^b	388.68±23.97^a	374.52±22.13^ab	377.85±23.08^a
平均日采食量ADFI/(g/d)
第1~14天Days 1 to 14	499.61±11.14	489.29±8.70	516.95±10.25	514.26±9.94	513.03±12.71
第15~28天Days 15 to 28	789.81±11.57	792.72±5.41	793.14±9.09	790.67±9.24	791.28±6.19
第1~28天Days 1 to 28	644.71±9.91	641.01±5.33	655.05±5.80	652.47±8.53	652.16±4.16
料重比F/G
第1~14天Days 1 to 14	1.87±0.13	1.83±0.12	1.70±0.07	1.78±0.10	1.75±0.14
第15~28天Days 15 to 28	1.99±0.03^a	1.85±0.02^a	1.68±0.03^b	1.72±0.03^b	1.71±0.02^b
第1~28天Days 1 to 28	1.92±0.03^a	1.84±0.02^a	1.69±0.02^b	1.75±0.03^b	1.73±0.01^b

	同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。
	In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

由表4可知,试验第14天,0.05%、0.10%和0.15%中草药组的血清IgA、IL-10、NO含量均显著高于与对照组(P<0.05),0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清C4含量均显著高于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05),各组之间血清IL-6含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验第28天,0.05%、0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清IgA、IL-6、IL-10含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清C4、NO含量均显著高于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05)。

表4 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

Table 4 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on serum immune indexes of weaned piglets

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	0.05%中草药组 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group	0.10%中草药组 0.10% Chinese herbal medicine group	0.15%中草药组 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine group	硫酸黏菌素组 Colistin sulphate group
免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L)
第14天Day 14	0.39±0.02^b	0.52±0.04^a	0.56±0.04^a	0.52±0.04^a	0.46±0.03^ab
第28天Day 28	0.47±0.03^b	0.61±0.05^a	0.70±0.06^a	0.67±0.05^a	0.64±0.04^a
补体4 C4/(g/L)
第14天Day 14	0.34±0.02^b	0.37±0.03^b	0.46±0.04^a	0.42±0.04^a	0.43±0.03^a
第28天Day 28	0.36±0.03^b	0.41±0.04^b	0.58±0.04^a	0.54±0.05^a	0.51±0.04^a
白细胞介素-6 IL-6/(ng/L)
第14天Day 14	112.75±7.21	121.54±10.82	125.33±11.97	123.08±10.85	122.39±10.88
第28天Day 28	123.74±10.24^b	149.86±12.22^a	150.84±14.64^a	144.15±9.82^a	142.19±11.38^a
白细胞介素-10 IL-10/(ng/L)
第14天Day 14	72.16±5.67^b	83.13±6.92^a	86.08±5.20^a	83.44±5.61^a	80.99±4.43^ab
第28天Day 28	74.98±6.01^b	90.47±8.59^a	92.21±7.92^a	89.77±6.03^a	87.80±3.94^a
一氧化氮NO/(μmol/L)
第14天Day 14	26.94±1.20^b	33.76±2.90^a	34.36±2.89^a	32.39±2.94^a	28.54±2.02^b
第28天Day 28	26.32±1.15^b	29.92±2.88^b	32.09±2.89^a	31.42±1.92^a	31.52±2.55^a

2.3 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

由表5可知,试验第14天,各组之间血清TP含量无显著差异(P>0.05),0.10%、0.15%中草药组的血清ALB、GLO含量均显著高于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05),0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清UN含量显著低于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05)。试验第28天,0.10%、0.15%中草药组的血清TP、ALB、GLO含量均显著高于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05),0.05%、0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清UN含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。

表5 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on serum protein metabolism indexes of weaned piglets

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	0.05%中草药组 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group	0.10%中草药组 0.10% Chinese herbal medicine group	0.15%中草药组 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine group	硫酸黏菌素组 Colistin sulphate group
总蛋白TP/(g/L)
第14天Day 14	37.70±1.65	38.34±3.85	43.90±3.78	41.22±3.79	39.46±4.05
第28天Day 28	40.65±3.58^b	42.39±4.65^b	51.12±4.38^a	50.50±4.67^a	42.72±4.08^b
白蛋白ALB/(g/L)
第14天Day 14	22.15±1.24^b	22.60±2.09^b	24.95±2.02^a	24.45±1.80^a	23.87±2.08^ab
第28天Day 28	24.42±2.29^b	25.44±2.55^b	30.59±2.72^a	30.12±2.62^a	26.30±2.58^ab
球蛋白GLO/(g/L)
第14天Day 14	15.54±1.54^b	15.74±0.84^b	18.95±1.34^a	16.77±1.27^a	15.59±1.41^b
第28天Day 28	16.24±2.44^b	16.95±1.43^b	20.53±1.56^a	20.38±1.87^a	16.42±1.39^b
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L)
第14天Day 14	7.26±0.51^a	6.86±0.35^a	4.64±0.34^b	4.73±0.36^b	4.87±0.33^b
第28天Day 28	6.71±0.63^a	4.00±0.37^b	3.84±0.27^b	4.10±0.34^b	4.12±0.31^b

