REVIEW

Research Progress on Application of Curcumin in Fish Culture

  • LUO Shiyi ,
  • HUANG Xiaohong ,
  • YAN Meijiao , *
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  • College of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
*associate professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-07-24

  Online published: 2025-02-16

Abstract

Plant-derived active ingredients as feed additives have become a research focus in the aquaculture industry under the background of “anti-antibiotics” in feed. As a plant-derived polyphenolic compound, curcumin has a variety of physiological functions such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, antibacterial. It is a new kind of green fish feed additive which is worth developing. This paper summarized the research progress on the physicochemical properties and its effects on fish production traits, antioxidation, lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora, so as to provide reference for the application of curcumin as a new feed additive and antibiotic substitute in fish culture and promote the sustainable development of aquaculture industry.

Cite this article

LUO Shiyi , HUANG Xiaohong , YAN Meijiao . Research Progress on Application of Curcumin in Fish Culture[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(2) : 794 -803 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.069

为减少抗生素的滥用,自2020年7月起,我国已全面实现饲料端“禁抗”[1]。为此,寻找抗生素替代品,开发安全、无副作用、无残留的新型饲料添加剂已成为必然趋势,而植物源活性成分作为鱼类饲料添加剂的应用潜力已日渐凸显。姜黄(Curcuma longa L.)别名毛黄姜、郁金,为姜科姜黄属多年生草本植物,是我国传统药食同源植物[2],在全球广泛分布于热带和亚热带地区,在我国主要种植于四川、福建、广东、广西等地[3]。姜黄素(curcumin)是从姜黄根茎中提取得到的一种多酚类物质,也是姜黄中主要的活性物质。目前传统的植物活性成分提取方法有酶法、微波提取法、超临界二氧化碳萃取法、溶剂提取法、超声提取法等,其中微波提取法和溶剂提取法是目前生产中应用较为广泛的提取方法[4]。然而,由于姜黄素的提取率较低,目前姜黄素的生产成本还较高。姜黄素具有抗菌、抗炎和抗氧化等多种生理功能[5-7],现已被广泛应用于医药、食品、化妆品和饲料行业[8]。本文就姜黄素的理化性质及其对鱼类生长、抗氧化、抗炎、脂代谢和肠道菌群的影响进行阐述,以期为姜黄素作为新型功能型饲料添加剂在水产养殖行业中应用与推广提供理论基础。

1 姜黄素的理化性质

姜黄素是一种由姜黄根茎中提取的相对分子质量小的多酚类物质,在大多数姜黄制剂中的含量为2%~8%,是姜黄提取物中最主要的活性成分[9-10]。姜黄素呈橙黄色粉末状结晶,具有特殊的芳香味,不溶于水和乙醚,易溶于脂类物质和有机溶剂(如二硝基亚砜和乙醇等),熔点在183 ℃,副作用小,吸光度的最适波长为415~420 nm,在高温或强光下易分解为醛类或烷类物质[11-12]。目前,已经分离到的姜黄素类化合物可达40多种[13],主要为姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素(demethoxycurcumin)以及双去甲氧基姜黄素(bisdemethoxy-curcumin)(图1),其中姜黄素为主要活性成分且含量最高[14]
图1 主要姜黄素类化合物分子式

姜黄素 curcumin:R1=R2=CH3O;去甲氧基姜黄素 demethoxycurcumin:R1=H,R2=CH3O;双去甲氧基姜黄素 bisdemethoxy-curcumin:R1=R2=H。

