Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 2: 987 - 998

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.086

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Metabolizable Energy Level on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Meat Strain Langya Chickens Aged from 84 to 119 Days

  • QU Zhihan , 1 ,
  • GONG Xiangwei 2 ,
  • SHI Xueping 1 ,
  • ZHANG Bolin 1 ,
  • CHENG Qun 1 ,
  • CAO Dingguo 3 ,
  • WANG Shubai , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
  • 2 Shandong Qingdao Qinzhibao Langya Chicken Breeding Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266500, China
  • 3 Institute of Poultry Science, Academy of Agricultural Sciences of Shandong Province, Ji’nan 250100, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-08-16

  Online published: 2025-02-16

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Abstract

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) level on growth performance, slaughtering performance and meat quality of meat strain Langya chickens age from 84 to 119 days, in order to clarify the appropriate dietary ME level. Nine hundred 77-day-old meat strain Langya chickens of equal weight were randomly divided into 10 groups with 6 replicates of 15 chickens per replicate. Groups 1 to 5 were Langya chicken roosters and groups 6 to 10 were Langya chicken hens, and the ME level of their diets were 12.15 (groups 1 and 6), 12.35 (groups 2 and 7), 12.55 (groups 3 and 8), 12.75 (groups 4 and 9) and 12.95 MJ/kg (groups 5 and 10). The pre-test period was 7 days and the formal test period was 35 days. The results showed as follows: 1) the average daily gain (ADG) of Langya chicken roosters was extremely significantly higher in the 12.35 MJ/kg group than the rest of the groups (P<0.01), was extremely significantly higher in the 12.55 MJ/kg group than the 12.15, 12.75 and 12.95 MJ/kg groups (P<0.01), and was extremely significantly higher in the 12.15 and 12.75 MJ/kg groups than the 12.95 MJ/kg groups (P<0.01); the average daily feed intake (ADFI) of Langya chicken roosters did not differ significantly among groups (P>0.05), and the feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) of Langya chicken roosters was extremely significantly higher in the 12.15 MJ/kg group than the 12.35 and 12.55 MJ/kg groups (P<0.01). The ADFI of Langya chicken hens was extremely significantly higher in the 12.35 MJ/kg group than the 12.95 MJ/kg group (P<0.01), the ADG was extremely significantly higher in the 12.35 MJ/kg group than the rest of the groups (P<0.01), and was extremely significantly higher in the 12.15 and 12.55 MJ/kg groups than the 12.95 MJ/kg group (P<0.01); the F/G was extremely significantly higher in the 12.95 MJ/kg group than the 12.35 and 12.55 MJ/kg groups (P<0.01). The regression equation of dietary ME level with F/G of Langya chicken roosters was Y=1.362X2-33.928X+215.4 and with ADG was Y=-7.442 5X2+185.26X-1 133.4. The regression equation of dietary ME level with F/G of Langya chicken hens was Y=0.958 3X2-23.769X+151.76 and with ADG was Y=-4.278 7X2+106.03X-643.33. From the regression equation, Langya chicken roosters had the best F/G at a dietary ME level of 12.46 MJ/kg and the best ADG at a dietary ME level of 12.45 MJ/kg. The best F/G was at dietary ME level of 12.40 MJ/kg and the best ADG was at dietary ME level of 12.39 MJ/kg for Langya chicken hens. 2) There were no significant differences among the groups of Langya chicken roosters in slaughter rate, half-eviscerated rate, full-eviscerated rate, breast muscle rate and thigh muscle rate (P>0.05), and the abdominal fat rate was extremely significantly higher in the 12.75 and 12.95 MJ/kg groups than the 12.15 MJ/kg group (P<0.01). There were no significant differences among the groups of Langya chicken hens in slaughter rate, half-eviscerated rate, full-eviscerated rate, breast muscle rate and thigh muscle rate (P>0.05), and the abdominal fat rate was significantly higher in the 12.95 MJ/kg group than the 12.15 MJ/kg group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in breast muscle pH45 min, pH24 h, drip loss rate, cooking loss rate, lightness (L*) value, redness (a*) value and yellowness (b*) value of Langya chicken roosters among groups (P>0.05), and the shear force was extremely significantly higher in the 12.95 MJ/kg group than the 12.15, 12.35 and 12.35 MJ/kg groups (P<0.01). There were no significant differences in breast muscle pH45 min, pH24 h, drip loss rate, cooking loss rate, L* value, a* value and b* value of Langya chicken hens among all groups (P>0.05), and the shear force was significantly higher in the 12.95 MJ/kg group than the 12.15 MJ/kg group (P<0.05). In conclusion, combined with regression analysis, the appropriate dietary ME level of meat strain Langya chicken aged from 84 to 119 days is 12.45 MJ/kg for roosters and is 12.40 MJ/kg for hens.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025, 37(2):987-998]

