REVIEW

Biological Functions of Pectin and Its Application in Aquatic Animal Feed

  • MENG Xiaoxue ,
  • DENG Junming , *
Expand
  • College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
* professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-07-10

  Online published: 2025-01-10

Abstract

Pectin, as one of the important components of cell wall, is widely used in the food and medical industries due to its gelling and water-soluble characteristics and posing biological functions such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antioxidant and hypolipidemic. This article reviews the extraction methods, structure and properties, biological functions and applications of pectin in aquatic animal feed, aiming to provide a basis and reference for the application of pectin in healthy aquatic animal culture.

Cite this article

MENG Xiaoxue , DENG Junming . Biological Functions of Pectin and Its Application in Aquatic Animal Feed[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(1) : 48 -59 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.005

我国幅员辽阔,植物资源丰富。植物蛋白质源以其来源广泛、价格低廉等优势,广泛应用于水产动物饲料中。细胞壁是植物细胞区别于动物细胞的典型特征之一,由中胶层、初生壁和次生壁组成。果胶主要存在于植物细胞壁的初生壁和中胶层中,可以从果蔬加工副产品中获取[1]。作为一种酸性杂多糖,果胶的主链由α-1,4-糖苷键线性连接D-半乳糖醛酸残基组成,侧链通常由鼠李糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖和木糖等中性糖组成[2-4]。由于具有凝胶性和增稠性等特点,以及抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗氧化和降血脂等生物学功能,果胶被广泛应用于食品和医疗行业[5]。抗生素在防治养殖动物疾病方面发挥了重要作用,但会导致环境污染、耐药性及抗生素残留等问题。随着我国饲料“禁抗令”的实施,新型“替抗”产品的开发和应用成为研究热点。果胶具有成为水产饲料中新型“替抗”产品的开发应用潜力。因此,本文综述了果胶的提取方法、结构与性质、生物学功能及其在水产饲料中的应用效果,以期推动果胶在水产饲料中的应用。

1 果胶的提取方法

果胶最早在1790年由Vauquelin[6]在苹果渣中发现。果胶主要存在于植物的初级细胞壁和中胶层中,约占初级细胞壁的30%[1]。研究发现,根据植物来源、生长阶段和提取工艺的不同,所提取果胶的得率和性质有所差异[7]。常见的提取方法主要有酸提取法、碱提取法和酶提取法。其中,酸提取法和碱提取法通过破坏细胞壁促进果胶的释放,工艺简单且成本较低,但易造成环境污染和设备腐蚀[8]。酶提取法主要采用纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和复合酶等[9],提取效率高且环保,但酶使用往往会改变果胶的生理特性并降低凝胶强度。此外,超声辅助提取[10]、微波辅助提取[11]和高电压脉冲电场[12]等高效环保的提取技术也逐渐应用于果胶提取研究中。

2 果胶的结构

果胶的结构主要包括同型半乳糖醛酸(HG)、木糖半乳糖醛酸(XG)、芹糖半乳糖醛酸(AG)、鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸-Ⅰ(RG-Ⅰ)和鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸-Ⅱ(RG-Ⅱ)[3-4](图1)。其中,HG结构域约占果胶结构的65%,而RG-Ⅰ结构域占果胶结构的20%~35%[13]。HG结构域是由D-半乳糖醛酸通过α-1,4-糖苷键连接组成的多糖主链,伴有半乳糖、阿拉伯糖、木糖和甘露糖等中性糖组成的侧链[14]。研究表明,果胶的提取温度(100~140 ℃)与其侧链的中性糖含量在一定范围内正相关[15]。酯化度(degree of esterification,DE)指甲酯化的半乳糖醛酸含量占总半乳糖醛酸含量的比例。根据DE不同,果胶分为高酯果胶(DE≥50%)和低酯果胶(DE<50%)。酰胺化程度指乙酰化的半乳糖醛酸含量占总半乳糖醛酸含量的比例,一般不超过25%,通常在5%~25%。根据酰胺化程度,低酯果胶可分为普通低酯果胶和酰胺化低酯果胶[16]。研究表明,DE越高的果胶具有更小的流体动力学半径和高吸附动力学[17]
图1 果胶的结构示意图

HG:同型半乳糖醛酸 homogalacturonan;XG:木糖半乳糖醛酸 xylogalacturonan;AG:芹糖半乳糖醛酸 apiogalacturonan;RG-Ⅰ:鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸-Ⅰ rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅰ;RG-Ⅱ:鼠李糖半乳糖醛酸-Ⅱ rhamnogalacturonan-Ⅱ;D-galacturonic acid:D-半乳糖醛酸;D-xylose:D-木糖;D-apiose:D-芹糖;L-rhamnose:L-鼠李糖;L-fucose:L-岩藻糖;D-glucuronic acid:D-葡萄糖醛酸;L-galactose:L-半乳糖;L-aceric acid:L-苦味酸;D-galactose:D-半乳糖;L-arabinose:L-阿拉伯糖。

Fig.1 Schematic structure of pectin[3-4]

3 果胶的生物学功能

因具有凝胶性和增稠性,果胶目前常被用作果冻和糖果中的食品添加剂,并应用于软膏和胶囊等药物生产[18]。研究发现,果胶也具有调节免疫、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、调节肠道健康、调节糖和脂代谢等重要生物学功能[5]。然而,果胶的分子质量、DE、中性糖组成等结构差异均会导致生物学功能差异[19-21]

