1 材料与方法
1.1 伦理声明
1.2 试验时间与地点
1.3 试验材料
1.4 试验设计
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目Items | 含量Content |
|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | |
| 玉米黄贮Yellow corn silage | 57.31 |
| 小麦秸Wheat stalk | 7.18 |
| 压片玉米Pressed corn | 2.11 |
| 玉米Corn | 17.64 |
| 干酒糟及其可溶物DDGS | 2.28 |
| 豆粕Soybean meal | 2.28 |
| 双低菜籽粕Double low rapeseed meal | 1.71 |
| 玉米胚芽粕Corn germ meal | 2.05 |
| 膨化尿素Expanded urea | 0.37 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.14 |
| 中酸素Acidin | 0.57 |
| 氧化镁MgO | 0.14 |
| 碳酸氢钠NaHCO3 | 4.80 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.42 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | |
| 综合净能NEmf/(MJ/kg) | 6.32 |
| 干物质DM | 90.29 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 12.80 |
| 粗脂肪EE | 3.18 |
| 中性洗涤纤维NDF | 41.99 |
| 酸性洗涤纤维ADF | 24.08 |
| 钙Ca | 0.65 |
| 磷P | 0.39 |
1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 Premix provided the following per kilogram of the diet:VA 7 000~13 000 IU,VD3 10 000~13 000 IU,VE 1 100~1 900 IU,VB1 690 mg,烟酰胺 nicotinamide 750 mg,Cu 0.024 g,Mn 0.17 g,I 0.33 mg,Se 0.11 mg,Co 0.28 mg。 2)综合净能、钙和磷根据《肉牛饲养标准》(NY/T 815—2004)[15]计算,其余为实测值。NEmf, Ca and P were calculated according to the Beef Cattle Feeding Standards (NY/T 815—2004)[15], while the others were measured values. |
1.5 饲养管理
1.6 样品采集与指标测定
1.6.1 饲粮样品的测定
1.6.2 瘤胃发酵参数的测定
1.6.3 瘤胃微生物的测定
1.7 数据统计与分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响
表2 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃发酵参数的影响Table 2 Influences of marigold flavonoids on rumen fermentation parameters of Simmental fattening cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M0 | M3 | M6 | M9 | ||
| pH | 6.91±0.15 | 6.70±0.20 | 6.73±0.30 | 6.89±0.03 | 0.27 |
| 氨态氮NH3-N/(mg/dL) | 13.09±0.61 | 13.34±0.35 | 12.83±0.15 | 12.96±0.68 | 0.36 |
| 乙酸Acetate/(mmol/L) | 65.35±5.08 | 66.49±2.88 | 67.25±3.22 | 66.15±3.10 | 0.85 |
| 丙酸Propionate/(mmol/L) | 16.81±1.09b | 17.93±1.12ab | 19.12±1.04a | 17.51±1.80ab | 0.04 |
| 丁酸Butyrate/(mmol/L) | 12.77±0.98 | 12.28±1.24 | 12.59±1.35 | 12.77±1.14 | 0.91 |
| 戊酸Pentanoate/(mmol/L) | 1.21±0.07 | 1.36±0.08 | 1.34±0.15 | 1.23±0.20 | 0.24 |
| 异丁酸Isobutyrate/(mmol/L) | 0.87±0.07 | 0.81±0.07 | 0.78±0.04 | 0.85±0.07 | 0.11 |
| 异戊酸Isovalerate/(mmol/L) | 1.81±0.12 | 1.91±0.09 | 1.84±0.07 | 1.77±0.11 | 0.21 |
| 总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA/(mmol/L) | 98.82±2.48b | 100.29±2.00ab | 102.92±2.17a | 100.27±1.83ab | 0.03 |
| 乙酸/丙酸A/P | 3.89±0.16 | 3.71±0.16 | 3.52±0.11 | 3.81±0.37 | 0.07 |
同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P≤0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P≤0.05). The same as below. |
