Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 2: 927 - 937

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.081

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Powder on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Immune Function of Yellow-Feathered Broilers

  • MA Yinpeng ,
  • JIA Xiaoxu ,
  • FAN Yanfeng ,
  • TANG Xiujun ,
  • LU Junxian , *
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  • Jiangsu Institute of Poultry Science, Yangzhou 225125, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-08-09

  Online published: 2025-02-16

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Abstract

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder on growth performance, slaughter performance, serum biochemical indexes and immune function of yellow-feathered broilers. A total of 300 yellow-footed yellow broilers with same batch at 1 day of age were randomly divided into 5 groups with 5 replicates per group and 12 per replicate. Broilers in five groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder, respectively. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks. The results showed that compared with the control group: 1) the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of 0.6% and 0.8% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), the average daily gain (ADG) of 0.4% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the feed to gain ratio (F/G) of 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05); 2) the body slope length, fossil bone length and tibial length of 0.4% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental group were significantly increased (P<0.05); 3) the live weight, slaughter weight, semi-eviscerating weight, eviscerating weight, breast muscle weight, breast muscle percentage and leg muscle weight of 0.4% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental group were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the abdominal fat and abdominal fat percentage of 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental groups were significantly decreased (P<0.05); 4) the serum albumin content of 0.8% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the serum triglyceride content of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05); 5) the serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) content of 0.2% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental group was significantly increased (P<0.05); 6) the intestinal interleukin-8 (IL-8) gene relative expression level of 0.2%, 0.4% and 0.8% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental groups was significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the intestinal lysozyme (LYZ) gene relative expression level of 0.6% Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental group was significantly increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder can improve the growth performance, body size performance and slaughter performance of yellow-feathered broilers, and has a good effect on reducing abdominal fat deposition and serum triglyceride content. Under the conditions of this experiment, the dietary Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder appropriate supplemental level is 0.4%.

Key words： Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder; yellow-feathered broilers; growth performance; biochemical; immune

Cite this article

MA Yinpeng , JIA Xiaoxu , FAN Yanfeng , TANG Xiujun , LU Junxian . Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum Powder on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance, Serum Biochemical Indexes and Immune Function of Yellow-Feathered Broilers[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(2) : 927 -937 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.081

我国是花椒种植大国,种植面积和地域分布非常广泛[1]。花椒含有黄酮类化合物、香豆素、酚酸、生物碱和挥发油等活性成分,药食两用,作为食品及其调料被广泛使用,具有很高的安全性[2]。《中华人民共和国药典》中记载,花椒为传统中药,有“温中止痛、杀虫止痒”的功效,花椒还有健胃、散寒、抑菌杀菌、抗肿瘤、抑制血小板凝集等多种作用[3-4]。花椒的功能多样、来源广泛、成本低廉,近年来激发了研究者在畜禽生产中的应用研究,花椒及其衍生物作为植物功能性饲料添加剂具有重要的应用前景。郭志强等[5]研究发现,在肉兔饲粮中添加青花椒叶可以改善饲粮适口性,促进养分消化,提高生长性能,降低血糖和血脂水平。刘子龙等[6]研究发现,在饲粮中添加花椒籽促进了湖羊肠道发育,提高了肠道免疫功能,且添加水平为3%时效果最优。Zhang等[7]研究发现,在饲粮中添加花椒精油提高了小尾寒羊生长性能,调控了复胃至小肠段的发酵模式,改变了胃肠道菌群结构,促使瘤胃形成差异代谢物,提高了胃肠道消化酶活性。Li等[8]研究发现,在绵羊饲粮中添加花椒籽可以提高羔羊免疫力,减少肠道炎症,为健康养羊生产提供新的思路。郭衍新等[9]在蛋鸡饲粮中添加花椒粉,发现添加0.5%的花椒粉能够改善蛋鸡盲肠菌群的多样性和结构,增强机体利用蛋白质的能力和抗炎能力,提高蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质。张萍等[10]研究发现,在饲粮中添加3.5%的花椒籽粉可提高散养鸡的产蛋率,改善蛋品质。付康等[11]研究发现,在产蛋后期饲粮中添加花椒叶对蛋鸡无不良反应,可以降低饲料成本,且以3%的添加比例最优。目前花椒作为饲料添加剂在畜牧生产中的研究相对较少,其对畜禽的作用还有待进一步证实,花椒粉在黄羽肉鸡上的应用更是鲜见报道。因此,本试验通过在黄羽肉鸡饲粮中添加不同水平的花椒粉,研究其对黄羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、血清生化指标及免疫机能的影响,探求花椒在饲粮中的适宜添加量,为其在肉鸡生产中的应用提供理论依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验材料