3.1 生长发育调控

养殖动物的生长性能和发育情况是评估养殖效果最直观的指标之一。研究表明,鲻鱼(Mugil liza)饲料中添加4%~12%柑橘果胶养殖60 d能够显著降低全鱼粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量,但对生长性能无显著影响[22]。克林雷氏鲶(Rhamdia quelen)饲料中添加0.5%~1.0%柑橘果胶养殖8周会降低全鱼粗蛋白质含量,增加肝体比,提高生长性能[23]。动物肠道组织的形态是反映肠道发育情况的重要指标。罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)饲料中添加0.25%~0.50%百香果果胶养殖42 d能提高肠道绒毛长度,抑制体脂沉积,但不影响生长性能[24]。克林雷氏鲶饲料中添加0.25%苹果果胶会增加肠道肌层厚度和杯状细胞数量,但不影响生长性能[25]。大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)饲料中添加15%果胶会阻碍肠道发育,致使肝脏纤维化,并抑制生长性能[26]。此外,在养殖水体中添加25~50 μg/mL螺旋藻果胶会促进斑马鱼(Danio rerio)胚胎早期孵化[27]

3.2 免疫调节

动物可以通过调节炎症细胞因子、黏蛋白和免疫球蛋白的表达维持机体内环境稳态[28]。饲料中添加5%苹果果胶能下调猪肠道促炎细胞因子[干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)、白细胞介素(IL)-6、IL-8、IL-12和IL-18)]的表达,上调肠道黏蛋白2的表达,并增加分泌型免疫球蛋白A(sIgA)含量[29]。果胶能通过上调紧密连接蛋白、黏蛋白和抗炎细胞因子的基因表达,改善肠道屏障功能,减轻脂多糖诱导的仔猪盲肠损伤[30]。苹果果胶能下调肥胖大鼠回肠中IL-6的表达,并上调抗炎细胞因子IL-10的表达,说明果胶具有抗炎作用[31]。此外,饲料中添加5%果胶能增加仔猪肠道中色氨酸代谢物(3-吲哚乙酸、3-吲哚丙酸、5-羟基吲哚-3-乙酸和色胺)含量,以激活芳香烃受体(AhR)途径,进而抑制炎症反应[32]。细胞凋亡是动物在正常生命过程中维持内环境稳态的程序性细胞死亡[33]。体内外试验表明,热处理向日葵果胶能诱导小鼠结肠癌细胞凋亡,并抑制其增殖[34]。人参果胶能显著抑制细胞增殖,激活半胱天冬蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)表达并诱导细胞凋亡[35]。半乳糖是组成果胶侧链的中性糖之一,在巨噬细胞吞噬作用中发挥关键作用[36]。巨噬细胞在先天免疫中起重要作用,能够吞噬和消化癌细胞、微生物和细胞碎片,保护宿主免受感染和伤害[37];果胶能增强RAW 264.7巨噬细胞的吞噬作用并促进凋亡细胞清除,维持胃肠道内环境稳态[38]

3.3 抗氧化调节

在动物正常生命活动代谢中,自由基产生和抗氧化系统清除自由基维持着氧化还原状态的动态平衡。动物体内的抗氧化系统由抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等)和非酶抗氧化物质(维生素、类胡萝卜素、微量元素等)组成[39]。当自由基产生超过抗氧化系统清除能力时,产生氧化应激。研究表明,柑橘果胶对过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导HepG2细胞氧化损伤具有明显保护作用[20],木枣果胶能增加RAW 264.7细胞的抗氧化活性[40]。羟基自由基(·OH)是具有高度氧化活性的自由基,过多积累会造成细胞损伤;半乳糖醛酸含量高的多糖具有更强的·OH清除活性[41]。核因子-红细胞2相关因子2(Nrf2)与抗氧化反应元件(ARE)结合成为Nrf2/ARE信号通路,保护细胞免受氧化应激损伤[42];高酯果胶可通过上调Nrf2基因表达提高大口黑鲈抗氧化能力[43]

3.4 肠道菌群调节

肠道微生物及其代谢产物不仅能调控机体健康,还在肠道和宿主之间起重要桥梁作用[44-45]。果胶能促进有益菌繁殖,由肠道微生物发酵产生有益产物[46]。其中,半乳糖醛酸、半乳糖、鼠李糖和阿拉伯糖是果胶供给肠道菌群的主要发酵底物[4],饲粮中添加柑橘果胶能增加猪后肠碳水化合物发酵能力[47]。短链脂肪酸(SCFA)是肠道微生物发酵产生的重要代谢物之一,主要由乙酸、丙酸和丁酸组成,是肠道细胞的重要能量来源[48]。高酯果胶、低酯果胶添加均显著增加大鼠肠道总厌氧菌和拟杆菌属数量,并增加肠道内容物和粪便中SCFA含量[49]。乙酸是肠道中含量最多的SCFA,维持肠道稳态,防止病原菌入侵;饲粮中添加10%苹果果胶增加了断奶仔猪肠道总SCFA和乙酸含量[50]。丁酸是肠道上皮细胞的主要供能SCFA,饲粮中添加11.8%苹果果胶增加了猪盲肠和大肠丁酸含量[51]。果胶对肠道微生物影响取决于果胶结构和分子质量。高酯果胶或低酯果胶均可增加肠道乙酸含量,但仅低酯果胶能增加肠道丁酸含量[20]。低酯果胶相较于高酯果胶在大鼠肠道中发酵速度更快,产生更多乳酸杆菌[52]。分子质量越低的果胶水溶性越高,发酵速度更快,可产生更多SCFA[4]。且分子质量低的果胶凝胶度更高,更易被肠道吸收利用[19],并能有效诱导胃肠道癌细胞凋亡[53]