2.4 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗应激指标的影响

由表6可知,试验第14天,0.05%、0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清CK活性显著低于对照组(P<0.05),0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清LDH活性显著低于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05),各组之间血清SS含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。试验第28天,0.05%、0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清CK活性和SS含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清LDH活性显著低于对照组和0.05%中草药组(P<0.05)。

表6 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗应激指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of compound Chinese herbal medicine on serum anti-stress indexes of weaned piglets

项目 Items	对照组 Control group	0.05%中草药组 0.05% Chinese herbal medicine group	0.10%中草药组 0.10% Chinese herbal medicine group	0.15%中草药组 0.15% Chinese herbal medicine group	硫酸黏菌素组 Colistin sulphate group
肌酸激酶CK/(U/L)
第14天Day 14	4.02±0.32^a	2.51±0.15^b	2.38±0.19^b	2.70±0.19^b	2.36±0.18^b
第28天Day 28	3.43±0.26^a	1.63±0.12^b	1.52±0.13^b	1.78±0.11^b	1.57±0.12^b
乳酸脱氢酶LDH/(U/L)
第14天Day 14	4.57±0.42^a	4.51±0.38^a	4.01±0.36^b	4.06±0.35^b	4.10±0.28^b
第28天Day 28	3.85±0.26^a	3.67±0.23^a	3.18±0.16^b	3.26±0.24^b	3.27±0.29^b
生长抑素SS/(ng/L)
第14天Day 14	43.90±4.28	40.68±3.01	39.19±3.54	39.48±3.64	40.48±3.60
第28天Day 28	38.11±2.49^a	33.08±2.52^b	30.80±1.58^b	31.59±2.16^b	31.84±2.47^b

3 讨论

3.1 复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

由藿香、紫苏、白芷、厚朴组成的复方中草药富含挥发油、酮类、酚类等活性成分,这些活性成分不仅具有抗消化道炎症、抗病毒、抗氧化等药理活性^[7],还能够促进动物机体蛋白质代谢,有助于营养物质的吸收消化,加快其生长速度,从而提高断奶仔猪平均日增重和饲料利用率^[8],此外,植物多酚还有助于提升动物生长性能,改善肉品质,增强抗氧化能力^[9]。研究发现,在断奶仔猪基础饲粮中添加复方中草药,断奶仔猪平均日增重和平均日采食量得到显著提升,料重比显著降低^[10]。Quintero-Villegas等^[11]将复方中草药作为饲料添加剂与抗生素对比,结果显示,复方中草药在提升饲料转化率、提高生长性能方面均优于抗生素。王勇生等^[12]将白术、黄芪、甘草等组成的复方中草药添加至断奶仔猪基础饲粮中,与对照组相比,发现试验组平均日增重提高,料重比和病死率降低。本试验中,试验第1~14天、第15~28天和第1~28天,0.10%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的平均日增重显著高于对照组和0.05%中草药组;试验第15~28天和第1~28天,0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的料重比显著低于对照组和0.05%中草药组,表明复方中草药在一定程度上可以替代抗生素的使用。复方中草药中的挥发油、多酚等活性成分能够促进仔猪对营养物质的吸收,增强其骨骼肌的发育,有助于仔猪生长性能的提升。各组之间的平均日采食量无显著差异,一方面可能与复方中草药药味有关,另一方面可能与粗纤维含量有关^[13],影响了断奶仔猪的适口性。

3.2 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

血清免疫指标是评估动物免疫系统功能和健康状况的关键指标,它们可以与特定的抗原结合,提高动物机体的抗体水平,大大降低机体受到病原微生物的侵袭。藿香、紫苏、白芷、厚朴中都富含挥发油,而挥发油具有抗炎、抗氧化、调节免疫细胞信号通路的药理作用,不仅具有显著的抗炎作用,能够抑制炎症因子的释放,还能够促进免疫细胞的增殖分化,增强机体免疫细胞应答能力,从而提升动物机体免疫功能^[14]。李灵^[15]将党参、黄芪、甘草等组成的复方中草药按照一定比例添加到断奶仔猪饲粮中,结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组血清IgA、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、白细胞介素-2(IL-2)含量显著提高。齐弘凯^[16]在研究复方中草药在断奶仔猪生产中的应用中发现,复方中草药作为饲料添加剂可以显著提升仔猪血清IgA、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)、IgG、ALB含量,仔猪血清TP含量也有所提高。李冬光等^[17]将黄连、金银花、黄芪等组成的复方中草药作为饲料添加剂,研究其对仔猪免疫功能的影响,结果显示,与对照组相比,中草药组的仔猪血清IgA、IgG、NO含量显著提高。在本试验中,试验第28天,与对照组相比,0.05%、0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的血清IgA、IL-6和IL-10含量均显著提高,0.10%、0.15%中草药组和硫酸黏菌素组的C4、NO的含量均显著提高。复方中草药中的挥发油、多酚、多糖等活性物质具有抗炎、抗氧化作用,能够通过促进T淋巴细胞的增殖分化,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬和杀菌能力,大大降低了病原微生物侵袭的风险,从而提升了仔猪机体抗炎和免疫调节能力^[18]。

