1 材料与方法
1.1 试验材料
表1 决明子副产物营养成分(风干基础)Table 1 Nutrients in cassia seed by-product (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 粗脂肪EE | 2.42 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 20.06 |
| 粗灰分Ash | 5.43 |
| 水分Moisture | 4.91 |
| 粗纤维CF | 17.26 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.15 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.71 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.21 |
| 苯丙氨酸Phe | 1.05 |
| 缬氨酸Val | 0.91 |
| 异亮氨酸Ile | 0.69 |
| 亮氨酸Leu | 1.38 |
| 组氨酸His | 1.41 |
| 精氨酸Arg | 1.38 |
| 谷氨酸Glu | 3.02 |
| 丝氨酸Ser | 1.01 |
| 甘氨酸Gly | 1.15 |
| 半胱氨酸Cys | 0.35 |
| 天门冬氨酸Asp | 2.73 |
| 酪氨酸Tyr | 0.59 |
| 丙氨酸Ala | 0.95 |
| 脯氨酸Pro | 0.86 |
1.2 试验设计与饲粮
表2 1~21日龄北京鸭饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 2 Composition and nutrient levels of diets for Pekin ducks from 1 to 21 days age (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 决明子副产物添加水平Cassia seed by-product supplemental levels/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | |
| 原料Ingredients | |||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 34.10 | 33.60 | 32.90 | 32.30 | 31.90 |
| 玉米Corn | 59.44 | 57.50 | 55.93 | 54.17 | 52.13 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.75 | 1.70 | 1.67 | 1.63 | 1.60 |
| 石粉Limestone | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.10 | 1.08 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 |
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.00 | 2.50 | 2.80 | 3.20 | 3.70 |
| 决明子副产物Cassia seed by-product | 2.00 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 |
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.18 | 12.18 | 12.18 | 12.18 | 12.18 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 20.39 | 20.96 | 20.10 | 20.76 | 20.47 |
| 钙Ca | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.95 |
| 总磷TP | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.66 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.48 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.47 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 1.20 | 1.20 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.19 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 10 000 IU,VD3 3 000 IU,VE 20 IU,VK3 2 mg,VB6 4 mg,VB10 0.6 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,硫胺素 thiamine 2 mg,核黄素 riboflavin 8 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 20 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 20 mg,叶酸 folic acid 1 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 10 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 80 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.2 g,I (as potassium iodide) 0.2 mg。表3同 the same as Table 3。 2)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷为实测值,其余均为计算值。表3同。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while the others were calculated values. The same as Table 3. |
表3 22~42日龄北京鸭饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 3 Composition and nutrient levels of diets for Pekin ducks from 22 to 42 days age (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 决明子副产物添加水平Cassia seed by-product supplemental levels/% | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | |||||||
| 原料Ingredients | |||||||||||
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 28.50 | 28.00 | 27.30 | 26.70 | 26.30 | ||||||