3.5 其他生物学功能

糖尿病是一种以高血糖为标志的慢性疾病。研究表明,柑橘果胶通过调控磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)-丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶(Akt)信号通路改善Ⅱ型糖尿病大鼠对胰岛素的敏感性,起到抗糖尿病作用[54]。此外,果胶还具有降血脂和抗癌作用,且高酯果胶比低酯果胶具有更强的降胆固醇血症能力[55]。山楂果胶可缓解仓鼠高脂饮食引起的高胆固醇血症,改善肝脂累积,并促进粪胆汁酸排泄[56]。饲粮中添加1%香蕉皮果胶可抑制小鼠体内脂肪堆积,降低血液胆固醇含量[57]。回肠是猪进行胆汁酸重吸收的主要部位,果胶可通过上调顶端膜钠依赖性胆汁酸转运蛋白(ASBT)和多药耐药相关蛋白2(MRP2)基因表达促进胆汁酸转运[58]

4 果胶在水产饲料中的应用

实现养殖水产动物健康且高产是养殖户和科研人员的共同目标[59]。自2020年7月1日起,我国饲料行业进入全面“禁抗”新时代,寻求“替抗”解决方案成为当务之急。果胶作为细胞壁成分之一,具有一定益生潜力。研究表明,饲料中添加适量果胶能促进鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio,0.5%~2.0%)[60-61]、大口黑鲈(8%)[62]、虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss,0.5%~2.0%、4%~16%)[63-64]、罗非鱼(0.5%~2.0%、7.92%)[65-67]、克林雷氏鲶(0.5%~1.0%)[23]、凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei,0.3%)[68-69]、澳比杜斯螯虾(Cherax albidus,2.5%、5.0%)[70-71]和窄爪小龙虾(Postantacus leptodactylus,0.5%~1.0%)[72]的生长性能。同时,果胶也被用作澳比杜斯螯虾饲料黏合剂[70-71],从而提高饲料在水中的稳定性。此外,添加适量果胶能提高养殖水产动物的摄食率[64]、免疫力[27,60-61,63,65-66,68]、抗氧化能力[60-61,67]、抗病力[27,65-66,68-69,72],并改善消化吸收能力[63-64]和肠道健康[62]。然而,饲料中果胶添加量≥15%抑制黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[73-74]和大口黑鲈[26]的生长性能并诱导炎症反应。此外,饲料中添加果胶对鲻鱼(4%~12%)[22]、罗非鱼(0.25%~0.50%)[24]、克林雷氏鲶(0.25%~0.50%)[25]、斑马鱼(4%)[27]和中华绒螯蟹[75-77](Eriocheir sinensis,8%~12%)生长性能无显著影响。饲料中添加果胶对水产动物生长性能和健康的影响见表1。由此可见,果胶在水产饲料中的添加效果具有种间差异和明显的剂量依赖效应。养殖动物的生长阶段同样是影响果胶应用效果的重要因素之一。在斑马鱼成鱼饲料中添加4%螺旋藻果胶对其生长性能无显著影响,但提高了免疫力和抗病力;添加25~50 μg/mL螺旋藻果胶促进了斑马鱼胚胎早期孵化[27]
表1 饲料中添加果胶对水产动物生长性能和健康的影响

Table 1 Effects of dietary pectin on growth performance and health of aquatic animals