本试验采用四川汉源花椒,其挥发油含量≥6.0%,醚溶解物含量≥8.8%。粉碎后过20目筛备用。

1.2 试验设计与试验饲粮

动物试验由江苏省家禽科学研究所动物保健与使用委员会审查批准(批准号:S202210)。
试验采用单因素设计,选取同一批出雏、1日龄黄脚黄鸡300只(公鸡),随机分成5组,每组5个重复,每个重复12只。各组分别在基础饲粮中添加0(对照)、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%的花椒粉。试验期10周。试验选用玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,其营养水平参照NRC(1994)和《鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 33—2004)中黄羽肉鸡营养建议量,基础饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of basal diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 含量Content
1~21日龄
1 to 21
days of age		 22~70日龄
22 to 70
days of age
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 55.00 58.00
豆粕Soybean meal 34.00 30.00
玉米蛋白粉Corn gluten meal 4.80 5.00
大豆油Soybean oil 2.40 3.00
氯化钠NaCl 0.30 0.30
石粉Limestone 1.20 1.50
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 1.30 1.20
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.32 12.77
粗蛋白质CP 21.56 20.48
赖氨酸Lys 1.20 1.13
蛋氨酸Met 0.48 0.51
蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys 0.88 0.84
钙Ca 1.12 1.02
总磷TP 0.49 0.64

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供 The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 15 000 IU,VD 3 300 IU,VB1 1.8 mg,VB2 3.6 mg,VB6 3.5 mg,VB12 0.01 mg,VE 10 IU,VK 0.5 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 35 mg,泛酸钙 calcium pantothenate 10 mg,叶酸 folie acid 0.55 mg,生物素 biotin 0.15 mg,氯化胆碱 choline chloride 1 000 mg,Fe 80 mg,Cu 8 mg,Zn 60 mg,Mn 80 mg,I 0.35 mg,Se 0.15 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值,参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2021年第32版)》进行计算,其余为实测值。ME was a calculated value referred to Tables of Feed Composition and Nutritive Values in China (thirty-second edition,2021), while the others were measured values.

1.3 饲养管理

试验肉鸡采用群体笼养,连续光照,自然通风,自由采食和饮水,定期打扫鸡舍卫生,常规免疫。

1.4 测定指标与方法

1.4.1 饲粮营养水平

粗蛋白质含量参照GB/T 6432—2018的方法进行测定,氨基酸含量参照GB/T 18246—2019的方法进行测定,钙和总磷含量分别参照GB/T 6436—2018和GB/T 6437—2018的方法进行测定。

1.4.2 生长性能

饲养试验开始后,每周末称量试验鸡的空腹体重,以重复为单位记录试验鸡的周耗料量,记录各组死亡和淘汰试验鸡的体重,计算平均日增重(ADG)、平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G),计算公式如下:
ADG=(出栏重-出雏重)/饲养天数;
ADFI=总采食量/饲养天数;
F/G=ADFI/ADG。

1.4.3 体尺性能

在70日龄末,从每个重复中选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只,共50只鸡,参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2020)测定体斜长、龙骨长、胸深、胸宽、胫长、胫围等。

