1 材料与方法
1.1 发酵棉籽粕制备
1.2 发酵DDGS制备
1.3 试验设计及饲粮
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) % |
| 项目 Items | 正对照组 Positive control group | 负对照组 Negative control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 原料Ingredients | ||||
| 玉米Corn | 70.30 | 77.00 | 77.20 | 76.40 |
| 去皮豆粕Dehulled soybean meal | 15.40 | 9.40 | 3.80 | 4.80 |
| 发酵棉籽粕Fermented cottonseed meal | 3.80 | |||
| 发酵DDGS Fermented DDGS | 4.80 | |||
| 大豆油Soybean oil | 4.45 | 4.00 | 4.00 | 3.80 |
| 麦麸Wheat bran | 3.85 | 3.60 | 5.20 | 4.20 |
| L-赖氨酸L-Lys (70%) | 0.30 | 0.53 | 0.79 | 0.71 |
| DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.05 | |
| L-色氨酸L-Trp | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
| L-苏氨酸L-Thr | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.09 | |
| 石粉Limestone | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 | 1.50 |
| 食盐NaCl | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 |
| 氯化胆碱Choline chloride (60%) | 0.20 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 |
| 次粉Wheat middlings | 1.90 | 1.50 | 1.20 | 1.28 |
| 预混料Premix1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 合计Total | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 | 100.00 |
| 营养水平Nutrient levels2) | ||||
| 代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) | 13.82 | 13.82 | 13.82 | 13.82 |
| 粗蛋白质CP | 13.50 | 11.55 | 11.56 | 11.56 |
| 钙Ca | 0.63 | 0.56 | 0.59 | 0.61 |
| 有效磷AP | 0.35 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.36 |
| 赖氨酸Lys | 0.80 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.79 |
| 蛋氨酸Met | 0.24 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.27 |
| 蛋氨酸+胱氨酸Met+Cys | 0.51 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.51 |
| 苏氨酸Thr | 0.51 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 |
| 色氨酸Trp | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.15 |
| 胆碱Choline/(mg/kg) | 2 004.21 | 2 004.58 | 2 005.06 | 2 004.51 |
1.4 样品采集及指标测定
1.4.1 营养成分及有毒物质含量测定
1.4.2 生长性能和胴体性状
1.4.3 血清和背最长肌抗氧化指标
1.4.4 背最长肌肉品质
1.5 数据统计分析
2 结果与分析
2.1 棉籽粕和DDGS发酵前后营养成分比较
表2 棉籽粕和DDGS发酵前后营养成分Table 2 Nutrients of cottonseed meal and DDGS before and after fermentation |
| 项目 Items | 棉籽粕发酵前 Cottonseed meal before fermentation | 棉籽粕发酵后 Cottonseed meal after fermentation | DDGS发酵前 DDGS before fermentation | DDGS发酵后 DDGS after fermentation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 水分Moisture/% | 10.69 | 8.15 | 12.13 | 6.94 |
| 粗蛋白质CP/% | 47.35 | 53.39 | 25.51 | 36.60 |
| 粗灰分Ash/% | 6.38 | 10.23 | 4.77 | 5.53 |
| 游离棉酚FG/(μg/kg) | 757.54 | 68.30 | ||
| 粗纤维CF/% | 6.49 | 4.30 |
2.2 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪生长性能的影响
表3 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪生长性能的影响Table 3 Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with fermented cottonseed meal and fermented DDGS on growth performance of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 正对照组 Positive control group | 负对照组 Negative control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 初重IBW/kg | 59.26±1.55 | 58.83±1.48 | 59.25±1.13 | 60.48±0.59 | 0.807 |
| 末重FBW/kg | 107.05±1.92 | 108.78±3.23 | 108.55±3.70 | 111.55±2.87 | 0.761 |
| 平均日增重ADG/kg | 0.87±0.02 | 0.91±0.05 | 0.90±0.06 | 0.93±0.05 | 0.833 |
| 平均日采食量ADFI/kg | 2.56±0.11 | 2.63±0.11 | 2.75±0.14 | 2.78±0.08 | 0.507 |
| 料重比F/G | 2.95±0.13 | 2.92±0.13 | 3.11±0.17 | 3.03±0.13 | 0.782 |
同行数据肩标相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。下表同。 | |
In the same row, values with the same letter or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05). The same as below. |