项目
Items
初始规格
Initial size/g
试验周期
Experiment
duration
果胶类型
Pectin type
添加量
Additive
amount/%
简要结果
Summary results
参考文献
References
黄颡鱼
Pelteobagrus fulvidraco
5.80±0.20 8周 高酯果胶 30 抑制生长和摄食,降血脂,损伤肝肠 [74]
9.65±0.08 8周 高酯果胶 1、5、15、30 1%~5%对生长性能无显著影响,15%以上抑制生长;
短期诱导胆汁淤积,长期诱导肝脂变性和纤维化
[73]
20.30±0.20 7 d 高酯果胶 30 抑制胆汁酸的重吸收 [78]
鲻鱼
Mugil liza
0.38±0.01 60 d 柑橘果胶 4、8、12 对生长性能和肠道菌群无显著影响,降低
全鱼粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量
[22]
鲤鱼
Cyprinus carpio
16.94±0.03 8周 柑橘果胶 0.5、1.0、2.0 促进生长,提高免疫和抗氧化力 [60]
19.94±0.03 8周 苹果果胶 0.5、1.0、2.0 促进生长,提高免疫和抗氧化力 [61]
大口黑鲈
Micropterus salmoides
6.00 56 d 高酯果胶、低酯果胶、
混合果胶(高酯果胶:
低酯果胶=1:1)
8 均改善肠道黏膜屏障、促进生长,高酯果胶效果最佳 [62]
35.00±2.00 56 d 果胶 15 抑制生长,诱导炎症反应,胆汁酸代谢失衡,
肝纤维化,阻碍肠发育
[26]
虹鳟
Oncorhynchus mykiss
3.56±0.01 30 d 苹果果胶 0.5、1.0、2.0 促进生长,提高免疫力,提高蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性 [63]
3.14±0.01 10周 果胶 4、8、16 促进生长、摄食和消化吸收 [64]
罗非鱼
Oreochromis niloticus
9.09±0.05 4周、8周 柑橘果胶 0.5、1.0、2.0 促进生长,提高免疫力,提高对无乳链球菌的抗病力 [65]
9.18±0.21 10周 果胶 7.92 促进生长,提高抗氧化力,不影响摄食和肠道消化酶 [67]
3.90±0.67 42 d 苹果果胶、
百香果果胶
0.25、0.50 不影响生长性能,0.25%百香果果胶抑制体脂沉积
并促进肠道发育,0.50%苹果果胶增加
肠胰蛋白酶活性和乙酸含量
[24]
5.92±0.08 4、8和12周 柑橘果胶 1 4~12周均促进生长并提高免疫力;12周提高对
无乳链球菌的抗病力
[66]
克林雷氏鲶
Rhamdia quelen
9.40±1.40 49 d 苹果果胶、
百香果果胶
0.25、0.50 均不影响生长性能,0.25%苹果果胶增加肠道
丁酸含量、肠肌层厚度和杯状细胞数量
[25]
7.16±0.06 8周 柑橘果胶 0.5、1.0 促进生长,降低全鱼粗蛋白质含量和肠道蛋白酶活性 [23]
斑马鱼
Danio rerio
0.255 6周 螺旋藻果胶 4 增强成鱼的免疫力和抗病力,对生长性能无显著影响 [27]
金目鲈
Lates calcarifer
397.7±68.9 7 d 果胶 20 降低消化率 [79]
凡纳滨对虾
Litopenaeus vannamei
1.03±0.002 56 d 可可豆壳果胶 0.1、0.3、0.6 0.3%果胶促进生长,0.3%~0.6%果胶提高
抗溶藻弧菌能力、免疫力和耐低温应激能力
[68]
0.67±0.90 56 d 可可豆壳果胶 0.5 提高抗溶藻弧菌能力和耐低温应激能力 [69]
澳比杜斯螯虾
Cherax albidus
1.00±0.50 12周 果胶 5 改善饲料水稳定性,作为能量来源提高生长性能 [70]
10.00±3.00 8周 果胶 2.5 提高生长性能和饲料水稳定性 [71]
窄爪小龙虾
Postantacus leptodactylus
8.07±0.10 18周 柑橘果胶 0.5、1.0 提高生长性能和抗嗜水气单胞菌能力 [72]
中华绒螯蟹
Eriocheir sinensis
5.90±0.40 8周 果胶 8 不影响生长性能;降血脂;不影响肠道形态;降低肠道
Ace、Chao和Shannon指数,升高肠道Simpson指数
[75,77]
42.00±5.10 2周 果胶 8 降低消化率 [75]
1.60±0.70 13周 水溶性果胶、
水不溶性果胶
12 对生长性能、体成分和消化酶活性影响不显著;水溶性果胶的
饲料系数较高,而蛋白质、脂肪和能量保留率低
[76]
果胶来源和结构差异是影响水产动物饲料中果胶添加效果的重要因素。研究表明,饲料中添加0.5%~2.0%柑橘果胶能促进罗非鱼幼鱼的生长性能、免疫力和抗病力[65-66];但添加0.25%~0.50%苹果果胶或百香果果胶对罗非鱼幼鱼生长性能无显著影响[24]。在同等条件下,分别在饲料中添加0.25%或0.5%苹果果胶与百香果果胶,发现0.25%百香果果胶显著抑制罗非鱼体脂沉积并促进肠道发育[24];0.25%苹果果胶促进克林雷氏鲶肠道发育并增加肠道丁酸含量[25],0.5%苹果果胶增加罗非鱼肠道消化酶活性和乙酸含量[24]。推测以上结果差异可能由果胶DE不同导致,但论文中未明确所提取果胶的DE[24-25]。本课题组前期研究表明,在大口黑鲈饲料中分别添加8%高酯果胶、低酯果胶和混合果胶(高酯果胶和低酯果胶等比例混合)均能提高其生长性能和肠道黏膜屏障功能,且高酯果胶效果最佳[62]。此外,在中华绒螯蟹幼蟹饲料中添加12%水溶性果胶比水不溶性果胶具有更高的饲料系数,以及更低的蛋白质、脂肪和能量保留率[76]
2022年,我国苹果种植面积约为200万hm2,产量超4 700万t[80];而柑橘种植面积约为303万hm2,产量超6 000万t[81]。苹果和柑橘的种植面积广且产量高,因而成为目前商业果胶的主要来源。根据果胶纯度和质量差异,每千克商业果胶价格在200~2 000元不等。天然果胶则广泛存在于各种植物细胞壁中,来源广泛但产业化程度较低。我国果胶资源丰富,然而利用率较低。对富含果胶的植物资源进行开发利用,能够优化资源利用效率,增加资源附加值。近年来,富含果胶的农副产品在鱼类生产中的应用效果也逐渐受到关注。本课题组研究表明,饲料中添加6%~9%柑橘渣尽管对生长性能无显著影响,但能改善肠道消化吸收功能和肠道黏膜屏障功能,促进肠道健康[82]。投喂含0.63%~0.68%橙皮粉的饲料有利于提高罗非鱼在热应激/溶解氧应激(32 ℃,2.3 mg/L溶解氧)条件下的抗氧化酶活性[83]。饲料中添加1%菠萝皮粉能提高罗非鱼生长性能、免疫力和抗病力[84];饲料中添加2.5%~5.0%柠檬皮粉能提高露斯塔野鲮(Labeo rohita)生长性能、免疫力和抗氧化能力[85];饲料中添加0.29%~0.55%橙皮粉可提高金鲷(Sparus aurata)生长性能和抗氧化能力,并抑制肠道中葡萄球菌属、弧菌属和沙门氏菌属增殖[86]。这些结果表明,富含果胶的农副产品同样具有调控水产动物生长性能和机体健康的效果,这为果蔬皮的高效利用提供了良好思路。研究表明,饲料中添加1.5%~3.0%柠檬皮粉对金鲷抗氧化能力无显著影响,但投喂含3.0%柠檬皮粉的饲料30 d后显著抑制金鲷生长性能[87]。这表明富含果胶的农副产品在水产动物饲料中高效安全利用的方法仍需进一步探究。

5 小结

果胶能够调控动物的生长性能和机体健康状况,具有广泛的开发利用价值和应用前景。然而,当前果胶相关研究主要集中在哺乳动物上,而在水产动物中的研究相对有限。目前,果胶在水产动物饲料中的研究取得了一定成果,但仍需进一步探讨以下问题:1)不同来源与结构类型果胶在水产饲料中的应用效果及其适宜剂量;2)不同生长阶段和不同种类的水产动物中,果胶应用效果的研究覆盖面尚不完全;3)果胶在水产动物生产中应用的研究多聚焦于生长性能和免疫力,而对肠道健康研究较少,且缺乏具体作用机制阐述;4)部分研究中未明确所用果胶的来源和DE;5)富含果胶的农副产品在水产饲料中应用的研究数据仍需进一步丰富。
[1]
HARHOLT J, SUTTANGKAKUL A, VIBE SCHELLER H.Biosynthesis of pectin[J]. Plant Physiology, 2010, 153(2):384-395.