1.4.4 屠宰性能

宰前停饲6 h,称宰前活重,放血、去毛,参照《家禽生产性能名词术语和度量统计方法》(NY/T 823—2020)测定屠宰性能。称量半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重、腹脂重,并计算半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率和腹脂率。计算公式如下:
半净膛率(%)=(半净膛重/宰前活重)×100;
全净膛率(%)=(全净膛重/宰前活重)×100;
胸肌率(%)=(两侧胸肌重/全净膛重)×100;
腿肌率(%)=(两侧腿肌重/全净膛重)×100;
腹脂率(%)=[腹脂重/(全净膛重+腹脂重)]×100。

1.4.5 血清生化指标

在70日龄末,从每个重复中选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只,翅静脉采血,静置离心,分离血清并保存于-80 ℃冰箱备用。利用全自动生化分析仪(日立7180)测定血清总蛋白、白蛋白、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、尿素氮含量,计算球蛋白含量和白球比。

1.5 免疫机能

1.5.1 免疫器官指数

在70日龄末,从每个重复中选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只,屠宰,摘取脾脏、法氏囊,剔除其表面的结缔组织,用电子天平称其绝对重量,计算其相对重量:
相对重量(‰)=(免疫器官绝对重量/宰前活重)×1 000。

1.5.2 血清免疫球蛋白和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量

血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)、免疫球蛋白G(IgG)、免疫球蛋白M(IgM)和TNF-α含量采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法进行测定,相关试剂盒购自上海酶联生物科技有限公司。

1.5.3 肠道免疫基因表达

在70日龄末,从每个重复中选取接近该重复平均体重的试验鸡2只,屠宰时剖开空肠组织,用生理盐水冲洗干净后,刮取黏膜放入2 mL冻存管中,液氮速冻,-80 ℃保存。根据GenBank中的基因序列设计了TNF-α、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、溶菌酶(LYZ)、Toll样受体4(TLR4)的引物,引物序列见表2。利用Trizol试剂盒提取肠道黏膜RNA后反转录为cDNA。按照ChamQ SYBR Color qPCR Master Mix(Q411-02)试剂盒的说明使用SYBR Green Ⅰ方法进行定量PCR,基因相对表达量按照2-ΔΔCt法计算,并以β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)作为内参基因。相关试剂盒购自南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司。
表2 引物序列

Table 2 Primer sequence

基因
Genes		 登录号
Accession number		 引物序列
Primer sequence (5'—3')
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α		 XM 015294125. 2 F:TCAGGACAGCCTATGCCAACAAG
R:GCCACCACACGACAGCCAAG
白细胞介素-8
IL-8		 NM 205498.1 F:GCTGCTCTGTCGCAAGGTAGG
R:ACATCTTGAATGGATTTAGGGTGG
白细胞介素-1β
IL-1β		 NM_204524.2 F:TCGACATCAACCAGAAGTGC
R:GAGCTTGTAGCCCTTGATGC
溶菌酶
LYZ		 NM_205281.2 F:TATGAAGCGTCACGGACTTG
R:TTCACGCTCGCTGTTATGTC
Toll样受体4
TLR4		 NM_001030693.2 F:CACAGCTCTGGATTTCAGCA
R:TCCGCAGTAGATCCTGCTTT

1.6 数据统计与分析

试验数据经Excel 2007初步统计,采用SPSS 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析,差异显著者采用Duncan氏法进行多重比较。以P<0.05作为差异显著性判断标准,结果以平均值±标准差表示。

2 结果与分析

2.1 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

由表3可知,与对照组相比,0.6%、0.8%花椒粉添加组ADFI显著降低(P<0.05),0.2%、0.4%花椒粉添加组差异不显著(P>0.05);0.4%花椒粉添加组ADG显著升高(P<0.05),其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05);0.4%、0.6%、0.8%花椒粉添加组F/G显著降低(P<0.05),0.2%花椒粉添加组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表3 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder on growth performance of yellow-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 花椒粉添加水平Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
平均日采食量ADFI/g 65.43±0.41a 65.55±0.22a 64.91±0.13a 63.30±0.21b 60.98±0.16c <0.001
平均日增重ADG/g 21.41±0.25b 21.76±0.40b 23.40±0.47a 21.34±0.30b 21.23±0.35b 0.002
料重比F/G 3.06±0.02a 3.02±0.01a 2.77±0.01d 2.91±0.01b 2.82±0.01c <0.001

同行数据肩标不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),相同或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。下表同。

In the same row, values with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), while with the same or no letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05). The same as below.