Fig.1 Molecular formula of main curcumin compounds

2 姜黄素对鱼类生产性状的影响

2.1 生长性能

已有的一些研究表明,姜黄素具有提高鱼类体重、生长速率和饲料利用率的作用。在饲料中添加2~3 g/kg姜黄提取物可显著增加金鱼(Carassius auratus)的粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量,从而提高其生长速率[15]。曾延清[16]研究发现,在含豆粕饲料中添加姜黄素能提高黄姑鱼(Nibea albiflora)的生长性能和饲料利用率,且对豆粕造成的肠道结构损伤具有良好的改善效果。Akdemir等[17]证明,饲料中添加200 mg/kg姜黄素能促进高放养密度下虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)的饲料摄入和体重增加。此外,在饲料中添加姜黄素能提高草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[18]、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)[19]、鲫(Carassius auratus)[20]和大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)[21]的生长性能。鱼类的食性对姜黄素添加量有一定影响[22-23],草食性鱼类饲料中添加量最小,杂食性次之,肉食性最多,这可能是由于草食性鱼类的肠体比相对较大且其肠管较窄[24],从而导致姜黄素在草食性鱼类肠道中停留时间更长、积累更多。有研究发现,姜黄素能通过增加消化酶、碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,AKP)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶(gamma-glutamyltransferase,γ-GT)和钠离子/钾离子-ATP酶(Na+/K+-ATPase)等酶类的活性,进而提高草鱼肠道的消化和吸收能力,并通过上调氨基酸转运蛋白的表达水平来提高肠道中游离氨基酸和小分子肽的运输能力,以此来提高其生长性能[25]

2.2 肉品质

姜黄素可以降低鱼类肌肉脂肪含量、提高蛋白质含量并改善硬度、咀嚼性、嫩度及肌纤维密度。研究表明,姜黄素可以通过改变机体能量代谢系统,促进鱼体蛋白质的积累,减少鱼体脂肪的沉积[26-27]。饲料中添加300 mg/kg姜黄素能提高尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)肌肉游离氨基酸和鱼体粗蛋白质含量,有效促进蛋白质的积累[28]。Wojno等[29]研究发现,饲料中添加姜黄素能增加鲤肌肉中谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、丙氨酸等多种游离氨基酸的含量,提高鱼肉鲜度。在大黄鱼的研究中发现,姜黄素能够减少鱼体和肝脏脂质沉积,促进肌肉中不饱和脂肪酸的合成[21]。除营养成分外,肉的质地和结构特性如硬度、黏附性、咀嚼性以及肌纤维密度等也是评价水产品品质的重要指标[30]。在含3%氧化鱼油的饲料中添加0.08%姜黄素可显著增加黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)肌肉的硬度,降低弹性、黏结性和咀嚼性[31]。Li等[28]认为,姜黄素通过增加肌纤维密度、降低肌纤维直径和减小肌纤维间距离来增加尼罗罗非鱼肌肉的硬度和咀嚼性。肉品质的好坏在很大程度上与机体的氧化水平相关,氧化反应不仅使肉的营养价值降低,还会使肉的肌理、颜色、气味发生变化,影响消费者的消费欲望。当机体脂质过氧化产物含量增多时,促使氧合肌红蛋白(oxymyoglobin,MbO2)快速转化为高铁肌红蛋白(metmyoglobin,MetMb),使肉色由鲜红色变成深褐色,最终导致肌肉氧化变质[32]。研究表明,肌肉持水性与丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量呈负相关[33],纳米姜黄素可通过降低大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides)肌肉中MDA含量来提高持水性,使肌肉嫩度更高[34]。然而,有关姜黄素对鱼类肉品质影响的研究十分有限,其对肉品质产生影响的机制还需进一步研究。

2.3 抗病力

鱼类的生长性能与其抗病力密切相关,随着水产养殖集约化的发展,水产养殖密度增加,导致水生动物患病风险增加。目前,姜黄素已被证实对多种细菌、真菌及病毒具有较强的抑制作用。姜黄素可以通过引起细菌发生膜去极化来破坏细菌的细胞膜结构,增加细胞膜的通透性,从而达到杀菌效果[35]。同时,姜黄素还能显著抑制黄曲霉的生长,且抑制生长率达21.4%,能降低46.9%黄曲霉毒素B1的产生[36]。大量研究表明,姜黄素作为一种毒副作用小且无残留的饲料添加剂具有良好的替抗潜力。饲料中添加15 g/kg姜黄素8周后的鲤在感染嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)后其相对存活率高达69.70%,而对照组仅为8.34%[19]。饲料中添加0.2%的姜黄素能显著提高虹鳟在感染杀鲑气单胞菌(Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. Achromogenes)14 d后的存活率[23]。姜黄素能提高草鱼血清中溶菌酶(lysozyme,LZ)、酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase,ACP)活性以及补体3(complement 3,C3)、补体4(complement 4,C4)的含量,增强草鱼对嗜水气单胞菌的免疫力,从而提高存活率[18]。对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)的研究表明,姜黄素通过阻断丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号通路来减少新加坡石斑鱼虹彩病毒(Singapore grouper iridovirus,SGIV)诱导的细胞凋亡[37]。此外,最近的研究发现,相比单一的姜黄素,姜黄素复合物可能具有更好的抑菌效果。200 μg/mL缬氨酸-姜黄素复合物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、嗜水气单胞菌、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)的抑制率接近100%[38]。由此可见,姜黄素及其复合物能显著提高鱼类的免疫力和抗病力,促进鱼体健康生长。