DOI PMID

[2]
SINGHAL S, SWAMI HULLE N R. Citrus pectins:structural properties,extraction methods,modifications and applications in food systems—a review[J]. Applied Food Research, 2022, 2(2):100215.

[3]
ZDUNEK A, PIECZYWEK P M, CYBULSKA J T P, et al. And structures of higher levels of pectin polysaccharides[J]. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2021, 20(1):1101-1117.

[4]
ZHAO Y Y, BI J F, YI J Y, et al. Pectin and homogalacturonan with small molecular mass modulate microbial community and generate high SCFAs via in vitro gut fermentation[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021,269:118326.

[5]
MOSLEMI M. Reviewing the recent advances in application of pectin for technical and health promotion purposes:from laboratory to market[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021,254:117324.

[6]
VAUQUELIN M. Analyse du tamarin[J]. Annales de Chimie, 1790,5:92-106.

[7]
MUNARIN F, TANZI M C, PETRINI P. Advances in biomedical applications of pectin gels[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2012, 51(4):681-689.

DOI PMID

[8]
CHAN S Y, CHOO W S. Effect of extraction conditions on the yield and chemical properties of pectin from cocoa husks[J]. Food Chemistry, 2013, 141(4):3752-3758.

[9]
MARIĆ M, GRASSINO A N, ZHU Z Z, et al. An overview of the traditional and innovative approaches for pectin extraction from plant food wastes and by-products:ultrasound-,microwaves-,and enzyme-assisted extraction[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2018,76:28-37.

[10]
EZZATI S, AYASEH A, GHANBARZADEH B, et al. Pectin from sunflower by-product:optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction,characterization,and functional analysis[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020, 165(Pt A):776-786.

[11]
SPINEI M, OROIAN M. Microwave-assisted extraction of pectin from grape pomace[J]. Scientific Reports, 2022, 12(1):12722.

DOI PMID

[12]
DU Y Y, ZHANG S K, WATERHOUSE G I N, et al. High-intensity pulsed electric field-assisted acidic extraction of pectin from citrus peel:physicochemical characteristics and emulsifying properties[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2024, 146(Part B):109291.

[13]
MOHNEN D. Pectin structure and biosynthesis[J]. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 2008, 11(3):266-277.

DOI PMID

[14]
PARK S H, MIN B, KIM S A, et al. Pectin as an alternative feed additive and effects on microbiota[M]//BISWAS D,MICALLEF S A. Safety and practice for organic food. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc.,2019:305-319.

[15]
WANG X, CHEN Q R, X. Pectin extracted from apple pomace and citrus peel by subcritical water[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2014,38:129-137.

[16]
CHEN J, NIU X Q, DAI T T, et al. Amino acid-amidated pectin:preparation and characterization[J]. Food Chemistry, 2020,309:125768.

[17]
SCHMIDT U S, CHÜTZ L, SCHUCHMANN H P. Interfacial and emulsifying properties of citrus pectin: interaction of pH,ionic strength and degree of esterification[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2017,62:288-298.

[18]
梁婉玲. 高酯果胶的结构及功能特性研究[D]. 硕士学位论文. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2021.

LIANG W L. Study on structure and functional properties of high methoxyl pectin[D]. Master’s Thesis. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2021. (in Chinese)

[19]
CAO J, YANG J, YUE K T, et al. Preparation of modified citrus pectin (MCP) using an advanced oxidation process with hydroxyl radicals generated by UV-H2O2[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2020,102:105587.

[20]
HUANG W Q, FANG Q Y, FAN L L, et al. Pectin with various degrees of esterification differentially alters gut microbiota and metabolome of healthy adults[J]. eFood, 2022, 3(1/2):e5.

[21]
WANG M M, WANG F, LI G, et al. Antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities of pectin isolated from citrus canning processing water[J]. LWT, 2022,159:113203.

[22]
RAMOS L R V, MONSERRAT J M, ROMANO L A, et al. Effects of supplementing the diets of Mugil liza Valenciennes,1836 juveniles with citrus pectin[J]. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 2015, 31(2):362-369.

[23]
GOULART F R, DA SILVA L P, LOUREIRO B B, et al. Effects of dietary fibre concentrates on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities of jundiá (Rhamdia quelen)[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2017, 23(2):358-366.

[24]
MOMBACH P I, ADORIAN T J, PIANESSO D, et al. Pectic hydrolysates in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus):performance,nutritional composition,histological parameters,enzymatic activity,hepatic parameters and intestinal contents[J]. Aquaculture Research, 2021, 52(6):2662-2671.

[25]
MOMBACH P I, ADORIAN T J, PIANESSO D, et al. Pectic hydrolysates in the diet of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen):growth performance,blood and liver biochemistry,histological parameters and intestinal contents[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2019, 25(6):1378-1387.