2.2 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡体尺性能的影响

由表4可知,与对照组相比,0.4%花椒粉添加组体斜长、龙骨长、胫长显著升高(P<0.05),其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表4 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡体尺性能的影响

Table 4 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder on body size performance of yellow-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 花椒粉添加水平Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
体斜长Body slope length/cm 21.59±0.22b 21.93±0.19b 23.00±0.28a 21.99±0.19b 21.88±0.29b 0.002
龙骨长Fossil bone length/cm 10.87±0.16b 11.05±0.14ab 11.41±0.13a 11.09±0.19ab 11.23±0.13ab 0.048
胸深Breast depth/cm 10.97±0.19 10.69±0.16 10.87±0.22 10.62±0.21 10.47±0.16 0.367
胸宽Breast width/cm 7.86±0.21 8.32±0.24 8.34±0.19 8.16±0.15 8.01±0.21 0.406
胫长Tibial length/cm 9.67±0.09b 9.52±0.11b 10.14±0.14a 9.73±0.11b 9.53±0.11b 0.002
胫围Tibial circumference/cm 4.95±0.15 4.81±0.04 5.17±0.08 4.87±0.06 4.92±0.07 0.065

2.3 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表5可知,与对照组相比,0.4%花椒粉添加组活重、屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重、胸肌率、腿肌重显著升高(P<0.05),0.4%、0.6%、0.8%花椒粉添加组腹脂重和腹脂率显著降低(P<0.05),其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表5 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder on slaughter performance of yellow-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 花椒粉添加水平Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
活重
Live weight/g		 1 531.50
±25.12b		 1 540.00
±21.60b		 1 683.40
±29.77a		 1 543.40
±29.67b		 1 507.70
±11.40b		 <0.001
屠体重
Slaughter weight/g		 1 433.00
±27.04b		 1 426.50
±20.78b		 1 554.50
±26.22a		 1 436.00
±30.39b		 1 390.50
±14.42b		 <0.001
屠宰率
Slaughter percentage/%		 93.76
±0.59		 92.64
±0.50		 92.38
±0.67		 93.03
±0.62		 92.22
±0.55		 0.397
半净膛重
Semi-eviscerating weight/g		 1 263.22
±14.86b		 1 260.67
±25.96b		 1 396.25
±33.72a		 1 277.89
±30.44b		 1 256.40
±10.84b		 <0.001
半净膛率
Semi-eviscerating percentage/%		 88.20
±1.25		 88.74
±1.12		 90.80
±0.63		 88.47
±0.69		 90.39
±0.70		 0.169
全净膛重
Eviscerating weight/g		 1 009.44
±9.51b		 1 018.56
±23.8b		 1 133.75
±29.27a		 1 021.78
±29.70b		 1 005.20
±12.50b		 <0.001
全净膛率
Eviscerating percentage/%		 80.09
±0.73		 80.80
±1.01		 81.18
±0.39		 79.89
±0.55		 79.99
±0.45		 0.598
胸肌重
Breast muscle weight/g		 64.67
±1.89b		 68.22
±2.01b		 82.50
±3.90a		 68.67
±2.8b		 64.40
±1.92b		 <0.001
胸肌率
Breast muscle percentage/%		 6.40
±0.17b		 6.71
±0.16b		 7.28
±0.31a		 6.71
±0.12b		 6.40
±0.14b		 0.014
腿肌重
Leg muscle weight/g		 125.67
±5.27b		 127.22
±6.18b		 148.75
±7.72a		 130.33
±5.53b		 127.40
±4.70b		 0.049
腿肌率
Leg muscle Percentage/%		 200.04
±10.97		 186.55
±7.65		 182.74
±11.82		 190.86
±7.14		 199.14
±9.10		 0.631
腹脂重
Abdominal fat weight/g		 17.00
±3.03a		 17.00
±2.31a		 14.41
±2.95b		 7.53
±2.04b		 11.48
±2.73b		 0.024
腹脂率
Abdominal fat percentage/%		 13.03
±2.70a		 14.06
±2.49a		 9.40
±1.62b		 5.71
±1.57b		 9.12
±2.46b		 0.030