| 玉米Corn | 65.21 | 63.36 | 61.65 | 59.87 | 57.79 | ||||||
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.75 | 1.75 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.80 | ||||||
| 石粉Limestone | 1.10 | 1.05 | 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.95 | ||||||
| 预混料Premix | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||
| 食盐NaCl | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | ||||||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 2.00 | 2.40 | 2.80 | 3.20 | 3.70 | ||||||
| 决明子副产物Cassia seed by-product | 2.00 | 4.00 | 6.00 | 8.00 | |||||||
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.16 | ||||||
| L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.12 | ||||||
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||||||
| 营养水平Nutrient levels | |||||||||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 12.39 | 12.39 | 12.39 | 12.39 | 12.39 | ||||||
| 粗蛋白质CP | 18.08 | 18.11 | 18.05 | 18.04 | 18.08 | ||||||
| 钙Ca | 0.91 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | ||||||
| 总磷TP | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.69 | ||||||
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.44 | ||||||
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.93 | ||||||
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | ||||||
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.21 | ||||||
1.3 饲养管理
1.4 检测指标及方法
1.4.1 概略养分
1.4.2 生长性能
1.4.3 屠宰性能
42 日龄时,每个重复随机挑选接近平均体重的北京鸭2只,翅下采血后屠宰,采集胸肌、腿肌和腹脂并称重,计算胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率。
1.4.4 器官指数
1.4.5 血清生化指标
1.4.6 血清抗氧化指标
1.4.7 血清免疫指标
1.4.8 组织学特性检测
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 决明子副产物营养价值评价
2.2 决明子副产物对北京鸭生长性能的影响
表4 决明子副产物对北京鸭生长性能的影响Table 4 Effects of cassia seed by-product on growth performance of Pekin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 决明子副产物添加水平Cassia seed by-product supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | ||
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | ||||||
| 初始体重 IBW/g | 55.92 ±2.19 | 55.83 ±2.14 | 55.96 ±1.72 | 55.71 ±1.94 | 55.65 ±1.97 | 0.999 |
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 59.67 ±2.11Aa | 59.14 ±0.91Aa | 47.01 ±1.08Bb | 31.77 ±3.08Cc | 15.35 ±1.04Dd | <0.001 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 102.21 ±4.21Aa | 103.46 ±2.69Aa | 86.89 ±1.26Bb | 63.31 ±4.70Cc | 40.77 ±3.81Dd | <0.001 |
| 料重比 F/G | 1.71 ±0.03Cd | 1.75 ±0.05Ccd | 1.85 ±0.03BCc | 2.00 ±0.16Bb | 2.66 ±0.16Aa | <0.001 |
| 21日龄体重 BW at 21 days of age/g | 1 308.96 ±46.14Aa | 1 297.71 ±18.41Aa | 1 043.13 ±22.37Bb | 722.92 ±66.58Cc | 377.92 ±20.17Dd | <0.001 |
| 22~42日龄22 to 42 days of age | ||||||
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 78.51 ±1.95Bb | 79.21 ±2.37ABb | 83.29 ±2.38Aa | 76.37 ±2.97Bb | 58.15 ±3.10Cc | <0.001 |
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 255.66 ±0.51Aa | 254.84 ±0.74Aa | 241.51 ±32.08Aa | 183.12 ±7.27Bb | 128.60 ±3.37Cc | <0.001 |
| 料重比 F/G | 3.26 ±0.09Aa | 3.22 ±0.09Aa | 2.90 ±0.40Bb | 2.40 ±0.09Cc | 2.21 ±0.09Cc | <0.001 |
| 42日龄体重 BW at 42 days of age/g | 2 957.71 ±62.71Aa | 2 961.04 ±41.59Aa | 2 792.14 ±52.88Bb | 2 326.67 ±97.29Cc | 1 599.17 ±66.94Dd | <0.001 |
| 1~42日龄1 to 42 days of age | ||||||
| 平均日增重 ADG/g | 69.09 ±1.47Aa | 69.17 ±1.00Aa | 65.15 ±1.23Bb | 54.07 ±2.28Cc | 36.75 ±1.60Dd | <0.001 |