[26]
NI Q, CAI C F, REN S J, et al. Pectin and soybean meal induce stronger inflammatory responses and dysregulation of bile acid (BA) homeostasis than cellulose and cottonseed meal,respectively,in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides),which might be attributed to their BA binding capacity[J]. Aquaculture Research, 2021, 52(7):2963-2979.

[27]
EDIRISINGHE S L, DANANJAYA S H S, NIKAPITIYA C, et al. Novel pectin isolated from Spirulina maxima enhances the disease resistance and immune responses in zebrafish against Edwardsiella piscicida and Aeromonas hydrophila[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2019,94:558-565.

[28]
王晓艳, 李宝山, 孙永智, 等. 植物蛋白源诱发鱼类肠炎及修复的研究进展[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2023, 43(6):37-46.

WANG X Y, LI B S, SUN Y Z, et al. Research progress of plant protein-induced enteritis of fish and its repair[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2023, 43(6):37-46. (in Chinese)

[29]
WU W D, ZHANG L, XIA B, et al. Modulation of pectin on mucosal innate immune function in pigs mediated by gut microbiota[J]. Microorganisms, 2020, 8(4):535.

[30]
DANG G Q, WANG W X, ZHONG R Q, et al. Pectin supplement alleviates gut injury potentially through improving gut microbiota community in piglets[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2022,13:1069694.

[31]
JIANG T T, GAO X J, WU C, et al. Apple-derived pectin modulates gut microbiota, improves gut barrier function, and attenuates metabolic endotoxemia in rats with diet-induced obesity[J]. Nutrients, 2016, 8(3):126.

DOI PMID

[32]
DANG G Q, WEN X B, ZHONG R Q, et al. Pectin modulates intestinal immunity in a pig model via regulating the gut microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolite-AhR-IL22 pathway[J]. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 2023, 14(1):38.

DOI PMID

[33]
陈建平, 钟赛意, 秦小明, 等. 负载姜黄素β-环糊精功能化纳米银诱导HepG2细胞凋亡机制[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2019, 39(1):78-83.

CHEN J P, ZHONG S Y, QIN X M, et al. Preliminary study on the molecular mechanism of cyclodextrin functional silver nanoparticles-loaded curcumin induced HepG2 cells apoptosis[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2019, 39(1):78-83. (in Chinese)

[34]
GUAN Y, ZHANG Z Y, YU X Y, et al. Components of heat-treated Helianthus annuus L. pectin inhibit tumor growth and promote immunity in a mouse CT26 tumor model[J]. Journal of Functional Foods, 2018,48:190-199.

[35]
CHENG H R, LI S S, FAN Y Y, et al. Comparative studies of the antiproliferative effects of ginseng polysaccharides on HT-29 human colon cancer cells[J]. Medical Oncology, 2011, 28(1):175-181.

DOI PMID

[36]
LI S S, YANG G, YAN J M, et al. Polysaccharide structure and immunological relationships of RG-Ⅰ pectin from the bee pollen of Nelumbo nucifera[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2018,111:660-666.

[37]
张才, 薛红莎, 李玉玉, 等. DHA对慢性应激诱导的抑郁行为及外周巨噬细胞功能的影响[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2016, 36(6):81-86.

ZHANG C, XUE H S, LI Y Y, et al. Effects of DHA on depression-like behaviors and the function of peripheral macrophage induced by chronic stress[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2016, 36(6):81-86. (in Chinese)

[38]
SONG C, HUANG F H, LIU L Y, et al. Characterization and prebiotic properties of pectin polysaccharide from Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels fruit[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2022,194:412-421.

[39]
吴远彩, 李日美, 申光荣, 等. 小肽对凡纳滨对虾生长、抗氧化能力、非特异性免疫及肠道菌群结构的影响[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2021, 41(5):1-9.

WU Y C, LI R M, SHEN G R, et al. Effects of dietary small peptides on growth, antioxidant capacity,nonspecific immunity and ingut microflora structure of Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2021, 41(5):1-9. (in Chinese)

[40]
ZHU Y L, HE Z X, BAO X Y, et al. Purification, in-depth structure analysis and antioxidant stress activity of a novel pectin-type polysaccharide from Ziziphus jujuba cv. Muzaoresidue[J]. Journal of Functional Foods, 2021,80:104439.

[41]
XIONG B Y, ZHANG W C, WU Z Y, et al. Preparation, characterization, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of acid-soluble pectin from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2021,181:824-834.

[42]
张媛媛, 宋理平, 郭辉, 等. 姜黄素对四氯化碳诱导鲤肝脏损伤的修复作用[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2020, 40(5):1-11.

ZHANG Y Y, SONG L P, GUO H, et al. Research of curcumin on recovery effect of liver injury in Cyprinus carpio induced by carbon tetrachloride[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2020, 40(5):1-11. (in Chinese)

[43]
LIU Y, ZHOU H, FAN J T, et al. Potential mechanisms of different methylation degrees of pectin driving intestinal microbiota and their metabolites to modulate intestinal health of Micropterus salmoides[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2023,251:126297.

[44]
罗君, 付伟杰, 杨二军, 等. 槲皮素对杂交石斑鱼生长性能、抗氧化能力和肠道菌群的影响[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2022, 42(4):13-22.

LUO J, FU W J, YANG E J, et al. Effects of quercetin on growth performance,antioxidant capacity and intestinal microflora of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀×Epinephelus polyphekadion♂)[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2022, 42(4):13-22. (in Chinese)

[45]
樊英, 麻丹萍, 李莉, 等. 植物乳杆菌对许氏平鲉生长、免疫功能、消化能力及肠道菌群结构的影响[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2024, 44(3):42-54.