2.3 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪胴体性状的影响
表4 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪胴体性状的影响Table 4 Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with fermented cottonseed meal and fermented DDGS on carcass traits of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 正对照组 Positive control group | 负对照组 Negative control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 胴体重Carcass weight/kg | 78.06±1.49 | 78.95±2.45 | 79.42±2.73 | 80.68±1.70 | 0.856 |
| 屠宰率 Dressing percentage/% | 72.92±0.42 | 72.57±0.33 | 72.65±0.71 | 72.40±0.58 | 0.908 |
| 眼肌面积 Loin eye muscle area/cm2 | 51.86±2.69 | 51.07±2.39 | 53.83±2.62 | 45.64±1.23 | 0.099 |
| 第1肋骨处背膘厚度 The first rib backfat depth/mm | 41.82±1.87a | 47.14±3.51ab | 50.76±2.19b | 52.27±0.89b | 0.012 |
| 第10肋骨处背膘厚度 The tenth rib backfat depth/mm | 19.76±1.40a | 23.76±1.20ab | 25.02±1.19bc | 29.57±2.17c | 0.003 |
| 腰荐结合处背膘厚度 Lumbar-sacral junction backfat depth/mm | 11.32±0.86a | 14.72±1.45b | 17.22±1.24b | 15.92±0.88b | 0.007 |
| 平均背膘厚度 Average backfat depth/mm | 24.30±1.23a | 28.54±1.77b | 31.00±0.68b | 32.58±1.07b | <0.001 |
2.4 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪抗氧化功能的影响
表5 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪抗氧化功能的影响Table 5 Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with fermented cottonseed meal and fermented DDGS on antioxidant function of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 正对照组 Positive control group | 负对照组 Negative control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 血清Serum | |||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/L) | 0.23±0.02 | 0.38±0.07 | 0.30±0.05 | 0.31±0.05 | 0.204 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mL) | 63.14±3.99 | 63.37±2.46 | 64.99±2.17 | 65.38±3.80 | 0.945 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mL) | 184.17±11.62b | 223.89±10.03c | 134.72±15.48a | 193.61±7.38bc | <0.001 |
| 丙二醛MDA/(mmol/L) | 1.75±0.18 | 2.42±0.28 | 1.60±0.25 | 1.62±0.24 | 0.069 |
| 过氧化氢酶CAT/(U/mL) | 6.90±1.18 | 10.95±2.39 | 15.03±4.03 | 12.82±2.35 | 0.206 |
| 背最长肌Longissimus dorsi muscle | |||||
| 总抗氧化能力 T-AOC/(mmol/g prot) | 0.14±0.00b | 0.15±0.00b | 0.14±0.00b | 0.12±0.00a | <0.001 |
| 超氧化物歧化酶 SOD/(U/mg prot) | 100.78±2.63 | 99.79±2.48 | 96.38±3.59 | 94.18±1.23 | 0.277 |
| 谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 GSH-Px/(U/mg prot) | 45.53±7.50 | 42.12±4.83 | 31.98±3.63 | 32.43±4.67 | 0.203 |
2.5 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪肉品质的影响
表6 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪背最长肌肉质性状的影响Table 6 Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with fermented cottonseed meal and fermented DDGS on longissimus dorsi muscle quality traits of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 正对照组 Positive control group | 负对照组 Negative control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肉色Meat color | |||||||||||
| 45 min亮度 | 50.78±1.02 | 50.46±0.77 | 49.98±0.64 | 49.59±0.35 | 0.679 | ||||||
| 45 min红度 | 17.93±0.47 | 18.04±0.61 | 17.82±0.34 | 18.05±0.41 | 0.982 | ||||||
| 45 min黄度 | 6.46±0.56 | 6.30±0.54 | 6.39±0.47 | 6.15±0.40 | 0.974 | ||||||
| 24 h亮度 | 60.63±0.78 | 61.49±0.59 | 60.01±0.98 | 59.45±1.09 | 0.415 | ||||||
| 24 h红度 | 17.22±0.34 | 17.32±0.42 | 16.97±0.45 | 17.24±0.22 | 0.918 | ||||||
| 24 h黄度 | 9.37±0.24 | 9.04±0.23 | 9.08±0.28 | 9.06±0.34 | 0.811 | ||||||
| 48 h亮度 | 60.37±0.94 | 60.62±0.90 | 60.08±1.06 | 59.11±1.02 | 0.716 | ||||||
| 48 h红度 | 17.51±0.35 | 17.74±0.46 | 17.35±0.48 | 17.61±0.35 | 0.924 | ||||||
| 48 h黄度 | 9.23±0.32 | 9.10±0.30 | 8.97±0.30 | 8.63±0.30 | 0.555 | ||||||