Key words： metabolizable energy; Langya chickens; growth performance; slaughter performance; meat quality

Cite this article

QU Zhihan , GONG Xiangwei , SHI Xueping , ZHANG Bolin , CHENG Qun , CAO Dingguo , WANG Shubai . Effects of Dietary Metabolizable Energy Level on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Meat Strain Langya Chickens Aged from 84 to 119 Days[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(2) : 987 -998 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.086

琅琊鸡原产于山东胶南地区的琅琊、寨里、泊里、信阳等镇,因该地区历史上曾被称为“琅琊县”,故得名“琅琊鸡”[1]。该品种已被列入齐鲁地方家禽良种、《山东省畜禽品种资源保护规划》、《山东省畜禽遗传资源保护名录》和《中国畜禽遗传资源目录》中,并受到重点保护[2]。琅琊鸡体型小巧、适应性好、觅食能力强,具有较强的抗病能力[3],其肉质鲜美细嫩,蛋以“红皮、黄大、质好”而驰名,蛋黄比率高,营养物质丰富且口感较好[4-5]。饲粮能量对家禽的生长发育起着至关重要的作用,也是确定饲粮中其他营养素精准供给的基础[6]。适宜的饲粮能量水平可以在满足肉鸡生长需求的同时提高饲料效率和降低饲料成本[7⇓-9]。路腾等[10]研究发现,不同饲粮能量水平对育雏期琅琊鸡的生长性能有不同影响,1~21日龄饲粮适宜能量水平为12.64 MJ/kg,28~42日龄饲粮适宜能量水平为12.77 MJ/kg,49~63日龄饲粮适宜能量水平为12.87 MJ/kg。吴蓉蓉等[11]研究发现,饲粮能量水平为11.30 MJ/kg时可显著提高63~98日龄文昌鸡的平均日增重并降低料重比。卢建等[12]研究发现,饲粮能量水平为11.72 MJ/kg时能显著提高育成期如皋黄鸡126日龄体重和56~126日龄平均日增重并降低56~126日龄料重比。宋琼莉等[13]研究发现,饲粮能量水平为11.77 MJ/kg时可显著提高56~105日龄宁都黄鸡终末体重、平均日增重和腹脂率,并降低平均日采食量。原始品种琅琊鸡属兼用型地方品种黄鸡,育肥周期长达17~19周,饲料报酬较低,养殖效益欠佳,为此山东禽之宝琅琊鸡育种有公司联合科研单位以提高生长速度等为选育目标,开展了肉用品系琅琊鸡的选育工作。目前有关新选育肉用品系琅琊鸡饲粮适宜代谢能水平的研究处于空白阶段。为此,本试验以新选育肉用品系育肥期琅琊鸡为研究对象,探讨不同饲粮代谢能水平对其生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质的影响,旨在确定其饲粮适宜代谢能水平,从而为肉用品系琅琊鸡饲粮的合理配制提供科学依据。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验动物

77日龄体况良好、体重接近的健康琅琊鸡900只(公母各450只),由山东禽之宝琅琊鸡育种有公司提供。动物试验伦理批准编号为DKY20230710,由青岛农业大学动物科技学院实验动物伦理委员会审批批准。