FAN Y, MA D P, LI L, et al. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on growth,immunity,digestase activities and gut microbiota composition of Sebastes schlegelii[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2024, 44(3):42-54. (in Chinese)

[46]
CHUNG W S F, MEIJERINK M, ZEUNER B, et al. Prebiotic potential of pectin and pectic oligosaccharides to promote anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria in the human colon[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2017, 93(11):fix127.

[47]
ZHANG Y N, MU C L, LIU S, et al. Dietary citrus pectin drives more ileal microbial protein metabolism and stronger fecal carbohydrate fermentation over fructo-oligosaccharide in growing pigs[J]. Animal Nutrition, 2022,11:252-263.

[48]
刘宇, 丁倩雯, 冉超, 等. 鱼虾肠道菌群代谢产物短链脂肪酸研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2020, 36(2):58-64.

DOI

LIU Y, DING Q W, RAN C, et al. Research advances on short-chain fatty acids of metabolites of gut microbiota in aquatic animals[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2020, 36(2):58-64. (in Chinese)

DOI

[49]
DONGOWSKI G, LORENZ A, PROLL J. The degree of methylation influences the degradation of pectin in the intestinal tract of rats and in vitro[J]. The Journal of Nutrition, 2002, 132(7):1935-1944.

[50]
ZACHARIAS B, KERLER A, DROCHNER W. The influence of 5% and 10% dietary apple pectin on parameters of fermentation in faeces and caecal digesta of weaning pigs[J]. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 2004, 58(2):149-156.

PMID

[51]
LOW D Y, PLUSCHKE A M, FLANAGAN B, et al. Isolated pectin (apple) and fruit pulp (mango) impact gastric emptying,passage rate and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production differently along the pig gastrointestinal tract[J]. Food Hydrocolloids, 2021,118:106723.

[52]
TIAN L M, SCHOLTE J, BOREWICZ K, et al. Effects of pectin supplementation on the fermentation patterns of different structural carbohydrates in rats[J]. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2016, 60(10):2256-2266.

[53]
WANG S, LI P, LU S M, et al. Chemoprevention of low-molecular-weight citrus pectin (LCP) in gastrointestinal cancer cells[J]. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016, 12(6):746-756.

DOI PMID

[54]
LIU Y L, DONG M, YANG Z Y, et al. Anti-diabetic effect of citrus pectin in diabetic rats and potential mechanism via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2016,89:484-488.

[55]
JUDD P A, TRUSWELL A S. The hypocholesterolaemic effects of pectins in rats[J]. British Journal of Nutrition, 1985, 53(3):409-425.

PMID

[56]
ZHU R G, SUN Y D, LI T P, et al. Comparative effects of hawthorn (Crataegus pinnatifida Bunge) pectin and pectin hydrolyzates on the cholesterol homeostasis of hamsters fed high-cholesterol diets[J]. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 2015,238:42-47.

[57]
BAGABALDO P A A, ATIENZA L M, CASTILLO-ISRAEL K A T, et al. ‘Saba’ banana (Musa acuminata x balbisiana BBB group) peel pectin supplementation improves biomarkers of obesity and associated blood lipid disorders in obese hypercholesterolemic mice[J]. Current Research in Food Science, 2022,5:251-260.

[58]
FANG W, ZHANG L, MENG Q S, et al. Effects of dietary pectin on the profile and transport of intestinal bile acids in young pigs[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2018, 96(11):4743-4754.

DOI PMID

[59]
李鹏飞, 廖文钰, 黄琳, 等. 益生菌及其代谢产物在水产养殖中的应用及展望[J]. 广东海洋大学学报, 2024, 44(3):150-158.

LI P F, LIAO W Y, HUANG L, et al. Application status and prospects of probiotics and their metabolites in aquaculture[J]. Journal of Guangdong Ocean University, 2024, 44(3):150-158. (in Chinese)

[60]
HOSSEINI S M, HOSEINIFAR S H, MAZANDARANI M, et al. The potential benefits of orange peels derived pectin on serum and skin mucus immune parameters,antioxidant defence and growth performance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2020,103:17-22.

[61]
HOSEINIFAR S H, JAHAZI M A, MOHSENI R, et al. Dietary apple peel-derived pectin improved growth performance,antioxidant enzymes and immune response in common carp,Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus,1758)[J]. Aquaculture, 2021,535:736311.

[62]
LIU Y, ZHOU H, FAN J T, et al. Low methyl-esterified pectin induces abnormal hepatic lipid deposition in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides[J]. Aquaculture, 2023, 563(Part 1):738958.

[63]
HOSEINIFAR S H, RASHIDIAN G, GHAFARIFARSANI H, et al. Effects of apple (Malus pomila) pomace-derived pectin on the innate immune responses,expressions of key immune-related genes,growth performance,and digestive enzyme activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J]. Animals, 2021, 11(7):2117.

[64]
ZHOU H, LIU Y, MENG X X, et al. Effects of dietary pectin on the growth performance,intestinal barrier,and antioxidant status of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2024,36:102055.

[65]
DOAN H V, HOSEINIFAR S H, ELUMALAI P, et al. Effects of orange peels derived pectin on innate immune response,disease resistance and growth performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured under indoor biofloc system[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2018,80:56-62.

[66]
VAN DOAN H, HOSEINIFAR S H, NARABALLOBH W, et al. Dietary inclusion of orange peels derived pectin and Lactobacillus plantarum for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured under indoor biofloc systems[J]. Aquaculture, 2019,508:98-105.

[67]
JIANG W, ZHANG Y M, YUAN M Y, et al. Effects of different types of non-starch polysaccharides on growth,digestive enzyme activity,intestinal barrier function and antioxidant activity of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)[J]. Aquaculture Reports, 2022,25:101198.

