RESEARCH PAPER

Regulation of Terpinen-4-ol on Antioxidant Function of Lungs, Spleen and Pancreas of Weaned Piglets with Oxidative Stress

  • ZHOU Yangshu ,
  • GAO Chang ,
  • SONG Li ,
  • DONG Li ,
  • YU Lihuai , *
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  • College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
* associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-06-24

  Online published: 2025-01-10

Abstract

This experiment aimed to investigate the regulation of terpinen-4-ol on antioxidant function of lungs, spleen and pancreas of weaned piglets with oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Thirty-two healthy 28-day-old “Duroc×Landrace×Large White” weaned piglets with similar body weight of (8.53 0.42) kg were randomly divided four groups with 8 pigs per group. Piglets in the control and hydrogen peroxide groups were fed a basal diet, while others in the terpinen-4-ol and hydrogen peroxide+terpinen-4-ol groups were fed the basal feed+60 mg/kg terpinen-4-ol. The pre-experimental period lasted for 3 days, and the experimental period lasted for 21 days. On the 15th and 18th days of the experimental period, the hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen peroxide+terpinen-4-ol groups were injected with 1 mL/kg BW 10% hydrogen peroxide intraperitoneally, while the control and terpinen-4-ol groups were injected with equivalent 0.9% sterile physiological saline intraperitoneally. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, the serum malondialdehyde(MDA) content of the hydrogen peroxide group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and catalase (CAT) activity were significantly decreased (P<0.05); compared with the hydrogen peroxide group, the serum MDA content of the hydrogen peroxide+terpinen-4-ol group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and T-AOC were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the CAT activity was significantly increased (P<0.01). 2) Compared with the control group, the lungs MDA content of hydrogen peroxide group was significantly increased (P<0.01), the CAT activity was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the T-AOC was significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with the hydrogen peroxide group, the lungs MDA content of the hydrogen peroxide+terpinen-4-ol group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the CAT activity was significantly increased (P<0.01). 3) Compared with the control group, the spleen MDA content of the hydrogen peroxide group was significantly increased (P<0.01), the CAT activity was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the T-AOC was significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with the hydrogen peroxide group, the spleen MDA content of hydrogen peroxide+terpinen-4-ol group was significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the CAT activity was significantly increased (P<0.01). 4) Compared with the control group, the pancreas MDA content of the hydrogen peroxide group was significantly increased (P<0.01), the SOD activity was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the CAT activity and T-AOC were significantly decreased (P<0.01); compared with the hydrogen peroxide group, the pancreas MDA content of the hydrogen peroxide+terpinen-4-ol group was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the CAT activity was significantly increased (P<0.01). In conclusion, the addition of terpinen-4-ol in the diet can alleviate the oxidative damage induced by hydrogen peroxide stimulation, and then alleviate the oxidative stress in internal organs of weaned piglets.

Cite this article

ZHOU Yangshu , GAO Chang , SONG Li , DONG Li , YU Lihuai . Regulation of Terpinen-4-ol on Antioxidant Function of Lungs, Spleen and Pancreas of Weaned Piglets with Oxidative Stress[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(1) : 226 -235 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.020