3 姜黄素对鱼类抗氧化能力的影响

氧化应激是指机体内活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)的过量产生导致氧化还原系统失衡,产生大量的氧化中间产物,破坏细胞组织结构,造成机体氧化损伤[39]。姜黄素的酚羟基结构具有清除自由基的能力,同时链中心CH2基团中的氢原子转移使其自身也可获得更加稳定的结构,是其具备抗氧化能力的原因[40]。已有研究表明,姜黄素是核因子E2相关因子2(nuclear factor E2-related factor 2,Nrf2)-Kelch样ECH关联蛋白1(Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1,Keap1)信号通路的一个重要诱导剂,可激活谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶催化亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit,GCLC)和谷氨酸半胱氨酸连接酶修饰亚基(glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit,GCLM)等多个下游抗应激基因的表达,从而促进谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的合成和相关抗氧化酶的表达,通过线粒体定位发挥抗氧化作用[41]。姜黄素通过提高Nrf2的蛋白表达水平,促进Nrf2向细胞核的迁移,来调控血红素加氧酶-1(heme oxygenase-1,HO-1)的表达,消除ROS,降低氧化应激对细胞的损伤,减少凋亡,提高细胞存活率[42]。此外,姜黄素能通过迈克尔受体修饰Keap1上的半胱氨酸巯基,使Nrf2表达稳定化[43]。在水产养殖领域,由于养殖环境变化、饲料污染或霉变、病原菌的侵袭等因素常使鱼类发生氧化应激,目前已有的研究显示姜黄素能缓解鱼类产生的氧化应激。例如,饲料中添加姜黄素能降低杂交鲟(Acipenser baeri ×Acipenser schrenckii ♀)幼鱼血清MDA含量,提高血清和肝脏和过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性,从而提高其抗氧化能力[44];饲料中添加姜黄素脂质体能降低尼罗罗非鱼肌肉中ROS和过氧化氢(H2O2)的含量,提高抗氧化酶的活性及基因的表达,增强机体抗氧化能力,并能延长鱼肉的贮藏时间[45];Zhou等[46]研究表明,高碳水化合物饲料中添加姜黄素能显著提高卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)肝脏中Nrf2、CAT和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPx)的表达并降低Keap1的表达,由此减轻高碳水化合物饲料引起的氧化损伤;此外,注射320 μmol/L姜黄素7 d后能显著降低草金鱼(Carassius auratus red var)肝胰腺中MDA的含量,并提高CAT、总超氧化物歧化酶(total superoxide dismutase,T-SOD)的活性[47]

