1 材料与方法
1.1 试验原料
1.2 试验方法
1.2.1 羽毛前处理准备
1.2.2 单因素试验
1.2.2.1 菌酶组合方式的单因素试验
1.2.2.2 菌酶比例的单因素试验
1.2.2.3 发酵时间的单因素试验
1.2.2.4 接种量的单因素试验
1.2.2.5 加水量的单因素试验
1.2.3 正交设计优化发酵工艺
表1 正交试验设计因素及水平Table 1 Design factors and levels of orthogonal experiments |
| 因素Factors | 水平Levels | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 发酵时间Fermentation time/d | 9 | 11 | 13 |
| 接种量Inoculation amount/% | 4 | 6 | 8 |
| 菌酶比例Bacterial enzyme ratio | 1:1 | 2:1 | 1:2 |
| 加水量Water addition amount/% | 25 | 35 | 45 |
表2 正交表Table 2 Orthogonal table |
| 组别 Groups | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/d | 接种比例 Inoculation amount/% | 菌酶比例 Bacterial enzyme ratio | 加水量 Water addition amount/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 9 | 4 | 1:1 | 25 |
| 2 | 9 | 6 | 2:1 | 35 |
| 3 | 9 | 8 | 1:2 | 45 |
| 4 | 11 | 4 | 2:1 | 45 |
| 5 | 11 | 6 | 1:2 | 25 |
| 6 | 11 | 8 | 1:1 | 35 |
| 7 | 13 | 4 | 1:2 | 35 |
| 8 | 13 | 6 | 1:1 | 45 |
| 9 | 13 | 8 | 2:1 | 25 |
1.2.4 验证试验
1.2.5 测定指标
1.2.5.1 可溶性蛋白含量测定
1.2.5.2 体外消化率测定
1.3 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 不同菌酶组合方式对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响
表3 不同菌酶组合方式对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响Table 3 Effects of different bacterial enzyme combination methods on soluble protein content and in vitro digestibility of fermented feather powder % |
| 菌酶组合方式 Bacterial enzyme combination methods | 可溶性蛋白含量 Soluble protein content | 体外消化率 In vitro digestibility | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MJ-BH-EC | 14 | 37.00 | |||
| BT-CG-CE-MJ-BH-EC | 22 | 46.00 | |||
| CG-MJ-BH-EC | 26 | 49.00 | |||
| BT-MJ-BH-EC | 28 | 51.50 | |||
| CG-CE-MJ-BH-EC | 30 | 53.33 | |||
| BT-CG-BH-EC | 31 | 53.50 | |||
| CG-CE-BH-EC | 33 | 55.33 | |||
| CE-MJ-BH-EC | 33 | 56.33 | |||
| BT-CE-MJ-BH-EC | 33 | 56.67 | |||
| BT-CG-CE-BH-EC | 37 | 57.00 | |||
| BT-CG-MJ-BH-EC | 39 | 59.00 | |||
| CG-BH-EC | 41 | 59.67 | |||
| BT-CE-BH-EC | 43 | 60.33 | |||
| BT-BH-EC | 45 | 60.67 | |||
| CE-BH-EC | 49 | 62.00 |
EC:角蛋白降解酶 Keratin degrading enzyme; BT:蜡样芽孢杆菌菌株C9T2311 Bacillus cereus strain C9T2311; CG:肠球菌菌株4510K Enterococcus strain 4510K; CE:金黄色肠球菌菌株SRD15 Enterococcus aureus strain SRD15; BH:实验室筛选出的解淀粉芽孢杆菌 Bacillus amylolyticus screened in laboratory; MJ:枯草芽孢杆菌菌株BF14 Bacillus subtilis strain BF14。表4同 the same as Table 4。 |
表4 不同菌酶组合方式对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响Table 4 Effects of different bacterial enzyme combination methods on soluble protein content and in vitro digestibility of fermented feather powder % |
| 菌酶组合方式 Bacterial enzyme combination methods | BT-BH-EC | CE-BH-EC | BT-CE-BH-EC |
|---|---|---|---|
| 可溶性蛋白含量Soluble protein content | 44.7 | 48.2 | 46.0 |
| 体外消化率In vitro digestibility | 60.13 | 62.50 | 59.83 |
2.2 不同菌酶比例对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响
表5 不同菌酶比例对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响Table 5 Effects of different bacterial enzyme ratios on soluble protein content and in vitro digestibility of fermented feather powder % |
| 项目 Items | 菌酶比例Bacterial enzyme ratio | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4:1 | 2:1 | 1:1 | 1:2 | 1:4 | |
| 可溶性蛋白含量Soluble protein content | 40.6 | 41.9 | 42.7 | 44.1 | 41.5 |
| 体外消化率In vitro digestibility | 56.92 | 57.79 | 58.54 | 59.31 | 57.32 |
2.3 不同发酵时间对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响
表6 不同发酵时间对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响Table 6 Effects of different fermentation time on soluble protein content and in vitro digestibility of fermented feather powder % |
| 项目 Items | 发酵时间Fermentation time/d | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 14 | |