1.2 试验动物分组与处理

将900只琅琊鸡按照体重均等原则随机分成10个组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。1~5组为公鸡,6~10组为母鸡,代谢能水平分别设置为12.15(1组和6组)、12.35(2组和7组)、12.55(3组和8组)、12.75(4组和9组)、12.95 MJ/kg(5组和10组)。试验预试期7 d,正试期35 d。试验鸡饲养于同栋鸡舍,均采用3层笼养,使用Agrologic公司生产的TempTron 616自动化控制设备控制鸡舍内光照(光照时间17 h/d)、温度(设定为24 ℃)、相对湿度(设定为50%)。试验鸡自由采食和饮水。饲粮代谢能水平参考《黄羽肉鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 3645—2020)及相关黄羽肉鸡文献[14⇓⇓-17]设置,其他营养素水平参考《黄羽肉鸡饲养标准》(NY/T 3645—2020)设置。试验饲粮组成及营养水平见表1。饲粮中粗蛋白质、钙和总磷含量分别参照《饲料中粗蛋白的测定凯氏定氮法》(GB/T 6432—2018)、《饲料中钙的测定》(GB/T 6436—2018)和《饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法》(GB/T 6437—2018)中方法进行测定。饲粮代谢能水平以及非植酸磷和氨基酸含量参照《中国饲料成分及营养价值表(2020年第31版)》进行计算。
表1 饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of diets (air-dry basis) %

项目
Items		 饲粮代谢能水平Dietary ME level/(MJ/kg)
12.15 12.35 12.55 12.75 12.95
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 70.80 72.07 71.00 71.39 70.37
麸皮Wheat bran 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
豆粕Soybean meal 23.34 21.17 21.00 19.85 20.00
玉米蛋白粉Corn protein meal 0.10 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
豆油Soybean oil 0.05 0.55 1.29 2.00 2.87
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 0.40 0.40 0.40 0.45 0.45
石粉Limestone 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.90
食盐NaCl 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30
苜蓿Alfalfa 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
预混料Premix1) 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.15 12.35 12.55 12.75 12.95
粗蛋白质CP 16.81 16.74 16.78 16.75 16.67
钙Ca 0.57 0.58 0.55 0.58 0.55
总磷TP 0.37 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.34
非植酸磷NPP 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
蛋氨酸Met 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
赖氨酸Lys 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of diets:VA 7 500 IU,VB12 0.036 mg,VD3 10 000 IU,VE 40 mg,生物素 biotin 0.6 mg,叶酸 folic acid 2 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 80 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 20 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 480 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 200 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 200 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 2.4 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.6 mg。

2)粗蛋白质、钙和总磷含量为实测值,其余为计算值。CP, Ca and TP were measured values, while the others were calculated values.

1.3 检测指标与方法

1.3.1 生长性能

试验期间以重复为单位,每周称量周末余料量及体重,统计并计算各组平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比,试验结束后称空腹体重并计算试验全期的平均日采食量、平均日增重和料重比。

1.3.2 屠宰性能

试验结束后禁饲12 h,从每组的每个重复选取1只体重接近平均体重的琅琊鸡,宰前称重,颈部放血屠宰,测定屠体重、半净膛重、全净膛重、胸肌重、腿肌重、腹脂重,并计算屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、腹脂率。屠宰性能相关指标参照《家禽生长性能名词术语和度量计算方法》(NY/T 823—2020)进行测定和计算。

1.3.3 肉品质

取1.3.2中屠宰后肉鸡的胸肌,参考《畜禽肉质的测定》(NY/T 1333—2007)测定滴水损失、蒸煮损失、pH45 min、pH24 h、剪切力。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据采用Excel 2019初步处理,采用SPSS 26.0软件对数据进行单因素方差分析,并采用Tukey氏法进行多重比较检验。结果以平均值和均值标准误(SEM)表示,P>0.05为差异不显著,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。采用Excel 2019多项式回归分析建立代谢能水平与平均日增重和料重比的回归方程。

2 结果与分析

2.1 饲粮代谢能水平对肉用品系琅琊鸡生长性能的影响

由表2可知,对于84~119日龄的肉用品系琅琊鸡公鸡,平均日增重表现为12.35 MJ/kg组极显著高于其余各组(P<0.01),12.55 MJ/kg组极显著高于12.15、12.75、12.95 MJ/kg组(P<0.01),12.15、12.75 MJ/kg组极显著高于12.95 MJ/kg组(P<0.01);平均日采食量表现为各组之间差异不显著(P>0.05);料重比表现为12.15 MJ/kg组极显著高于12.35、12.55 MJ/kg组(P<0.01)。由表3可知,对于84~119日龄的肉用品系琅琊鸡母鸡,12.35 MJ/kg组平均日采食量极显著高于12.95 MJ/kg组(P<0.01);12.35 MJ/kg组平均日增重极显著高于其余各组(P<0.01),12.15、12.55 MJ/kg组平均日增重极显著高于12.95 MJ/kg组(P<0.01);12.95 MJ/kg组料重比极显著高于12.35、12.55 MJ/kg组(P<0.01),显著高于12.15 MJ/kg组(P<0.05)。
表2 饲粮代谢能水平对84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡公鸡生长性能的影响