2.4 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

由表6可知,与对照组相比,0.8%花椒粉添加组血清白蛋白含量显著升高(P<0.05),0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%花椒粉添加组血清甘油三酯含量显著降低(P<0.05),其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表6 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

Table 6 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder on serum biochemical indexes of yellow-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 花椒粉添加水平Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 36.91±2.22 39.93±1.34 40.45±1.40 39.31±1.86 39.45±1.23 0.597
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 11.05±0.61b 11.78±0.35ab 12.09±0.30ab 11.23±0.45ab 12.53±0.48a 0.041
球蛋白GLO/(g/L) 25.86±1.88 28.15±1.33 28.36±1.24 28.08±1.67 26.92±1.23 0.724
白球比A/G 0.44±0.03 0.43±0.02 0.43±0.02 0.41±0.03 0.48±0.03 0.522
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.77±0.08a 0.36±0.06b 0.26±0.02b 0.39±0.04b 0.40±0.06b 0.028
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇
HDL-C/(mmol/L)		 2.13±0.14 2.31±0.08 2.31±0.05 2.05±0.12 2.20±0.13 0.393
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇
LDL-C/(mmol/L)		 2.23±0.11 2.33±0.11 2.41±0.11 2.12±0.19 2.25±0.14 0.639
尿素氮UN/(mmol/L) 1.68±0.91 0.58±0.14 0.64±0.06 0.53±0.14 0.83±0.15 0.310

2.5 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫机能的影响

2.5.1 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官重量和指数的影响

由表7可知,饲粮中添加花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官重量和指数的影响不显著(P>0.05)。
表7 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫器官重量和指数的影响

Table 7 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder on immune organ weights and indexes of yellow-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 花椒粉添加水平Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
脾脏重量Spleen weight/g 3.23±0.38 3.26±0.26 3.45±0.34 3.36±0.24 3.43±0.30 0.980
脾脏指数Spleen index/‰ 1.75±0.25 2.12±0.16 2.08±0.22 2.16±0.15 2.28±0.20 0.458
法氏囊重量
Bursa of Fabricius weight/g		 1.03±0.34 1.10±0.14 1.48±0.44 0.76±0.16 1.20±0.16 0.410
法氏囊指数
Bursa of Fabricius index/‰		 0.98±0.35 0.71±0.08 0.87±0.27 0.48±0.10 0.80±0.11 0.477

2.5.2 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白和TNF-α含量的影响

由表8可知,与对照组相比,0.2%花椒粉添加组血清IgA含量显著升高(P<0.05),其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表8 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白及肿瘤坏死因子-α含量的影响

Table 8 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder on serum immunoglobulin and tumor necrosis factor-α contents of yellow-feathered broilers

项目
Items		 花椒粉添加水平Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
免疫球蛋白A
IgA/(ng/mL)		 8 030.3
±484.39b		 10 060.7
±649.12a		 9 869.67
±801.33ab		 9 841.2
±563.26ab		 8 075.69
±517.05b		 0.043
免疫球蛋白G
IgG/(μg/mL)		 138.27
±9.88		 139.30
±5.50		 144.00
±6.96		 131.70
±6.58		 143.09
±5.16		 0.748
免疫球蛋白M
IgM/(ng/mL)		 6 356.91
±230.93ab		 6 207.27
±246.00ab		 6 905.86
±155.15a		 5 970.26
±343.43b		 7 001.41
±262.95a		 0.039
肿瘤坏死因子-α
TNF-α/(ng/mL)		 98.77
±5.34		 106.95
±5.00		 91.48
±5.10		 96.95
±5.28		 102.93
±2.08		 0.226