| 1~21日龄1 to 21 days of age | ||||||
| 平均日采食量 ADFI/g | 178.94 ±2.22Aa | 179.15 ±1.49Aa | 164.20 ±15.51Bb | 123.21 ±5.73Cc | 84.69 ±2.98Dd | <0.001 |
| 料重比 F/G | 2.59 ±0.05Aa | 2.59 ±0.04Aa | 2.52 ±0.26Aa | 2.28 ±0.07Bb | 2.31 ±0.08Bb | <0.001 |
同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 决明子副产物对北京鸭屠宰性能和器官指数的影响
表5 决明子副产物对北京鸭屠宰性能和器官指数的影响Table 5 Effects of cassia seed by-product on slaughter performance and organ indices of Pekin ducks % |
| 项目 Items | 决明子副产物添加水平Cassia seed by-product supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | ||||||||
| 屠宰性能Slaughter performance | ||||||||||||
| 胸肌率 Breast muscle percentage | 8.05±0.92Aa | 7.20±0.60ABab | 6.72±0.80ABbc | 5.82±4.45Bc | 3.07±0.41Cd | <0.001 | ||||||
| 腿肌率 Leg muscle percentage | 7.91±0.42Ccd | 7.55±0.92BCd | 8.93±1.32ABCbc | 9.20±0.33ABab | 10.22±0.61Aa | <0.001 | ||||||
| 腹脂率 Abdominal fat percentage | 1.54±0.29Aab | 1.87±0.44Aa | 1.93±0.37Aa | 1.39±0.40Ab | 0.63±0.29Bc | <0.001 | ||||||
| 器官指数Organ indices | ||||||||||||
| 肝脏指数Liver index | 1.78±0.15Bb | 1.93±0.19Bb | 1.98±0.17ABb | 2.02±0.26ABb | 2.54±0.23Aa | <0.001 | ||||||
| 脾脏指数Spleen index | 0.06±0.01 | 0.07±0.01 | 0.06±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.07±0.02 | 0.261 | ||||||
| 胰腺指数Pancreas index | 0.28±0.04Bb | 0.29±0.04Bb | 0.29±0.03Bb | 0.32±0.10Bb | 0.58±0.15Aa | <0.001 | ||||||
| 胸腺指数Thymus index | 0.40±0.08 | 0.37±0.15 | 0.38±0.08 | 0.38±0.11 | 0.31±0.07 | 0.738 | ||||||
| 法氏囊指数 Bursal of Fabricius index | 0.12±0.03 | 0.11±0.03 | 0.10±0.04 | 0.11±0.02 | 0.12±0.04 | 0.848 | ||||||
| 肌胃指数 Muscular stomach index | 2.14±0.19Bb | 2.30±0.37Bb | 2.18±0.38Bb | 2.64±0.56Bb | 4.05±0.93Aa | <0.001 | ||||||
| 盲肠指数 Cecum index | 0.32±0.06 | 0.25±0.12 | 0.28±0.11 | 0.27±0.14 | 0.34±0.11 | 0.611 | ||||||
| 十二指肠指数 Duodenum index | 0.39±0.04Bc | 0.42±0.06Bc | 0.46±0.15Bbc | 0.57±0.07Bb | 0.90±0.18Aa | <0.001 | ||||||
2.4 决明子副产物对北京鸭血清生化指标的影响
表6 决明子副产物对北京鸭血清生化指标的影响Table 6 Effects of cassia seed by-product on serum biochemical indices of Pekin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 决明子副产物添加水平Cassia seed by-product supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | ||||||||
| 葡萄糖 GLU/(mmol/L) | 10.04 ±0.79 | 9.45 ±1.11 | 10.03 ±1.07 | 10.94 ±0.66 | 10.91 ±1.06 | 0.053 | ||||||
| 总胆固醇 TC/(mmol/L) | 3.37 ±0.23Aa | 2.56 ±0.25Bb | 2.84 ±0.13ABb | 2.52 ±0.43Bb | 2.61 ±0.19Bb | 0.002 | ||||||
| 甘油三酯 TG/(mmol/L) | 0.52 ±0.08 | 0.50 ±0.15 | 0.39 ±0.06 | 0.44 ±0.06 | 0.43 ±0.07 | 0.108 | ||||||
| 谷丙转氨酶 ALT/(U/L) | 38.05 ±3.04Bb | 36.12 ±5.90Bb | 33.85 ±3.16Bb | 38.40 ±2.46Bb | 47.05 ±3.17Aa | <0.001 | ||||||
| 谷草转氨酶 AST/(U/L) | 77.57 ±6.06 | 77.45 ±11.10 | 78.28 ±8.06 | 79.78 ±7.59 | 79.77 ±5.26 | 0.971 | ||||||
| 磷 P/(mmol/L) | 1.65 ±0.13 | 1.67 ±0.21 | 1.62 ±0.15 | 1.68 ±0.10 | 1.62 ±0.12 | 0.933 | ||||||
| 钙 Ca/(mmol/L) | 2.91 ±0.23 | 2.81 ±0.22 | 2.84 ±0.12 | 2.88 ±0.36 | 2.82 ±0.17 | 0.943 | ||||||
| 尿素氮 UN/(mmol/L) | 0.50 ±0.06 | 0.55 ±0.10 | 0.50 ±0.09 | 0.48 ±0.08 | 0.51 ±0.08 | 0.618 | ||||||
| 肌酐 CREA(μmol/L) | 65.88 ±6.23 | 66.37 ±12.40 | 68.43 ±7.70 | 66.30 ±8.76 | 65.87 ±10.17 | 0.988 | ||||||
| 总胆红素 TBIL/(μmol/L) | 8.48 ±1.61Bb | 8.62 ±0.68Bb | 11.33 ±1.31Aa | 11.58 ±0.97Aa | 11.47 ±1.09Aa | <0.001 | ||||||
| 碱性磷酸酶 ALP/(U/L) | 1 570.27 ±326.55 | 1 620.40 ±319.74 | 1 630.45 ±358.33 | 1 663.23 ±239.30 | 1 707.01 ±230.59 | 0.950 | ||||||