| 可溶性蛋白含量Soluble protein content | 11 | 26 | 41 | 44 | 47 | 48 | 47 |
| 体外消化率In vitro digestibility | 34.37 | 48.85 | 56.11 | 57.83 | 58.99 | 59.26 | 59.02 |
2.4 不同接种量对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响
表7 不同接种量对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响Table 7 Effects of different inoculation amount on soluble protein content and in vitro digestibility of fermented feather powder % |
| 项目 Items | 接种量Inoculation amount/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | |
| 可溶性蛋白含量Soluble protein content | 23 | 33 | 39 | 47 | 47 |
| 体外消化率In vitro digestibility | 32.37 | 40.16 | 47.52 | 56.96 | 57.89 |
2.5 不同加水量对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响
表8 不同加水量对发酵羽毛粉可溶性蛋白含量和体外消化率的影响Table 8 Effects of different water addition amount on soluble protein content and in vitro digestibility of fermented feather powder % |
| 项目 Items | 加水量Water addition amount/% | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10 | 15 | 25 | 35 | 45 | |
| 可溶性蛋白含量Soluble protein content | 42 | 51 | 53 | 52 | 43 |
| 体外消化率In vitro digestibility | 55.67 | 59.34 | 60.62 | 58.19 | 52.41 |
2.6 优化发酵工艺的正交试验结果
表9 正交试验设计方案及结果Table 9 Orthogonal experiment design scheme and results |
| 项目 Items | 因素Factors | 体外消化率 In vitro digestibility/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 菌酶比例 Bacterial enzyme ratio | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/d | 接种量 Inoculation amount/% | 加水量 Water addition amount/% | ||
| 试验号Test number | |||||
| 1 | 1:1 | 9 | 4 | 25 | 54.31 |
| 2 | 2:1 | 9 | 6 | 35 | 56.19 |
| 3 | 1:2 | 9 | 8 | 45 | 57.80 |
| 4 | 2:1 | 11 | 4 | 45 | 53.22 |
| 5 | 1:2 | 11 | 6 | 25 | 59.48 |
| 6 | 1:1 | 11 | 8 | 35 | 61.55 |
| 7 | 1:2 | 13 | 4 | 35 | 62.09 |
| 8 | 1:1 | 13 | 6 | 45 | 60.82 |
| 9 | 2:1 | 13 | 8 | 25 | 58.96 |
| 均值1 Mean 1 | 58.893 | 56.100 | 56.637 | 57.583 | |
| 均值2 Mean 2 | 56.123 | 58.083 | 58.830 | 60.040 | |
| 均值3 Mean 3 | 59.887 | 60.720 | 59.437 | 57.280 | |
| 极差Range | 3.764 | 4.62 | 2.80 | 2.76 | |
| 最优水平Optimal level | 1:2 | 13 | 8 | 35 | |
| 排序Sort | 发酵时间>菌酶比例>接种量=加水量 | ||||
表10 正交试验设计方案及结果Table 10 Orthogonal experiment design scheme and results |
| 项目 Items | 因素Factors | 可溶性蛋白含量 Soluble protein content/% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 菌酶比例 Bacterial enzyme ratio | 发酵时间 Fermentation time/d | 接种量 Inoculation amount/% | 加水量 Water addition amount/% | ||
| 试验号Test number | |||||
| 1 | 1:1 | 9 | 4 | 25 | 46.72 |
| 2 | 2:1 | 9 | 6 | 35 | 48.6 |
| 3 | 1:2 | 9 | 8 | 45 | 50.21 |
| 4 | 2:1 | 11 | 4 | 45 | 45.63 |
| 5 | 1:2 | 11 | 6 | 25 | 51.89 |
| 6 | 1:1 | 11 | 8 | 35 | 53.96 |
| 7 | 1:2 | 13 | 4 | 35 | 54.39 |
| 8 | 1:1 | 13 | 6 | 45 | 53.23 |
| 9 | 2:1 | 13 | 8 | 25 | 51.37 |
| 均值1 Mean 1 | 51.303 | 48.191 | 49.047 | 49.993 | |
| 均值2 Mean 2 | 48.417 | 50.493 | 51.240 | 52.297 | |
| 均值3 Mean 3 | 52.297 | 53.130 | 51.701 | 49.690 | |
| 极差Range | 3.880 | 4.939 | 2.654 | 2.607 | |
| 最优水平Optimal level | 1:2 | 13 | 8 | 35 | |
| 排序Sort | 发酵时间>菌酶比例>接种量=加水量 | ||||
2.7 羽毛粉发酵验证试验结果
表11 羽毛粉发酵结果Table 11 Fermentation results of feather powder % |
| 项目 Items | 体外消化率 In vitro digestibility | 可溶性蛋白含量 Soluble protein content |
|---|---|---|
| 羽毛粉发酵前Feather powder before fermentation | 61.37±0.43A | 32.47±0.41a |
| 羽毛粉发酵后Feather powder after fermentation | 76.31±1.24B | 48.93±1.13b |
同列数据肩标不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 | |
Different uppercase letters of the shoulder in the same column indicated significant differences (P<0.01), while different lowercase letters indicated significant differences (P<0.05). |