2.5.3 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡肠道免疫基因表达的影响

由表9可知,与对照组相比,0.2%、0.4%、0.8%花椒粉添加组肠道IL-8基因相对表达量显著降低(P<0.05),0.6%花椒粉添加组肠道LYZ基因相对表达量显著升高(P<0.05),其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。
表9 花椒粉对1-63日龄黄羽肉鸡肠道免疫基因表达的影响

Table 9 Effects of Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder on intestinal immune gene expression of yellow-feathered broilers %

项目
Items		 花椒粉添加水平Zanthoxylum bungeanum powder supplemental levels/% P值
P-value
0(对照组
Control group)		 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
肿瘤坏死因子-α TNF-α 1.04±0.13 1.19±0.07 1.15±0.19 2.21±0.76 1.11±0.49 0.238
白细胞介素-8 IL-8 1.03±0.18a 0.45±0.03b 0.35±0.04b 1.08±0.27a 0.69±0.09b 0.008
白细胞介素-1β IL-1β 1.01±0.35 0.92±0.05 1.00±0.30 1.31±0.33 1.07±0.20 0.572
溶菌酶LYZ 1.01±0.07b 1.00±0.10b 1.97±0.44ab 2.75±0.75a 1.94±0.28ab 0.042
Toll样受体4 TLR4 1.01±0.06 0.94±0.06 0.74±0.08 1.14±0.55 1.08±0.24 0.914

3 讨论

3.1 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡生长和体尺性能的影响

在本研究中,饲粮中添加花椒粉可影响黄羽肉鸡的生长性能,添加0.6%和0.8%的花椒粉可降低黄羽肉鸡ADFI,添加0.4%的花椒粉可提高黄羽肉鸡ADG,添加0.4%、0.6%和0.8%的花椒粉可降低黄羽肉鸡F/G。由此可知,饲粮中添加0.4%以上的花椒粉可提高黄羽肉鸡的体重,降低饲料报酬,降低饲养成本。这与谢红兵等[12]在肉仔鸡中的研究结果一致,即饲粮中添加花椒能促进肉仔鸡生长发育。张明良等[13]研究发现,花椒中提取的花椒精油可以提高小尾寒羊生长性能以及促进胃肠道的发育。由此可见,花椒粉具有促生长的作用。高宁等[14]利用基因芯片技术研究发现,花椒能够通过多种途径影响消化系统功能,具有养胃健胃的作用。花椒能促进唾液分泌,增进食欲。本研究中,花椒对鸡的采食量反而有降低作用,可能是因为鸡味觉不敏感,味蕾少。花椒粉中酚类化合物可以调节肠道功能[15],增加水溶性膳食纤维的发酵[16],这可能是花椒粉降低F/G,提高饲料转化效率,促进黄羽肉鸡生长的主要原因。
家禽体尺性状与家禽的体重显著相关,是衡量家禽生长发育的重要指标[17]。良好的体尺发育可为产肉性能奠定坚实的基础。在本研究中,饲粮中添加0.4%的花椒粉提高了体斜长、龙骨长、胫长、胫围,说明花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡的体型体尺具有积极的促进作用。

3.2 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡屠宰性能的影响

育成期肉鸡的屠宰性能是评价家禽饲养管理以及生长发育状况的重要参考指标。郭志强等[18]研究发现,在肉兔饲粮中添加适量的青花椒叶粉可改善肉兔屠宰率。马世鹏等[19]研究发现,在育肥羊的饲粮中添加花椒精油提高了育肥羊的屠宰性能。谢红兵等[20]研究发现,在饲粮中添加0.2%或0.3%的花椒对肉鸡的屠宰性能有一定的促进作用。由此可见,花椒及其衍生物对畜禽的屠宰性能具有一定的影响。在本研究中,饲粮中添加花椒粉可提高黄羽肉鸡屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重,表明花椒粉能够提高肉鸡的屠宰性能。腹脂在生产中被认为是屠宰废弃物,降低腹脂率是家禽重要的生产目标。在本研究中,饲粮中添加0.4%以上的花椒粉降低了腹脂率,表明花椒粉有调节腹脂率的作用,在今后的黄羽肉鸡扩繁育种工作中可以通过在饲粮配方中添加花椒粉改善腹脂的沉积问题。