2.2 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物区系的影响
2.2.1 瘤胃微生物稀释曲线
2.2.2 瘤胃微生物操作分类单元(OTU)分析
2.2.3 瘤胃微生物主坐标分析(PCoA)
2.2.4 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物Alpha多样性的影响
表3 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物Alpha多样性的影响Table 3 Influences of marigold flavonoids on rumen microorganism Alpha diversity of Simmental fattening cattle |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M0 | M3 | M6 | M9 | ||
| Chao1指数Chao1 index | 4 171.55±199.00 | 4 043.84±549.16 | 3 634.89±430.92 | 3 802.40±368.92 | 0.18 |
| Observed_species指数 Observed_species index | 4 079.04±226.38 | 3 989.23±534.73 | 3 520.10±446.42 | 3 717.50±373.00 | 0.15 |
| Shannon指数Shannon index | 10.22±0.35 | 10.23±0.39 | 9.64±0.47 | 10.00±0.44 | 0.14 |
| Simpson指数Simpson index | 1.00±0.00a | 1.00±0.00a | 0.99±0.00b | 1.00±0.00a | 0.05 |
2.2.5 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物门水平相对丰度的影响
表4 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物门水平相对丰度的影响(前10)Table 4 Influences of marigold flavonoids on rumen microorganism relative abundance at phylum level of Simmental fattening cattle (top 10) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M0 | M3 | M6 | M9 | ||
| 拟杆菌门Bacteroidetes | 57.71±3.38 | 53.35±5.17 | 55.62±6.60 | 56.51±2.67 | 0.46 |
| 厚壁菌门Firmicutes | 32.75±4.22 | 35.69±5.10 | 33.85±7.87 | 32.43±3.06 | 0.74 |
| 变形菌门Proteobacteria | 2.02±1.12 | 1.63±1.21 | 2.25±0.91 | 1.79±1.36 | 0.87 |
| 软壁菌门Tenericutes | 1.33±0.53 | 1.88±0.68 | 1.45±0.51 | 1.82±0.50 | 0.34 |
| 螺旋菌门Spirochaetes | 1.33±0.54 | 1.88±0.59 | 1.42±0.73 | 1.77±0.58 | 0.42 |
| 放线菌门Actinobacteria | 0.71±0.44 | 1.26±0.17 | 1.88±1.05 | 1.06±0.90 | 0.28 |
| TM7 | 1.00±0.49 | 1.14±0.45 | 0.85±0.36 | 1.21±0.52 | 0.68 |
| 纤维杆菌门Fibrobacteres | 0.92±0.47 | 0.57±0.10 | 0.65±0.34 | 0.57±0.20 | 0.24 |
| 疣微菌门Verrucomicrobia | 0.73±0.36 | 0.68±0.19 | 0.53±0.14 | 0.61±0.33 | 0.73 |
| SR1 | 0.19±0.16 | 0.25±0.07 | 0.23±0.18 | 0.22±0.13 | 0.90 |
2.2.6 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物科水平相对丰度的影响
表5 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物科水平相对丰度的影响(前10)Table 5 Influences of marigold flavonoids on rumen microorganism relative abundance at family level of Simmental fattening cattle (top 10) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M0 | M3 | M6 | M9 | ||||||||
| 普雷沃氏菌科Prevotellaceae | 20.11±3.45ab | 17.19±2.24b | 22.46±3.86a | 20.42±2.05ab | 0.05 | ||||||
| 瘤胃球菌科Ruminococcaceae | 10.80±2.73 | 10.78±2.08 | 9.92±3.78 | 9.82±3.31 | 0.92 | ||||||