断奶是养猪生产中极为重要的阶段,断奶仔猪的健康状况和生产性能影响着未来整个猪群的生产经济效益,氧化应激是影响断奶仔猪健康成长的重要因素之一[1]。氧化应激是指当机体受到内外刺激时,体内产生的活性氧(ROS)过量蓄积,氧化系统和抗氧化系统失衡,导致动物组织或细胞受到损伤[2]。许多因素例如断奶仔猪自身发育不完善、饲粮环境变化、病原微生物、滥用药物、污染以及其他外界因素等都容易引起断奶仔猪发生氧化应激[3-4]。氧化应激往往会导致断奶仔猪生长发育迟缓、饲料利用率降低、易受外源性病原物质的侵害而发生疾病,影响机体内各项功能的正常运作和组织健康。在实际生产中主要表现为断奶仔猪腹泻、精神萎靡、食欲不振、贫血、咳喘等,严重影响生猪产业整体经济效益[5]。因此,如何缓解断奶仔猪在断奶后的应激和氧化损伤是当下猪养殖行业的重点研究方向。
目前生产中主要采用在饲粮中添加抗氧化剂来预防和缓解氧化应激,常见的抗氧化剂有维生素类(如维生素C、维生素E)、微量元素(硒)和肽类(肌肽)等,受成本限制可供选择的抗氧化剂非常有限。近年来,随着植物提取物不断应用于养猪业,植物提取物的抗氧化功能也越来越被大众所熟知。植物提取物中多种抗氧化活性成分如多酚、生物碱等,可以有效缓解氧化应激带来的氧化损伤[6-8]。植物提取物茶树油是一种具有辛香味的淡黄绿色或几乎无色的液体精油,可以通过水蒸汽蒸馏的方式从桃金娘科和白千层属植物的新鲜枝叶中提取,具有良好的抗氧化功能[9-10]。其中,4-萜品醇(terpinen-4-ol,TER)是主要功能成分。课题组前期研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加4-萜品醇可以有效缓解氧化应激造成的断奶仔猪肠道损伤[11-12]
生产中仔猪会出现咳喘、免疫降低、食欲不振等症状,这些症状与断奶仔猪的肺脏、脾脏和胰腺组织的功能息息相关。耿焱玲等[13]研究表明,内毒素(endotoxin)能够诱导小鼠发生氧化应激,造成小鼠肺部水肿以及损伤;Guo等[14]研究表明,口服超过10 mg/kg的硫酸铜(CuSO4)可引起小鼠氧化应激,导致其脾脏细胞凋亡和DNA损伤,从而导致小鼠脾脏功能障碍;李丽英等[15]研究表明,过氧化氢能够诱导大鼠胰腺中胰岛细胞发生氧化损伤。这些研究表明,氧化应激对动物机体肺脏、脾脏和胰腺组织能够造成氧化损伤,影响其功能的正常发挥。目前关于氧化应激对仔猪肠道健康影响的研究较多,但对于氧化应激对断奶仔猪的肺脏、脾脏、胰腺抗氧化功能影响的研究尚少。因此,本试验拟选用过氧化氢构建断奶仔猪氧化应激模型,通过测定血清、肺脏、脾脏、胰腺中抗氧化相关酶活性,探讨氧化应激对断奶仔猪血清、肺脏、脾脏、胰腺抗氧化功能的影响以及4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪血清、肺脏、脾脏、胰腺抗氧化功能的调节作用,为解析氧化损伤对仔猪内脏器官的影响及萜类化合物在仔猪生产中的应用提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 伦理声明

本试验程序均按照扬州大学实验动物伦理委员会批准的方案进行,批准文号为202302040。

1.2 试验设计和饲养管理

本试验选取32头28日龄的体重相近的健康杂交仔猪(杜洛克×长白猪×大白猪),21日龄断奶,平均体重为(8.53±0.42) kg,随机分为4组,每组8头猪。每组公母各占1/2,每只猪单栏饲养。对照组和过氧化氢组仔猪饲喂基础饲粮,4-萜品醇组和过氧化氢+4-萜品醇组仔猪饲喂基础饲粮+60 mg/kg 4-萜品醇。预试期3 d,正试期21 d,在正试期第15天和第18天,过氧化氢组和过氧化氢+4-萜品醇组仔猪分别腹腔注射1 mL/kg BW的10%过氧化氢(注射前用0.9%无菌生理盐水将30%过氧化氢按照1:2体积比稀释成10%的过氧化氢溶液),对照组和4-萜品醇组仔猪腹腔注射等量生理盐水。4-萜品醇纯度为95%。试验在养殖试验基地的猪场进行,预试期3 d后开始正式试验,集中饲养,定时饲喂,定期清扫,每天查看仔猪健康及采食状况,21 d后屠宰取样。参照NRC(2012)配制基础饲粮,其组成及营养水平见表1
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 10.00
膨化玉米Puffed corn 27.67
面粉Flour 10.00
稻壳粉Rice husk powder 0.33
载体稻壳粉Carrier rice husk powder 1.30
发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal 8.00
全脂大豆Full fat soybean 6.50
大豆油Soybean oil 1.67
大豆浓缩蛋白Soybean protein concentrate 2.50
鱼粉Fish meal 5.83
乳清粉Whey powder 15.00
食盐NaCl 0.30
葡萄糖Glucose 2.50
蔗糖Sucrose 5.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.15
氯化胆碱Choline chloride 0.12
L-赖氨酸L-Lys 0.43
蛋氨酸Met 0.30
苏氨酸Thr 0.29
色氨酸Trp 0.14
精氨酸Arg 0.39
L-缬氨酸L-Val 0.19
预混料Premix1) 1.39
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
消化能DE/(MJ/kg) 14.40
粗蛋白质CP 18.40
钙Ca 0.74
总磷TP 0.52
L-赖氨酸L-Lys 1.25
蛋氨酸Met 0.43
苏氨酸Thr 0.71
色氨酸Trp 0.21