Table 2 Effects of dietary ME level on growth performance of meat strain Langya chicken roosters aged from 84 to 119 days

项目
Items		 饲粮代谢能水平
Dietary ME level/(MJ/kg)		 SEM P值P-value
组别
Group		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
12.15 12.35 12.55 12.75 12.95
平均日增重ADG/g 18.62Cc 20.11Aa 19.16Bb 18.62Cc 17.82Dd 0.147 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/g 79.31 81.28 79.80 78.75 78.80 0.322 0.085 0.112 0.196
料重比F/G 4.26Ab 4.04Cc 4.16BCbc 4.23ABCb 4.42ABa 0.027 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

同行数据肩标无字母或相同字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

表3 饲粮代谢能水平对84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡母鸡生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary ME level on growth performance of meat strain Langya chicken hens aged from 84 to 119 days

项目
Items		 饲粮代谢能水平Dietary ME level/(MJ/kg) SEM P值P-value
组别
Group		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
12.15 12.35 12.55 12.75 12.95
平均日增重ADG/g 13.06Bb 13.98Aa 13.18Bb 12.76BCbc 12.29Cc 0.117 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
平均日采食量ADFI/g 58.26ABab 60.81Aa 58.15ABab 57.79ABb 57.28Bb 0.361 0.008 0.026 0.135
料重比F/G 4.46ABb 4.35Bb 4.41Bb 4.53ABab 4.66Aa 0.025 0.001 <0.001 0.003
饲粮代谢能水平与84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡生长性能的回归分析结果见表4。回归分析显示,琅琊鸡公鸡在饲粮代谢能水平为12.46 MJ/kg时料重比最佳,在饲粮代谢能水平为12.45 MJ/kg时平均日增重最佳;琅琊鸡母鸡在饲粮代谢能水平为12.40 MJ/kg时料重比最佳,在饲粮代谢能水平为12.39 MJ/kg时平均日增重最佳。
表4 饲粮代谢能水平与84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡生长性能的回归分析

Table 4 Regression analysis between dietary ME level and growth performance of meat strain Langya chickens aged from 84 to 119 days

项目
Items		 回归方程
Regression equation		 决定系数
R2		 X极值
X-extremum		 Y极值
Y-extremum		 P值
P-value
公鸡Roosters
料重比F/G Y=1.362X2-33.928X+215.4 0.879 7 12.46 4.11 0.120
平均日增重ADG/g Y=-7.442 5X2+185.26X-1 133.4 0.770 2 12.45 19.48 0.230
母鸡Hens
料重比F/G Y=0.958 3X2-23.769X+151.76 0.952 9 12.40 4.37 0.047
平均日增重ADG/g Y=-4.278 7X2+106.03X-643.33 0.757 5 12.39 12.55 0.242

2.2 饲粮代谢能水平对肉用品系琅琊鸡屠宰性能的影响

由表5可知,琅琊鸡公鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率各组间均没有显著差异(P>0.05),12.75、12.95 MJ/kg组的腹脂率极显著高于12.15 MJ/kg组(P<0.01)。由表6可知,琅琊鸡母鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率各组间均没有显著差异(P>0.05),12.95 MJ/kg组的腹脂率显著高于12.15 MJ/kg组(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮代谢能水平对119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡公鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary ME level on slaughter performance of 119-day-old meat strain Langya chicken roosters %

项目
Items		 饲粮代谢能水平Dietary ME level/(MJ/kg) SEM P值P-value
组别
Group		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
12.15 12.35 12.55 12.75 12.95
屠宰率Slaughter rate 88.17 88.67 88.57 87.80 88.95 0.326 0.847 0.783 0.822
半净膛率
Half-eviscerated rate		 78.24 79.23 79.55 81.66 81.33 0.539 0.215 0.027 0.848
全净膛率
Full-eviscerated rate		 72.26 72.84 74.06 74.60 74.83 0.635 0.675 0.148 0.805
胸肌率Breast rate 15.05 15.25 14.51 13.26 13.82 0.304 0.196 0.041 0.931
腿肌率Thigh rate 19.67 20.00 20.36 19.78 21.76 0.332 0.273 0.097 0.392
腹脂率Abdominal fat rate 6.53Bc 6.67ABbc 6.99ABab 7.05Aab 7.12Aa 0.058 0.001 0.001 0.249
表6 饲粮代谢能水平对119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡母鸡屠宰性能的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary ME level on slaughter performance of 119-day-old meat strain Langya chicken hens %