[68]
KUO H W, CHANG C C, CHENG W. Pectin from dry cacao pod husk mediates growth performance,immune resistance responses and carbohydrate metabolism of Litopenaeus vannamei through dietary administration[J]. Aquaculture, 2022, 548(Part 1):737613.

[69]
KUO H W, CHANG C C, CHENG W. Synbiotic combination of prebiotic,cacao pod husk pectin and probiotic,Lactobacillus plantarum,improve the immunocompetence and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2021,118:333-342.

[70]
VOLPE M G, VARRICCHIO E, COCCIA E, et al. Manufacturing pellets with different binders: effect on water stability and feeding response in juvenile Cherax albidus[J]. Aquaculture, 2012,324-325:104-110.

[71]
VOLPE M G, MONETTA M, DI STASIO M, et al. Rheological behavior of polysaccharide based pellets for crayfish feeding tested on growth in the crayfish Cherax albidus[J]. Aquaculture, 2008, 274(2/4):339-346.

[72]
JASTANIAH S D S, HAFSAN H, TSENG C J, et al. Effects of dietary pectin and Lactobacillus salivarius ATCC 11741 on growth performance,immunocompetence,gut microbiota,antioxidant capacity,and disease resistance in narrow-clawed crayfish,Postantacus leptodactylus[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2022,2022:1861761.

[73]
CAI C F, REN S J, CUI G T, et al. Short-term stress due to dietary pectin induces cholestasis,and chronic stress induces hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in yellow catfish,Pelteobagrus fulvidraco[J]. Aquaculture, 2020,516:734607.

[74]
REN S J, CAI C F, CUI G T, et al. High dosages of pectin and cellulose cause different degrees of damage to the livers and intestines of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco[J]. Aquaculture, 2020,514:734445.

[75]
吴韬, 张振龙, 蔡春芳, 等. 果胶和木聚糖对中华绒螯蟹生长性能和消化生理的影响[J]. 动物营养学报, 2015, 27(7):2282-2291.

DOI

WU T, ZHANG Z L, CAI C F, et al. Effects of pectin and xylan on growth performance and digestive physiology of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2015, 27(7):2282-2291. (in Chinese)

[76]
吴韬, 朱健明, 李婷, 等. 不同水溶性的果胶和木聚糖对中华绒螯蟹生长及饲料利用性的影响[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2015, 24(6):862-868.

WU T, ZHU J M, LI T, et al. Effect of pectin and xylan with different solubility on growth and feed utilization of Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis[J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2015, 24(6):862-868. (in Chinese)

[77]
吴韬, 张振龙, 蔡春芳, 等. 果胶和木聚糖对中华绒螯蟹肠道菌群结构的影响[J]. 基因组学与应用生物学, 2015, 34(4):745-753.

WU T, ZHANG Z L, CAI C F, et al. The effect of pectin and xylan on intestinal microflora structure of Chinese mitten crab[J]. Genomics and Applied Biology, 2015, 34(4):745-753. (in Chinese)

[78]
CAO X M, REN S J, CAI C F, et al. Dietary pectin caused great changes in bile acid profiles of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco[J]. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021, 47(6):2015-2025.

[79]
IRVIN S, BLYTH D, BOURNE N, et al. A study of the discrete and interactive effects of different polysaccharides on the digestibility of diets fed to barramundi (Lates calcarifer)[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2016, 22(5):1047-1054.

[80]
丁燕, 汤晓宏, 林雪青, 等. 苹果中果胶及果胶酶活性和发酵方式对苹果酒中甲醇含量的影响[J/OL]. 食品与发酵工业:1-11.(2023-12-14)[2024-05-01].https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.037419.

DING Y, TANG X H, LIN X Q, et al. Influence of pectins and pectinase activities in apple and fermentation modes on the methanol content in cider[J]. Food and Fermentation Industries,:1-11.(2023-12-14)[2024-05-01].https://doi.org/10.13995/j.cnki.11-1802/ts.037419. (in Chinese)

[81]
商桑, 尹旭敏, 曾顺德, 等. 柑桔皮果胶提取工艺研究进展及果胶应用现状[J]. 中国南方果树, 2024, 53(4):204-209.

SHANG S, YIN X M, ZENG S D, et al. Research progress in extraction technology of pectin from citrus peel and the application status of pectin[J]. South China Fruits, 2024, 53(4):204-209. (in Chinese)

[82]
LONG W, LUO J J, OU H D, et al. Effects of dietary citrus pulp level on the growth and intestinal health of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2024, 104(5):2728-2743.

[83]
VICENTE I S T, FLEURI L F, CARVALHO P L P F, et al. Orange peel fragment improves antioxidant capacity and haematological profile of Nile tilapia subjected to heat/dissolved oxygen-induced stress[J]. Aquaculture Research, 2019, 50(1):80-92.

[84]
VAN DOAN H, HOSEINIFAR S H, HARIKRISHNAN R, et al. Impacts of pineapple peel powder on growth performance,innate immunity,disease resistance,and relative immune gene expression of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2021,114:311-319.

[85]
HARIKRISHNAN R, THAMIZHARASAN S, DEVI G, et al. Dried lemon peel enriched diet improves antioxidant activity,immune response and modulates immuno-antioxidant genes in Labeo rohita against Aeromonas sorbia[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2020,106:675-684.

[86]
SALEM M E S, ABDEL-GHANY H M, SALLAM A E, et al. Effects of dietary orange peel on growth performance,antioxidant activity,intestinal microbiota and liver histology of Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) larvae[J]. Aquaculture Nutrition, 2019,25:1087-1097.

[87]
GARCÍA BELTRÁN J M, ESPINOSA C, GUARDIOLA F A, et al. Dietary dehydrated lemon peel improves the immune but not the antioxidant status of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.)[J]. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 2017,64:426-436.

Outlines

/