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:Fe 53 mg,Cu 5 mg,Mn 13 mg,Zn 40 mg,Co 0.06 mg,Se 0.23 mg,I 0.33 mg,VA 13 500 IU,VD3 2 750 IU,VE 6.25,VK3 1.25 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 0.5 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 3.75 mg,泛酸 pantothenic acid 6.25 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 8.75 mg,吡哆醇 pyridoxine 0.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,生物素 biotin 0.013 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.125 mg,植酸酶 phytase 500 mg,甜味剂 sweetener 200 mg,谷氨酸钠 sodium glutamate 1 000 mg,霉菌吸附剂 mold adsorbent 500 mg,抗氧化剂 antioxidant 200 mg。

2)消化能和氨基酸为计算值,其他营养水平为实测值。DE and amino acids were calculated values, while the other nutrient levels were measured values.

1.3 样品采集

在饲养21 d后,于采样前12 h停止饲喂,从各组中随机选取6头仔猪,高压电击后放血致死,进行屠宰采样。用10 mL离心管收集血液,倾斜45°放置30 min,离心收集血清,转移至-20 ℃低温冰箱中等待测定。打开仔猪的腹腔,采集肺脏、脾脏、胰腺组织装于2 mL冻存管中。立刻将样品置于液氮中冻存,转移至-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存待测。

1.4 检测指标

1.4.1 饲粮营养水平

粗蛋白质(CP)含量采用凯氏定氮法(GB/T 6432—1994)进行测定,钙(Ca)和总磷(TP)含量分别参考GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018进行测定。参照NRC(2012)计算和氨基酸含量,消化能计算方式为每个原料的猪消化能乘以原料比例的总和;氨基酸(标准回肠消化)计算方式为100-(100×回肠消化液中氨基酸含量)/饲料中氨基酸含量。

1.4.2 血清抗氧化指标

将血清样品从-80 ℃冰箱取出置于冰上解冻待测,具体操作按照北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司生产的试剂盒说明书操作,测定血清过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性、丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量及总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)。

1.4.3 肺脏、脾脏和胰腺抗氧化指标

将肺脏、脾脏和胰腺样品从-80 ℃冰箱取出,称取0.1 g样品于2 mL离心管中,加入1 mL预冷的提取液和小钢珠进行冰浴匀浆。离心机需要提前预冷,设定温度为4 ℃。组织匀浆配平放置在离心机内,1 000×g、4 ℃离心10 min,吸取上清液置于冰上待测。具体操作按照北京索莱宝生物科技有限公司生产的试剂盒说明书操作,测定肺脏、脾脏和胰腺CAT和SOD活性、MDA含量及T-AOC。

1.5 数据统计分析

数据采用SPSS 25.0软件双因素方差分析,4-萜品醇和过氧化氢作为固定效应,进一步用独立t检验分析对照组和4-萜品醇组、过氧化氢组和对照组、过氧化氢+4-萜品醇组和过氧化氢组之间的差异,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著,采用Graphpad Prism 8软件绘制图表。

2 结果

2.1 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

图1可知,与对照组相比,过氧化氢组血清MDA含量显著提高(P<0.05),血清CAT活性和T-AOC显著降低(P<0.05);与过氧化氢组相比,过氧化氢+4-萜品醇组血清MDA含量极显著降低(P<0.01),血清SOD活性和T-AOC显著提高(P<0.05),血清CAT活性极显著提高(P<0.01)。通过双因素方差分析发现,4-萜品醇和过氧化氢之间对血清SOD和CAT活性存在互作效应(P<0.05)。
图1 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

CON:对照组,TER:4-萜品醇组,H2O2:过氧化氢组,H+T:过氧化氢+4-萜品醇组。MDA:丙二醛;SOD:超氧化物歧化酶;CAT:过氧化氢酶;T-AOC:总抗氧化能力。*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下图同。

Fig.1 Effects of terpinen-4-ol on serum antioxidant indexes of weaned piglets with oxidative stress