项目
Items		 饲粮代谢能水平Dietary ME level/(MJ/kg) SEM P值P-value
组别
Group		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
12.15 12.35 12.55 12.75 12.95
屠宰率Slaughter rate 87.25 87.57 87.16 87.13 87.35 0.237 0.982 0.890 0.938
半净膛率
Half-eviscerated rate		 78.64 80.06 79.95 78.84 79.77 0.469 0.833 0.767 0.636
全净膛率
Full-eviscerated rate		 71.89 72.79 73.33 70.80 72.26 0.551 0.688 0.758 0.684
胸肌率Breast muscle rate 13.54 14.37 13.33 13.21 14.00 0.316 0.787 0.924 0.765
腿肌率Thigh muscle rate 19.19 19.91 18.73 19.27 21.78 0.337 0.185 0.146 0.232
腹脂率Abdominal fat rate 6.91b 7.01ab 7.18ab 7.34ab 7.36a 0.055 0.019 0.001 0.668

2.3 饲粮代谢能水平对肉用品系琅琊鸡肉品质的影响

由表7可知,琅琊鸡公鸡的胸肌pH45 min、pH24 h、滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率、亮度(L*)值、红度(a*)值、黄度(b*)值各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),12.95 MJ/kg组的剪切力极显著高于12.15、12.35、12.35 MJ/kg组(P<0.01)。由表8可知,琅琊鸡母鸡的胸肌pH45 min、pH24 h、滴水损失率、蒸煮损失率、L*值、a*值、b*值各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),12.95 MJ/kg组的剪切力显著高于12.15 MJ/kg组(P<0.05)。
表7 饲粮代谢能水平对119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡公鸡肉品质的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary ME level on meat quality of 119-day-old meat strain Langya chicken roosters

项目
Items		 饲粮代谢能水平Dietary ME level/(MJ/kg) SEM P值P-value
组别
Group		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
12.15 12.35 12.55 12.75 12.95
pH45 min 6.12 5.92 5.92 6.01 5.97 0.048 0.722 0.600 0.362
pH24 h 4.86 5.03 4.81 4.80 4.81 0.041 0.392 0.292 0.743
滴水损失率
Drip loss rate/%		 3.42 3.60 3.49 3.40 3.29 0.065 0.705 0.371 0.333
蒸煮损失率
Cooking loss rate/%		 25.33 26.55 26.71 25.74 24.96 0.597 0.888 0.736 0.347
剪切力
Shear force/N		 48.11Bc 49.00Bbc 49.18Bbc 50.68ABab 52.85Aa 0.397 <0.001 <0.001 0.102
亮度L* 47.52 50.24 48.60 48.36 50.09 0.598 0.576 0.465 0.912
红度a* 2.20 1.99 2.58 2.45 2.34 0.108 0.510 0.366 0.593
黄度b* 2.95 3.13 2.86 2.96 3.07 0.065 0.744 0.862 0.694
表8 饲粮代谢能水平对119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡母鸡肉品质的影响

Table 8 Effects of dietary ME level on meat quality of 119-day-old meat strain Langya chicken hens

项目
Items		 饲粮代谢能水平Dietary ME level/(MJ/kg) SEM P值P-value
组别
Group		 线性
Linear		 二次
Quadratic
12.15 12.35 12.55 12.75 12.95
pH45 min 5.81 5.80 5.88 5.93 5.95 0.070 0.959 0.467 0.980
pH24 h 4.85 4.83 4.90 4.89 4.92 0.027 0.881 0.359 0.949
滴水损失率
Drip loss rate/%		 3.12 3.59 3.39 3.22 3.09 0.116 0.706 0.654 0.283
蒸煮损失率
Cooking loss rate/%		 24.33 23.53 26.43 23.33 24.64 0.608 0.523 0.927 0.739
剪切力
Shear force/N		 43.53b 44.75ab 44.77ab 45.64ab 47.55a 0.416 0.034 0.002 0.474
亮度L* 50.20 50.64 50.23 47.85 47.89 0.609 0.429 0.106 0.599
红度a* 1.86 2.11 2.37 1.96 2.13 0.092 0.524 0.599 0.319
黄度b* 3.62 3.57 3.35 3.01 3.28 0.085 0.180 0.055 0.485