2.5 决明子副产物对北京鸭血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响
表7 决明子副产物对北京鸭血清抗氧化和免疫指标的影响Table 7 Effects of cassia seed by-product on serum antioxidant and immune indices of Pekin ducks |
| 项目 Items | 决明子副产物添加水平Cassia seed by-product supplemental levels/% | P值 P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0(对照Control) | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | ||||||||
| 血清抗氧化指标Serum antioxidant indices | ||||||||||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(U/mL) | 17.59±5.26 | 20.56±4.96 | 21.04±4.64 | 20.67±2.66 | 20.38±3.71 | 0.656 | ||||||
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 565.66±99.26 | 557.95±97.53 | 553.81±187.37 | 562.77±54.87 | 581.59±57.63 | 0.994 | ||||||
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 99.56±6.22 | 102.58±5.54 | 105.92±8.20 | 98.36±10.02 | 95.16±6.27 | 0.154 | ||||||
| 丙二醛 MDA/(nmol/mL) | 3.31±0.77ab | 2.59±0.60b | 4.28±1.84a | 4.50±0.21a | 4.76±0.54a | 0.046 | ||||||
| 过氧化氢酶 CAT/(U/mL) | 9.50±0.96 | 9.21±0.72 | 9.27±0.63 | 9.57±0.66 | 9.13±1.02 | 0.857 | ||||||
| 一氧化氮 NO/(μmol/L) | 10.52±0.41 | 10.69±0.79 | 10.35±1.35 | 10.69±1.08 | 10.29±1.57 | 0.954 | ||||||
| 抑制羟自由基能力 Ability to inhibit hydroxyl radical/(U/mL) | 194.30±63.45 | 185.73±51.00 | 182.75±65.04 | 168.98±68.58 | 192.60±62.02 | 0.958 | ||||||
| 谷胱甘肽还原酶 GR/(U/L) | 7.07±0.60Bbc | 6.69±0.71Bc | 7.18±0.49Bbc | 7.70±0.57ABb | 8.69±0.15Aa | 0.001 | ||||||
| 血清免疫指标Serum immune indices | ||||||||||||
| 总蛋白TP/(g/L) | 51.42±6.82 | 50.75±4.38 | 53.12±6.60 | 51.35±5.70 | 53.47±5.91 | 0.911 | ||||||
| 白蛋白ALB/(g/L) | 22.62±1.29 | 21.95±1.49 | 23.17±1.46 | 23.53±1.66 | 23.98±0.93 | 0.132 | ||||||
| 球蛋白GLB/(g/L) | 28.80±6.04 | 28.80±4.24 | 29.95±6.82 | 27.82±5.22 | 29.48±5.71 | 0.973 | ||||||
| 免疫球蛋白M IgM/(g/L) | 0.88±0.05ab | 0.79±0.04b | 0.98±0.20a | 0.94±0.03a | 0.75±0.02b | 0.013 | ||||||
| 免疫球蛋白G IgG/(g/L) | 7.47±0.43 | 7.22±0.27 | 7.15±0.19 | 7.42±0.34 | 7.17±0.32 | 0.302 | ||||||
| 免疫球蛋白A IgA/(g/L) | 0.93±0.03b | 0.85±0.02b | 0.86±0.17b | 1.09±0.08a | 0.97±0.08ab | 0.012 | ||||||
| 补体3 C3/(g/L) | 0.93±0.05bc | 0.88±0.11c | 0.92±0.07bc | 1.18±0.28ab | 1.23±0.22a | 0.018 | ||||||
| 补体4 C4/(g/L) | 0.37±0.15 | 0.35±0.07 | 0.38±0.09 | 0.37±0.12 | 0.35±0.18 | 0.986 | ||||||
| 白细胞介素-2 IL-2/(pg/mL) | 69.20±1.41c | 67.68±3.32bc | 70.06±2.70abc | 72.09±0.61ab | 73.31±1.63a | 0.016 | ||||||
| 肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α/(pg/mL) | 55.69±4.05 | 56.95±4.19 | 55.31±5.14 | 54.21±5.76 | 56.93±3.02 | 0.812 | ||||||
2.6 决明子副产物对北京鸭组织学特性的影响
图1 北京鸭肝脏组织切片A:对照组;B:2%决明子副产物添加组;C:4%决明子副产物添加组;D:6%决明子副产物添加组;E:8%决明子副产物添加组。图2和图3同。 Fig.1 Liver tissue sections of Pekin ducks (400×) A: control group; B: 2% cassia by-product supplemental group; C: 4% cassia by-product supplemental group; D: 6% cassia by-product supplemental group; E: 8% cassia by-product supplemental group. The same as Fig.2 and Fig.3. |
图4 决明子副产物对北京鸭十二指肠发育的影响数据柱标注不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。 Fig.4 Effects of cassia seed by-product on duodenum development of Peking ducks Value columns with different small letters mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letters mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01), while with no letter or the same small letters mean no significant difference (P>0.05). |