4 姜黄素对鱼类脂质代谢的影响

近年来,全球鱼粉价格持续上涨,导致养殖成本增加,高脂饲料因具有降低成本、节省蛋白质和提高经济效益等作用正逐渐被应用于水产养殖中[48-51],但这可能导致鱼类肝脏的脂质异常沉积,从而引起肝细胞病变和机体健康[52-53]。在动物脂质代谢过程中,肝脏与体内脂质代谢密切相关,其在脂质消化、吸收、合成、分解与运输中均具有重要作用[54]。研究表明,姜黄素能显著抑制3T3-L1前体脂肪细胞释放单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(monocyte chemotactic protein-1,MCP-1),通过抑制脂肪组织中的巨噬细胞积累和部分炎症因子[肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、MCP-1]的表达来抑制肥胖诱导的炎症反应[55],同时可以减轻肝细胞脂肪蓄积和变性以及肝脏炎性细胞浸润等,防止肝脏发生脂肪性病变[56]。在高脂饲料诱导的大黄鱼的研究中发现,姜黄素能降低大黄鱼血清中总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)和低密度脂蛋白(low density lipoprotein,LDL)含量,并通过显著上调肝脏中过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α,PPARα)、肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1(carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1,CPT1)和酰基辅酶A氧化酶(acyl-CoA oxidase,ACO)的表达来加快脂肪酸的氧化,下调固醇调节元件结合蛋白1(sterol regulatory element binding protein 1,SREBP1)和脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid synthetase,FAS)的表达来抑制脂肪酸的合成,以此来缓解大黄鱼肝脏脂肪沉积[21]。姜黄素在促进Nrf2核内易位的同时,还能下调脂质合成相关基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ,PPARγ)和CCAAT增强子结合蛋白α(CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α,C/EBPα)表达并上调脂肪酸氧化相关基因PPARαCPT1α的表达,改善肝脏脂质积累[57]。此外,姜黄素还可以抑制肝脏脂肪酸合成中的5种代谢物,包括花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,ARA)、亚油酸(linoleic acid,LA)、棕榈酸(palmitic acid,PA)、油酸(oleic acid,OA)和硬脂酸(stearic acid,SA),以此来减少肝脏脂肪酸和合成和积累[58]。许凡等[59]研究发现,饲料中添加姜黄素后能显著降低草鱼肝胰脏脂肪酸的合成,进一步减少脂质在肝细胞堆积,同时能减弱氧化磷酸化解偶联作用,增加了ATP的生成,为鱼体补充了所需能量,从而显著提高了鱼体的特定生长率。目前,有关姜黄素调节机体脂质代谢和改善机体健康的研究主要在小鼠和畜禽动物上,这些研究结果可为水产健康养殖提供某些新的思路和途径。

5 姜黄素对鱼类炎症的影响

越来越多的研究表明,由炎性细胞因子参与的炎症反应在动物免疫过程中发挥重要作用。核因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappaB,NF-κB)是炎症反应的主要转录因子,在多个典型炎症通路中发挥重要作用,可由多种细胞外信号激活,如氧化应激、细胞因子、炎症、病毒等[60]。姜黄素通过抑制炎症反应中NF-κB等通路的激活来抑制TNF-α、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)等细胞因子的产生[61],还可通过下调环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)转录表达,起到抗炎作用[62]。研究表明,金鲳鱼鱼头磷脂-姜黄素脂质体能显著抑制炎症细胞分泌一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)并有效的抑制炎症细胞基因TNF-αIL-1βIL-6的过度表达[63]。姜黄素-聚磷腈纳米复合物通过激活Wnt/β-catenin通路来抑制损伤部位炎症因子和凋亡蛋白的产生,从而减轻脊髓组织损伤[64]。在鱼类养殖中,饲料中添加姜黄素能有效地缓解水产动物炎症反应。例如,饲料中添加姜黄素显著下调了乌鳢(Channa argus)肝脏和脾脏中促炎基因(NF-κB p65、IL-1βIL-8、IL-6、IL-12和TNF-α)的表达,并上调了抗炎基因[转化生长因子-β(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、核因子-κB抑制因子α (inhibitor α of NF-κB,IκBα)和IL-10]的表达,以此来缓解溴氰菊酯诱导的肝脏和脾脏的炎症反应[65]。在美洲鳗鲡(Anguilla rostrata)[66]、尼罗罗非鱼[67]、草鱼[18]等的研究中也有相似的结论。近年来,由于碳水化合物是水产养殖业最经济的能量来源,水产饲料中大量使用碳水化合物以达到节约蛋白质、降低饲料成本的作用,导致鱼类养殖中普遍存在慢性肠炎现象[68]。在高碳水化合物饲料中添加姜黄素可通过显著下调卵形鲳鲹肠道IL-6表达,并上调TGF-βIL-10的表达来缓解高碳水化合物饲料引起的肠道炎症[46]。炎症反应可通过抑制紧密连接蛋白基因的表达来增加肠道通透性,导致有害微生物的入侵和增殖,造成机体损伤。有研究表明,姜黄素可通过上调彭泽鲫(Carassius auratus var. Pengze)肠道中Claudin12、闭锁小带蛋白-1(zonulao ccluden-1,ZO-1)、IL-10和Occludin-like的表达抑制Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)信号通路来减轻炎症反应,增强肠道屏障功能[69]