| 韦荣氏菌科Veillonellaceae | 7.70±3.62 | 9.08±2.58 | 8.55±2.04 | 7.16±2.45 | 0.67 | ||||||
| BS11 | 5.74±3.09 | 6.13±2.95 | 4.08±2.44 | 6.57±3.79 | 0.61 | ||||||
| RF16 | 4.67±2.79 | 5.17±2.39 | 5.59±1.47 | 5.01±2.99 | 0.95 | ||||||
| S24-7 | 5.41±2.45 | 4.47±1.53 | 5.03±1.86 | 4.71±1.74 | 0.87 | ||||||
| 毛螺菌科Lachnospiraceae | 3.87±1.29 | 4.38±1.25 | 4.58±1.27 | 4.27±1.40 | 0.83 | ||||||
| 副萼苔科Paraprevotellaceae | 3.29±0.69 | 3.53±0.49 | 2.98±0.36 | 3.17±0.87 | 0.61 | ||||||
| 丹毒丝菌科Erysipelotrichaceae | 3.42±1.74 | 3.02±1.53 | 3.41±2.53 | 2.62±1.27 | 0.85 | ||||||
| 琥珀酸弧菌科Succinivibrionaceae | 0.95±0.67 | 0.90±0.59 | 2.07±1.49 | 2.68±1.77 | 0.07 | ||||||
2.2.7 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物属水平的影响
表6 万寿菊黄酮对西门塔尔育肥牛瘤胃微生物属水平相对丰度的影响(前10)Table 6 Influences of marigold flavonoids on rumen microorganism relative abundance at genus level of Simmental fattening cattle (top 10) % |
| 项目 Items | 组别Groups | P值 P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M0 | M3 | M6 | M9 | ||
| 普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella | 20.09±2.85ab | 18.00±1.83b | 23.32±2.56a | 20.28±2.88ab | 0.04 |
| 解琥珀酸菌属Succiniclasticum | 6.48±1.63b | 8.10±1.51ab | 9.09±1.57a | 6.37±1.92b | 0.05 |
| 瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus | 2.86±0.79 | 4.52±2.13 | 5.29±3.31 | 3.09±0.74 | 0.34 |
| 夏普氏菌属Sharpea | 0.74±0.64 | 1.54±1.07 | 2.37±1.76 | 1.07±1.04 | 0.18 |
| YRC22 | 1.53±0.39 | 1.83±0.49 | 1.33±0.24 | 1.52±0.62 | 0.43 |
| RFN20 | 1.39±0.40 | 1.23±0.26 | 1.22±0.71 | 1.28±0.39 | 0.93 |
| 密螺旋体属Treponema | 0.94±0.50 | 1.15±0.18 | 1.04±0.60 | 1.25±0.58 | 0.76 |
| 双歧杆菌属Bifidobacterium | 0.24±0.17b | 0.85±0.68ab | 1.16±0.80a | 0.19±0.10b | 0.02 |
| 梭菌科-梭菌属 Clostridiaceae_Clostridium | 1.15±0.41 | 1.03±0.22 | 0.85±0.25 | 0.98±0.22 | 0.43 |
| CF231 | 0.93±0.19 | 0.77±0.13 | 0.70±0.25 | 0.71±0.12 | 0.16 |
2.2.8 瘤胃微生物属水平相对丰度与瘤胃发酵参数的相关性分析
图4 瘤胃微生物属水平相对丰度与瘤胃发酵参数的相关性分析Prevotella:普雷沃氏菌属;Succiniclasticum:解琥珀酸菌属;Ruminococcus:瘤胃球菌属;Succinivibrio:琥珀酸弧菌属;Bifidobacterium:双歧杆菌属;NH3-N:氨态氮 ammonia nitrogen;Acetate:乙酸;Propionate:丙酸;Butyrate:丁酸;Pentanoate:戊酸;Isobutyrate:异丁酸;Isovalerate:异戊酸;TVFA:总挥发性脂肪酸 total volatile fatty acid;A/P:乙酸/丙酸 acetate/propionate。 图中图例展示相关性系数值,红色代表两者为正相关,蓝色则代表负相关;*表示显著相关(P<0.05),**表示极显著相关(P<0.01)。The legend in the figure displayed the values of correlation coefficients, where red signified positive correlation and blue signified negative correlation; * indicated significant correlation (P<0.05), ** indicated extremely significant correlation (P<0.01). Fig.4 Correlation analysis between rumen microorganism relative abundance at genus level and rumen fermentation parameters |