| 滴水损失Drip loss/% | |||||||||||
| 24 h | 2.49±0.12 | 2.40±0.04 | 2.41±0.07 | 2.51±0.08 | 0.720 | ||||||
| 48 h | 3.25±0.13 | 3.25±0.11 | 3.24±0.13 | 3.26±0.06 | 0.999 | ||||||
| pH | |||||||||||
| pH45 min | 6.16±0.09 | 6.16±0.09 | 6.23±0.06 | 6.21±0.07 | 0.914 | ||||||
| pH24 h | 5.36±0.09 | 5.38±0.07 | 5.40±0.09 | 5.38±0.10 | 0.992 | ||||||
| pH48 h | 5.65±0.02 | 5.64±0.02 | 5.63±0.03 | 5.64±0.03 | 0.927 | ||||||
| 剪切力Shear force/N | 75.61±6.00 | 67.74±6.19 | 75.20±4.86 | 68.35±6.98 | 0.689 | ||||||
| 肌内脂肪含量 Intramuscular fat content/% | 2.09±0.15a | 2.75±0.16b | 2.21±0.09ab | 2.43±0.17ab | 0.022 | ||||||
| 大理石纹评分 Marbling score | 1.82±0.20 | 2.03±0.16 | 2.26±0.14 | 1.92±0.13 | 0.261 |
表7 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪背最长肌肉质感官评定的影响Table 7 Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with fermented cottonseed meal and fermented DDGS on sensory evaluation of longissimus dorsi muscle quality of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 正对照组 Positive control group | 负对照组 Negative control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ | P值 P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 嫩度Tenderness | 4.88±0.21 | 5.03±0.14 | 5.05±0.13 | 4.88±0.10 | 0.765 |
| 多汁度Juiciness | 5.00±0.18 | 5.33±0.10 | 4.96±0.10 | 5.13±0.13 | 0.226 |
| 肉汤鲜度Broth freshness | 5.33±0.13 | 5.50±0.13 | 5.40±0.13 | 5.35±0.12 | 0.770 |
| 肉汤清度Broth clarity | 5.34±0.15 | 5.66±0.09 | 5.24±0.08 | 5.58±0.14 | 0.056 |
表8 低蛋白质饲粮中添加发酵棉籽粕和发酵DDGS对育肥猪背最长肌肌苷酸含量和脂肪酸组成的影响Table 8 Effects of low-protein diets supplemented with fermented cottonseed meal and fermented DDGS on inosine monophosphate content and fatty acid composition in longissimus dorsi muscle of finishing pigs |
| 项目 Items | 正对照组 Positive control group | 负对照组 Negative control group | 试验Ⅰ组 Experimental group Ⅰ | 试验Ⅱ组 Experimental group Ⅱ | P值 P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 肌苷酸 Inosine monophosphate/(mg/g) | 1.70±0.05a | 1.91±0.06b | 2.06±0.05c | 2.10±0.04c | <0.001 | ||||||
| 总脂肪酸 Total fatty acids/(mg/g) | 12.99±1.64 | 17.03±2.23 | 13.34±1.79 | 13.20±2.26 | 0.443 | ||||||
| 各脂肪酸占总脂肪酸比例Ratio of each fatty acid to total fatty acids/% | |||||||||||
| 葵酸C10∶0 | 0.16±0.01 | 0.15±0.01 | 0.16±0.00 | 0.16±0.00 | 0.735 | ||||||
| 豆蔻酸C14∶0 | 1.39±0.04 | 1.42±0.03 | 1.46±0.07 | 1.50±0.06 | 0.528 | ||||||
| 棕榈酸C16∶0 | 24.98±0.22 | 25.17±0.35 | 25.14±0.53 | 26.07±0.55 | 0.291 | ||||||
| 棕榈油酸C16∶1 (cis-9) | 2.84±0.15 | 3.10±0.17 | 3.15±0.09 | 3.08±0.08 | 0.322 | ||||||
| 十七烷酸C17∶0 | 0.21±0.02 | 0.19±0.02 | 0.16±0.01 | 0.17±0.01 | 0.088 | ||||||
| 硬脂酸C18∶0 | 12.45±0.31 | 12.37±0.23 | 12.10±0.31 | 13.11±0.36 | 0.140 | ||||||
| 油酸C18∶1 (cis-9) | 38.37±0.90 | 40.20±0.72 | 40.60±0.74 | 39.52±0.28 | 0.143 | ||||||
| 亚油酸C18∶2 (all-cis-9,12) | 14.86±0.89 | 13.06±0.70 | 12.68±1.01 | 12.16±0.81 | 0.158 | ||||||
| 亚麻酸C18∶3 (all-cis-9,12,15) | 0.84±0.06 | 0.81±0.11 | 0.68±0.05 | 0.64±0.04 | 0.151 | ||||||
| 花生酸C20∶0 | 0.21±0.01 | 0.22±0.01 | 0.21±0.01 | 0.21±0.01 | 0.954 | ||||||
| 花生烯酸C20∶1(cis-11) | 0.68±0.02 | 0.71±0.02 | 0.71±0.04 | 0.68±0.04 | 0.832 | ||||||
| 二十烷二烯酸 C20∶2 (all-cis-11,14) | 0.57±0.03b | 0.52±0.02ab | 0.49±0.03a | 0.47±0.02a | 0.031 | ||||||
| 二十烷三烯酸 C20∶3 (all-cis-8,11,14) | 0.22±0.02 | 0.20±0.02 | 0.19±0.02 | 0.18±0.02 | 0.693 | ||||||
| 花生四烯酸 C20∶4 (all-cis-5,8,11,14) | 1.69±0.27 | 1.37±0.16 | 1.42±0.18 | 1.47±0.26 | 0.742 | ||||||
| 单不饱和脂肪酸MUFA | 40.97±0.98a | 44.25±0.74b | 44.56±0.71b | 43.29±0.41ab | 0.011 | ||||||
| 多不饱和脂肪酸PUFA | 17.02±0.64 | 15.88±0.77 | 16.64±1.34 | 15.82±0.71 | 0.741 | ||||||