6 姜黄素对鱼类肠道微生物的影响

肠道微生物在动物体内发挥着重要作用,其多样性、相对丰度和代谢产物等与机体的新陈代谢、营养调控和免疫功能等密切相关[70]。水生动物的疾病通常与肠道微生物相关[71],肠道菌群失衡会影响动物对营养物质的消化、吸收和利用,导致食欲下降、生长迟缓,甚至死亡。姜黄素在提高肠道有益菌群的数量的同时能抑制有害菌的增殖,对多种代谢性疾病的预防和治疗起到重要作用[72]。有研究表明,姜黄素可以调节肠道菌群,改善肠道黏膜屏障的通透性,缓解高脂饮食诱导的肠道机能障碍,内毒血症及肝脂肪变性[73]。在饲料中添加姜黄素能显著抑制金头鲷(Sparus aurata)肠道中弧菌属和大肠菌群的数量,从而促进其生长[74]。饲料中添加200 mg/kg姜黄素能够显著抑制美洲鳗鲡幼鱼肠道有害菌的增殖,改善肠道微生物组成[75]。姜黄素不仅可以调节宿主肠道菌群的组成,还可被肠道微生物分解转化为多种相似甚至优于姜黄素生物活性的代谢物[76-77],且相比姜黄素更易被机体吸收利用。已有研究表明,去甲基姜黄素、去甲氧基姜黄素和双去甲氧基姜黄素等多种姜黄素代谢产物已经表现出显著的神经保护作用[78]。这些代谢物可作为发挥姜黄素生物活性的主要载体,在预防和治疗疾病方面具有重要应用潜力。

7 小结与展望

姜黄素作为一种植物源性的天然产物,具有绿色无污染、无残留且毒副作用小的优势,在鱼类中具有抗氧化、抗炎、促生长、改善肉品质、调节脂质代谢及调节肠道菌群等方面具有重要作用(图2),在水产养殖业中具有能够代替抗生素及抗菌药物的应用潜力。
图2 姜黄素作用机制示意图

CAT:过氧化氢酶 catalase;T-SOD:总超氧化物歧化酶 total superoxide dismutase;GPx:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 glutathione peroxidase;TC:总胆固醇 total cholesterol;TG:甘油三酯 triglyceride;LDL:低密度脂蛋白 low density lipoprotein;PPARα:过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor α;CPT1:肉毒碱棕榈酰转移酶1 carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1;ACO:酰基辅酶A氧化酶acyl-CoA oxidase;NF-κB:核因子-κB nuclear factor-kappaB;TNF-α:肿瘤坏死因子-α tumor necrosis factor-α;IL-6:白细胞介素-6 interleukin-6;IL-8:白细胞介素-8 interleukin-8;IL-10:白细胞介素-10 interleukin-10。

Fig.2 Schematic presentation on mechanism of action of curcumin

姜黄素作为传统药食兼用植物成分,具有很长的应用历史,相比于一些新型植物提取物,姜黄素的安全性较高毒害较少,在使用时也增加了安全性。此外,相比一些作用单一的植物提取物,其在农业、食品、医药和美容领域等多个领域都有应用价值。目前对于姜黄素的生理功能已有了大量的研究,但姜黄素还存在溶解度低和吸收利用率低等弊端,因此应探寻纳米粒、脂质体等不同姜黄素制剂以使其能达到更好的生物利用率。此外,姜黄素在畜禽肉质品质上已有较成熟的研究,但在鱼类上的研究相对较少;姜黄素对鱼类脂质代谢影响的机制尚不明晰。姜黄素经肠道微生物分解还会产生姜黄素衍生物,研究表明去甲基姜黄素和双去甲基姜黄素是天然的姜黄素衍生物,与姜黄素相比具有更强的去除自由基的作用[79],因此姜黄素衍生物在鱼类中的应用及姜黄素与鱼类肠道微生物相互作用机制有待进一步研究。未来可进一步研究姜黄素及其制剂对鱼肉品质、脂质代谢影响和与肠道微生物相互作用的机制,为水产养殖业的可持续发展提供参考。
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