CON: control group, TER: terpinen-4-ol group, H2O2: hydrogen peroxide group, H+T: hydrogen peroxide+terpinen-4-ol group. MDA: malondialdehyde; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; T-AOC: total antioxidant capacity.* indicated significant difference (P<0.05), and ** indicated significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪肺脏抗氧化指标的影响

图2可知,与对照组相比,过氧化氢组肺脏MDA含量极显著提高(P<0.01),肺脏CAT活性显著降低(P<0.05),肺脏T-AOC极显著降低(P<0.01);与过氧化氢组相比,过氧化氢+4-萜品醇组肺脏MDA含量极显著降低(P<0.01),肺脏CAT活性极显著提高(P<0.01)。通过双因素方差分析发现,4-萜品醇和过氧化氢之间对肺脏抗氧化指标不存在互作效应(P>0.05)。
图2 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪肺脏抗氧化指标的影响

Fig.2 Effects of terpinen-4-ol on lung antioxidant indexes of weaned piglets with oxidative stress

2.3 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪脾脏抗氧化指标的影响

图3可知,与对照组相比,过氧化氢组脾脏MDA含量极显著提高(P<0.01),脾脏CAT活性显著降低(P<0.05),脾脏T-AOC极显著降低(P<0.01);与过氧化氢组相比,过氧化氢+4-萜品醇组脾脏MDA含量极显著降低(P<0.01),脾脏CAT活性极显著提高(P<0.01)。通过双因素方差分析发现,4-萜品醇和过氧化氢之间对脾脏抗氧化指标不存在互作效应(P>0.05)。
图3 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪脾脏抗氧化指标的影响

Fig.3 Effects of terpinen-4-ol on spleen antioxidant indexes of weaned piglets with oxidative stress

2.4 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪胰腺抗氧化指标的影响

图4可知,与对照组相比,过氧化氢组胰腺MDA含量极显著提高(P<0.01),胰腺SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05),胰腺CAT活性和T-AOC极显著降低(P<0.01);与过氧化氢组相比,过氧化氢+4-萜品醇组胰腺MDA含量显著降低(P<0.05),胰腺CAT活性极显著提高(P<0.01)。通过双因素方差分析发现,4-萜品醇和过氧化氢之间对胰腺抗氧化指标不存在互作效应(P>0.05)。
图4 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪胰腺抗氧化指标的影响

Fig.4 Effects of terpinen-4-ol on pancreas antioxidant indexes of weaned piglets with oxidative stress

3 讨论

3.1 过氧化氢诱导的氧化应激对断奶仔猪血清、肺脏、脾脏和胰腺抗氧化指标的影响

仔猪在断奶阶段极易发生氧化应激,降低仔猪的生长性能,对养猪生产造成重大损失。氧化应激是氧化系统和抗氧化系统失衡的一种表现[16],氧化系统主要活性物质ROS的过量产生是系统失衡从而造成氧化应激的主要原因[17],MDA是过氧化反应的最主要产物[18]。外源注射过氧化氢刺激时,机体内MDA和ROS含量升高,造成氧化损伤[19]。酶类抗氧化系统是体内抗氧化的重要途径之一[20],酶类抗氧化途径中起到保护作用的酶类主要有CAT和SOD等[21],SOD能够将ROS歧化为过氧化氢,过氧化氢在CAT的作用下被分解为水和氧气,从而缓解氧化损伤。龚年金等[22]研究表明,过氧化氢处理后小鼠肺间充质干细胞发生氧化应激损伤;和静[23]研究表明,过氧化氢可导致小鼠脾脏细胞氧化应激损伤;肖鑫[24]、王小凤等[25]研究表明,过氧化氢可诱导大鼠胰岛素瘤发生细胞氧化损伤。与前人研究结果一致,本试验使用过氧化氢诱导仔猪氧化应激后发现,与对照组相比,腹腔注射过氧化氢后仔猪的血清、肺脏、脾脏和胰腺组织中MDA含量显著提高,CAT活性和T-AOC显著降低;肺脏和胰腺组织中SOD活性显著提高。这表明过氧化氢刺激后,一方面加剧仔猪肺脏、脾脏和胰腺组织中的氧化反应;另一方面抑制仔猪肺脏、脾脏和胰腺组织的抗氧化能力。这导致氧化系统和抗氧化系统的失衡加剧,加重了断奶仔猪的氧化应激,抑制了断奶仔猪血清、肺脏、脾脏和胰腺组织的抗氧化功能,造成氧化损伤。