3.3 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

蛋白质是构成细胞和组织的基本物质,也是动物机体各种生理和生化过程的必需物质,蛋白质的代谢对于维持机体健康、调节生理功能、提供能量和调节免疫反应等方面起着关键作用。例如TP含量反映了动物体内蛋白质的总体水平,ALB含量的变化通常与动物体内营养物质和代谢产物的水平密切相关,GLO主要由免疫系统中的淋巴细胞和浆细胞分泌,参与了免疫应答和细胞信号传导等重要过程,UN含量的变化可以反映动物体内的蛋白质代谢状况和肾脏功能变化。王京仁等^[19]在研究复方中草药作为饲料添加剂对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢的影响中发现,适量的复方中草药可以使仔猪血清TP、ALB、GLO含量显著提高。骆雪等^[20]在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加复方中草药,研究其对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢影响,结果表明,复方中草药能显著提升断奶仔猪血清TP、ALB含量,显著降低断奶仔猪血清UN含量。解军亮等^[21]也研究表明,发酵中草药可显著提高断奶仔猪血清TP、GLO含量,还可以显著降低血清UN含量。本试验结果表明,试验第28天,与对照组相比,0.10%、0.15%中草药组的血清TP、ALB、GLO含量均现在提高,血清UN含量显著降低。原因是复方中草药含有许多发挥药理作用的挥发油、黄酮、多酚等活性成分,这些活性成分不仅可以通过调节免疫细胞的增殖和活性,增加机体TP含量,促进机体蛋白质代谢,还可以通过对机体营养物质的加速吸收利用^[22],降低血清UN含量。

3.4 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗应激指标的影响

仔猪在断奶阶段容易发生各种应激反应,大大增加了机体受病原微生物侵袭的风险,一方面,应激反应导致仔猪T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞数量急剧减少,免疫能力减弱,从而增加了患病风险;另一方面,应激反应还会导致仔猪机体对营养物质的吸收利用减弱,肠道微生物菌群失衡,进而使仔猪发生腹泻、采食量下降等表现,影响仔猪生长性能。陈静等^[23]将白头翁型中草药添加至断奶仔猪饲粮中,结果表明血清CK和LDH活性有降低趋势。马旭东等^[24]研究发现,中草药中的活性成分可以显著降低仔猪血清CK、LDH活性。本试验结果表明,与对照组相比,在基础饲粮中添加复方中草药能够不同程度降低断奶仔猪血清CK、LDH活性和SS含量。原因可能是复方中草药中的多糖、多酚等活性成分能够降低动物机体CK、LDH活性和SS含量。血清CK主要在动物机体心肌中,正常情况下,血清CK活性维持在比较低的水平,当病原微生物入侵或者机体受到损伤时,血清CK活性才会升高^[25],而中草药中的多糖、多酚等活性成分能够降低动物机体CK、LDH、SS等抗应激指标活性或含量,使仔猪在应对内外源环境状况下降低应激反应表现风险,同时CK在心脏和肌肉等组织的能量代谢中也起着至关重要的作用^[26];此外,复方中草药中多酚含量能够增强仔猪机体内巨噬细胞的吞噬活性,进而增强仔猪抗应激能力^[24]。

4 结论

饲粮中添加复方中草药能提高断奶仔猪的生长性能,增强机体免疫、蛋白质代谢及抗应激能力。本试验条件下,断奶仔猪饲粮中复方中草药适宜添加水平为0.10%。

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Abstract

Cite this article

1 材料与方法

1.1 复方中草药组成、活性成分及主要营养成分

表1 复方中草药主要营养成分含量(干物质基础)

1.2 试验设计

表2 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

1.3 饲养管理

1.4 样品采集及预处理

1.5 指标测定

1.5.1 复方中草药活性成分、主要营养成分及饲粮营养成分

1.5.2 生长性能

1.5.3 血清免疫、蛋白质代谢、抗应激指标

1.6 数据统计分析

2 结果

2.1 复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

表3 复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

2.2 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

表4 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

2.3 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

表5 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

2.4 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗应激指标的影响

表6 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗应激指标的影响

3 讨论

3.1 复方中草药对断奶仔猪生长性能的影响

3.2 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清免疫指标的影响

3.3 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清蛋白质代谢指标的影响

3.4 复方中草药对断奶仔猪血清抗应激指标的影响

4 结论

References