3 讨论

3.1 饲粮代谢能水平对肉用品系琅琊鸡生长性能的影响

生长性能是评估饲粮饲喂效果和养分利用率的重要指标,而饲粮代谢能水平则是影响家禽生长性能的主要因素[18],适宜的代谢能水平对于家禽健康生长至关重要。家禽采食饲粮主要是为了满足其对能量的需求,因此家禽具有“为能而食”的特性,饲粮代谢能水平成为调节家禽采食量的主要因素[19]。研究表明,在一定的代谢能水平范围内,家禽能够根据饲粮代谢能水平调节其采食量,随着饲料代谢能水平的升高,采食量与料重比呈下降趋势,其生长性能也受到相应影响[20⇓-22]。路腾等[10]的研究显示,提高1~63日龄琅琊鸡饲粮代谢能水平,平均日增重显著上升后下降,且1~21日龄饲粮代谢能水平为12.64 MJ/kg时能获得最佳平均日增重,21~42日龄饲粮代谢能水平为12.77 MJ/kg时能获得最佳平均日增重,42~63日龄饲粮代谢能水平为12.87 MJ/kg时能获得最佳平均日增重。Abouelezz等[23]的研究显示,63~105日龄岭南鸡的平均日增重在代谢能12.13~13.80 MJ/kg范围内有先升高后下降的趋势。但柳迪等[24]的研究结果表明,改变饲粮代谢能水平对63~140日龄育成期坝上长尾鸡的平均日增重无显著影响。本试验结果显示,84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡的平均日增重随饲粮代谢能水平的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势,公鸡、母鸡分别在饲粮代谢能水平为12.45和12.39 MJ/kg时获得最佳平均日增重。这在一定程度上说明适当提高饲粮代谢能水平可以促进肉用品系琅琊鸡的生长发育,提高体增重,过高的饲粮代谢能水平反而会抑制肉用品系琅琊鸡的生长发育。家禽通常通过进食来满足能量需求[25],这解释了试验中采食2种高代谢能水平饲粮的琅琊鸡平均日采食量降低的原因,符合家禽“为能而食”的本能。该结论与Kim等[26]的研究结果一致,他们观察到与标准饲粮相比,采食高能量水平饲粮时肉鸡的平均日采食量降低。孙伟丽等[27]的研究结果表明,140~154日龄雄性雉鸡在11.30~12.56 MJ/kg代谢能范围内料重比有先降低后升高的趋势。钟观新等[7]的研究结果表明,1~84日龄麒麟母鸡在10.00~13.20 MJ/kg代谢能范围内料重比有先降低后升高的趋势。本试验结果显示,84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡的料重比随饲粮代谢能水平的升高呈先降低后上升的趋势,公鸡、母鸡分别在代谢能水平为12.46和12.39 MJ/kg时获得最佳料重比。这与上述结果一致,说明过高或过低的饲粮代谢能水平均不利于提高饲料利用率,只有最适宜的饲粮代谢能水平才能实现最低的料重比,有利于提高饲料利用率。