3.2 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪血清抗氧化指标的影响

血清中存在多种基础营养物质,提供多种激素和生长因子,在机体免疫、促进细胞生长及维持血液正常理化特性方面起到重要作用。4-萜品醇化学式为C10H18O,是一种单萜类化合物,拥有良好的抗氧化特性。与其他常见抗氧化剂相比,4-萜品醇成本低,渗透性强,在抗氧化功能上微量高效,具有特殊香味,有利于仔猪采食。同时其无污染及毒副作用,也没有动物需求量的限制,因此在添加使用方面更为容易;此外,除了抗氧化功能,4-萜品醇在抗菌和提高动物生长性能方面也发挥了良好的功效。课题组之前的研究显示,饲粮中添加60 mg/kg 4-萜品醇可以有效提高仔猪的生长性能,改善仔猪的肠道形态,提高仔猪肠道的抗氧化能力[26]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加4-萜品醇能够降低氧化应激导致的血清MDA含量异常升高,增加SOD和CAT活性,提高T-AOC。这与前人得出的结论一致,即在饲粮中添加4-萜品醇可以有效提高仔猪机体的抗氧化能力,缓解氧化损伤。

3.3 4-萜品醇对氧化应激断奶仔猪肺脏、脾脏和胰腺抗氧化指标的影响

肺脏是猪体内的呼吸器官,具有呼吸、免疫、贮血等功能,是呼吸系统的重要组成成分之一。断奶仔猪发生氧化应激后,肺脏受氧自由基影响发生氧化损伤,免疫功能受到抑制,极易被病原微生物感染,生产中常会出现传染性胸膜肺炎、蓝耳病、支原体肺炎等呼吸系统疾病,严重危害仔猪健康[27]。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加4-萜品醇可以缓解氧化应激造成的CAT活性降低和MDA含量的异常升高。李淼[28]研究表明,茶树油(主要功能成分为4-萜品醇)可以缓解雾霾造成的大鼠肺脏组织氧化损伤和炎症损伤,这与本试验研究结果一致。综上所述,饲粮中添加4-萜品醇可以一定程度上提高仔猪肺脏组织的抗氧化能力,缓解断奶仔猪肺脏的氧化损伤。
脾脏是猪体内重要的免疫器官,具有免疫应答、储存血液、调节代谢等功能,对维持仔猪机体健康和代谢平衡起着重要作用[29]。断奶仔猪发生氧化应激后,脾脏受氧自由基影响发生氧化损伤,体内免疫活性细胞遭到破坏,识别病原体能力降低,难以及时对外界病原体入侵产生反应,导致断奶仔猪易受外界细菌病毒感染发生疾病甚至死亡[30]。胡玉妍等[31]研究表明,氧化应激的断奶仔猪口腔灌服植物提取物后,脾脏MDA含量显著降低,说明植物提取物对脾脏氧化损伤有一定的缓解作用。本试验结果表明,作为植物提取物的一种,4-萜品醇被添加在饲粮中可以明显缓解氧化应激造成的仔猪脾脏CAT活性降低和MDA含量的异常升高。综上所述,饲粮中添加4-萜品醇可以一定程度上提高仔猪脾脏组织的抗氧化能力,缓解断奶仔猪脾脏的氧化损伤。
胰腺是生物体内重要的分泌器官,主要功能有分泌消化性酶和胰岛素等激素,胰腺分泌的酶类会促进肠道的消化吸收能力[32]。刘博等[33]研究表明,氧化应激是急性胰腺炎病程机制中的重要调节器,能够加重胰腺损伤程度。张逸等[34]研究表明,在断奶仔猪饲粮中添加适量茶树油(主要功能成分为4-萜品醇),可以有效提高胰腺抗氧化能力。本试验结果表明,饲粮中添加4-萜品醇可以缓解过氧化氢诱导的CAT和SOD活性降低和MDA含量的异常升高,这与前人的研究结果一致。综上所述,饲粮中添加4-萜品醇可以一定程度上提高仔猪胰腺组织的抗氧化能力,缓解断奶仔猪胰腺的氧化损伤。

4 结论

4-萜品醇可以缓解过氧化氢刺激导致的仔猪血清、肺脏、脾脏和胰腺中抗氧化酶活性的抑制以及氧化产物含量的异常增高,进而缓解氧化应激。
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Outlines

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