3.3 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡血清生化指标的影响

血清生化指标是反映动物组织细胞通透性与机体新陈代谢等机能的重要指标,直接反映机体各种生命活动的状况[21]。在本研究中,饲粮中添加花椒粉提高了肉鸡血清白蛋白含量,血清白蛋白与动物肝脏损伤和功能有关[22],表明花椒粉对肝脏有积极的影响。血清中甘油三酯、胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量的变化能反映动物机体脂质代谢的水平,保持较低的血清甘油三酯含量有利于脂质代谢[23]。本研究表明,饲粮中添加花椒粉降低了肉鸡血清甘油三酯含量,表明花椒粉具有调节脂质代谢的作用,这可能是因为花椒中主要有生物碱类、挥发油、黄酮类以及酰胺类等活性成分[24],具有降血脂、降胆固醇等重要生理调节功能[25-26]。Ouattara等[27]研究表明,从花椒属植物中分离的黄酮类化合物等具有抗肥胖、降血脂作用。徐方艳[28]研究表明,花椒中的生物活性成分羟基-山椒素能激活腺苷酸激活蛋白激酶(AMPK)并抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)基因,调节机体肠道菌群和氨基酸类代谢产物及代谢通路,缓解高脂膳食诱发的机体肥胖,具有良好的预防肥胖效果。吕娇[29]和Ren等[30]研究表明,花椒麻味物质可降低高脂血症大鼠血脂、肝脂及胆固醇合成的作用,且可改善1-型糖尿病机体糖、脂和蛋白质代谢紊乱。Deng等[31]研究表明,花椒可以通过调节氧化修饰的低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)介导的信号级联中的关键分子成分来改善高脂血症和相关的心血管疾病。结合上述屠宰性能中花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡腹脂沉积的调节,表明花椒粉是黄羽肉鸡脂质代谢很好的调节剂。

3.4 花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫机能的影响

免疫球蛋白是机体内重要的非特异免疫因子,在产生免疫应答、保护机体免疫系统和健康方面发挥重要作用[32]。在本研究中,饲粮中添加花椒粉提高了血清IgA含量和肠道LYZ基因相对表达量,LYZ能水解病原菌的细胞壁,抑制细菌病原体的定植,并调节肠道微生物与宿主免疫系统之间的相互作用[33-34]。游玉明等[35]和Chen等[36]研究表明,花椒中的精油、麻味物质等活性成分能维持肠道微生态平衡,有益于增强机体免疫力,表明花椒粉可能通过调节肠道微生物,抑制病原菌的定植,提高宿主的免疫机能。花椒具有独特的风味和药用价值,被广泛用作调味剂和中草药。大量研究表明,花椒具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗菌等多种生物和药理活性[37⇓-39]。谢红兵等[12]研究指出,花椒中的活性物质能提高机体内酶的催化能力,降低肠道内致病菌和预防致病菌在胃肠道定植的能力,从而提高肉仔鸡抗病力。而Xia等[40]研究表明,喂食花椒的小鼠的白细胞介素-2(IL-2)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量没有变化,对机体免疫没有影响。在本研究中,花椒粉在黄羽肉鸡中对免疫机能的影响较小,显著降低了肠道IL-8基因相对表达量,表明花椒粉对黄羽肉鸡免疫机能的影响还需进一步研究。

4 结论

饲粮中添加花椒粉能够提高黄羽肉鸡生长性能、体尺性能、屠宰性能,具有很好的降低腹脂沉积和血清甘油三酯含量的作用。本试验条件下,饲粮中花椒粉适宜添加水平为0.4%。

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