3.2 饲粮代谢能水平对肉用品系琅琊鸡屠宰性能的影响

屠宰性能是评估动物生长的重要指标,直观反映了动物体结构和可食用部分的比例[28]。研究显示,中国优质肉鸡的屠宰率超过80%,全净膛率可达60%以上[5]。本试验结果表明,肉用品系琅琊鸡公鸡和母鸡的屠体率均在87%以上,全净膛率均在70%以上,说明作为地方优质鸡种,肉用品系琅琊鸡的屠宰性能良好。熊忙利等[29]研究表明,艾维茵肉仔鸡全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率在饲粮代谢能水平为12.50~13.30 MJ/kg时均没有显著差异。本试验结果显示,119日龄琅琊鸡的屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率在饲粮代谢能水平为12.15~12.95 MJ/kg时均没有显著差异。耿爱莲等[30]研究表明,112日龄北京油鸡屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率在饲粮代谢能水平为11.31~11.70 MJ/kg时均没有显著差异。蒋桂韬等[31]研究表明,49日龄湘黄鸡胸肌率、腿肌率在饲粮代谢能水平为10.59~11.16 MJ/kg时均无显著差异。刘雄杰等[32]研究表明,119日龄北京油鸡胸肌率、腿肌率在饲粮代谢能水平为12.20~13.08 MJ/kg时均无显著差异。本试验结果表明,肉用品系琅琊鸡公鸡和母鸡的胸肌率和腿肌率在饲粮代谢能水平为12.15~12.95 MJ/kg时没有显著差异。周桂莲等[33]研究表明,饲粮代谢能在11.70~13.40 MJ/kg范围内,42日龄黄羽肉鸡腹脂率随着饲粮代谢能水平的升高而增加。本试验结果表明,提高饲粮代谢能水平,肉鸡腹脂率上升。这可能是因为当饲粮代谢能水平升高时,其摄入的能量也会增加,当摄入的能量超过其需要时,其可以将体内多余的能量转化为腹脂沉积。

3.3 饲粮代谢能水平对肉用品系琅琊鸡肉品质的影响

肉品质是评价家禽肉用性能的核心,常规指标包括肉色、嫩度、系水力和pH等[34]。肉色是肌肉外观的颜色特征,与肌肉的风味、嫩度和多汁性无关,常用L*、a*、b*表示,其中L*表示亮度,取值范围为0~100(黑-白),a*表示红度(+a*表示红色,-a*表示绿色),b*表示黄度(+b*表示黄色,-b*表示蓝色)[35]。a*值越高,肉质越好,L*值和b*值越低,肉色越淡[23]。肉色受肌肉中肌红蛋白和血红蛋白含量的影响[36]。周磊[37]指出,禽类的腿肌中肌红蛋白含量较高,颜色较深,通常呈红色;而胸肌中肌红蛋白含量较低,通常呈白色。本试验发现,饲料代谢能水平在12.15~12.95 MJ/kg范围内变化时对肉用品系琅琊鸡胸肌L*值、a*值、b*值没有显著影响。肌肉嫩度是影响肉品质的关键因素之一,也是人们对肉品口感的直接评价指标,它反映了肉品中肌原纤维、结缔组织和肌肉脂肪的含水量,通常通过剪切力大小来评估,肌肉的剪切力与嫩度呈负相关,即剪切力越小,肉品越嫩。李佳凝等[38]研究表明,育成期的爱拔益加肉鸡饲喂代谢能水平为9.38~11.70 MJ/kg的饲粮时,9.38 MJ/k组的剪切力最小,肌肉最嫩。本试验结果表明,提高饲粮代谢能水平会增大肉用品系琅琊鸡的胸肌剪切力,进而降低肌肉嫩度,具体机制有待进一步研究。肌肉的系水力是指在受到加压、破碎、冷冻、加热、反复冻融、贮存等外力作用时,肌肉组织仍能保持水分的能力。它可以通过滴水损失率和蒸煮损失率这2个指标的综合评估来判断,两者之间存在相关性,滴水损失率和蒸煮损失率越低,说明其系水力越高[39-40]。本试验结果显示,饲粮代谢能水平在12.15~12.95 MJ/kg范围内时对肉用品系琅琊鸡的胸肌滴水损失率和蒸煮损失率的影响不显著。刘念等[41]通过研究饲粮营养水平对中速黄羽肉鸡肉品质的影响得出,饲粮营养水平对胸肌滴水损失无显著影响。pH是测定肉品质时最重要的指标之一,直接影响肉品的加工利用[42]。黎寿丰等[43]研究表明,饲料代谢能水平在11.93~12.35 MJ/kg范围内时对42~91日龄邵伯鸡的肌肉pH无显著影响。本试验中,饲粮代谢能水平对肉用品系琅琊鸡的胸肌pH无显著影响。

4 结论

本试验结果显示,适宜的饲粮代谢能水平可改善84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡的生长性能、屠宰性能和肉品质。饲粮代谢能水平在12.35~12.55 MJ/kg时,84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡可获得较好的料重比以及较高的平均日增重、屠宰率、半净膛率。结合回归分析结果,84~119日龄肉用品系琅琊鸡饲粮代谢能水平公鸡以12.45 MJ/kg为宜,母鸡以12.40 MJ/kg为宜。

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