Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition >

2025 , Vol. 37 >Issue 3: 1550 - 1559

DOI: https://doi.org/10.12418/CJAN2025.133

RESEARCH PAPER

Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Coated Cysteamine and Coated Betaine on Lipid Metabolism and Fat Deposition in Sujiang Pigs

  • NI Ligang , 1 ,
  • XU Pan 1 ,
  • ZHANG Yaqin 1 ,
  • ZHANG Wei 2 ,
  • ZHANG Junsheng 1 ,
  • ZHU Shubin 1 ,
  • GAO Huizhen 1 ,
  • ZHAO Xuting , 1, *
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  • 1 College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China
  • 2 Jiangsu Jiangquhai Pig Seed Co., Ltd., Taizhou 225300, China
*professor, E-mail:

Received date: 2024-09-19

  Online published: 2025-03-13

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Abstract

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with coated cysteamine (CCS) and coated betaine (CBet) on lipid metabolism and fat deposition in Sujiang pigs during the fattening period. Fifty-four Sujiang pigs from the same batch, each weighing (60.0±3.0) kg, were randomly assigned to 3 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 pigs per replicate. Pigs in control group were fed a basal diet, pigs in CCS group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg CCS, and pigs in CBet group were fed the basal diet supplemented with 1 250 mg/kg CBet. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days and the formal experimental period lasted for 50 days. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control group, both the CCS and CBet groups had significantly reduced backfat thickness and leaf-fat weight (P<0.05), and had a significantly increased lean meat rate (P<0.05); serum total protein (TP) content was also significantly increased (P<0.05), while the contents of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the content of insulin (INS) was significantly or extremely significantly reduced (P<0.01 or P<0.05); additionally, the mRNA relative expression levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) in backfat and liver tissues were significantly down-regulated (P<0.05), while the mRNA relative expression levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) was significantly up-regulated (P<0.05). 2) Compared with the control group, the intramuscular fat (IMF) content of the CBet group was significantly increased (P<0.05), and the mRNA relative expression level of fatty acid transporter 1 (FATP1) in backfat tissue was also significantly up-regulated (P<0.05), while the mRNA relative expression level of triglyceride lipase (ATGL) in backfat tissue was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In conclusion, adding either CCS or CBet to the diet can improve lipid metabolism capacity of Sujiang pigs, and reduce fat synthesis and deposition by altering hormone secretion and the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes. Furthermore, adding CBet to the diet can increase the IMF content and improve the pork quality of Sujiang pigs.

Key words： coated cysteamine; coated betaine; Sujiang pigs; lipid metabolism; fat deposition

Cite this article

NI Ligang , XU Pan , ZHANG Yaqin , ZHANG Wei , ZHANG Junsheng , ZHU Shubin , GAO Huizhen , ZHAO Xuting . Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Coated Cysteamine and Coated Betaine on Lipid Metabolism and Fat Deposition in Sujiang Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2025 , 37(3) : 1550 -1559 . DOI: 10.12418/CJAN2025.133

胴体品质是衡量商品猪等级的重要指标,在商品猪饲养后期,脂肪合成和沉积会逐渐增加,胴体脂肪沉积过多直接影响胴体品质和胴体等级,从而影响商品猪等级[1-2]。为了提高商品猪的胴体品质,减少胴体脂肪沉积,科研人员一直在寻求高效、无害的抗脂剂。半胱胺和甜菜碱作为安全、高效的新型功能性饲料添加剂,具有促进动物生长、提高饲料报酬、调节脂质代谢、改善胴体品质的作用,在养殖行业备受关注[3-4]。半胱胺为半胱氨酸的脱羧产物,是辅酶A的重要组成部分,含有活性的氨基和巯基,可以调节脂质代谢相关酶的活性,从而影响脂肪的合成和分解[5]。甜菜碱又称为三甲基甘氨酸,具有3个活性甲基,作为渗透压调节剂和甲基供体(转甲基作用),参与氨基酸、肉碱、磷脂酰胆碱、肌酸等的合成,调节脂质的合成、分解和转运,在脂质代谢过程中发挥着重要的作用[6]。研究表明,饲粮中添加半胱胺可影响育肥猪脂肪组织中激素敏感脂肪酶、脂肪酶等的活性,并可调节肝脏组织中脂肪酸合成酶(FASN)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)等脂质代谢相关基因的表达[7-8];饲粮中添加甜菜碱可影响育肥猪脂肪组织中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶、脂肪酸合成酶、苹果酸脱氢酶等的活性,并可调节脂肪组织中FASN、甘油三酯脂酶(ATGL)等脂质代谢相关基因的表达[9];在育肥猪饲粮中添加半胱胺或甜菜碱能减少胴体脂肪沉积、降低背膘厚和提高胴体瘦肉率[10-11]。
胴体脂肪沉积是由脂肪合成和分解之间的平衡引起的[12],脂肪组织的主要成分为甘油三酯,是由脂肪酸和甘油构成的酯类化合物,脂肪沉积是甘油三酯合成的过程[13],脂质代谢受到FASN、PPARα、ATGL等调控因子的影响[14]。虽然目前研究表明,饲粮中添加半胱胺或甜菜碱能影响猪体内脂质代谢调控因子的表达,并具有调节体内脂质代谢和脂肪沉积的功能,但其调节机制尚不清楚。苏姜猪为国内培育的新品种猪,其胴体脂肪沉积能力处于地方猪与外来猪之间[15],是研究脂质代谢和脂肪沉积的理想动物。在饲料添加剂领域,半胱胺和甜菜碱通常包被成溶解性和稳定性更好的盐酸盐使用,包被后的半胱胺和甜菜碱不仅能保护营养成分不被氧化和破坏,还能改善其适口性[16]。因此,本试验以苏姜猪为试验对象,研究饲粮中添加包被半胱胺(CCS)和包被甜菜碱(CBet)对育肥猪体内脂质代谢及脂肪沉积的影响,探索CCS和CBet调节脂质代谢和脂肪沉积的机制,以期为在生猪生产上应用CCS和CBet改善胴体品质提供参考。

1 材料与方法

1.1 试验设计

选取健康、体重为(60.0±3.0) kg的苏姜猪54头,随机分为3组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,基础饲粮为参照NRC(2012)并结合苏姜猪的营养需求配制的粉状料,其组成及营养水平见表1;CCS组和CBet组是在基础饲粮中分别添加200 mg/kg CCS(CCS为白色微囊,有效成分含量50%,其余为保护剂)和1 250 mg/kg CBet(CBet为白色结晶状粉末,有效成分含量98%),使用量参照相关文献[17-18]。饲养试验在江苏姜曲海猪种业有限公司进行。整个试验分为预试期和正试期,预试期为7 d,正试期为50 d。试验猪采用自由采食、自由饮水的饲养方式。上述动物试验经江苏农牧科技职业学院实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:JSAHVC-2023-15)。
表1 基础饲粮组成及营养水平(风干基础)

Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet (air-dry basis) %

项目Items 含量Content
原料Ingredients
玉米Corn 49.00
豆粕Soybean meal 7.00
小麦麸Wheat bran 15.00
米糠Rice bran 13.00
大豆皮Soybean hull 13.00
石粉Limestone 1.14
食盐NaCl 0.30
L-赖氨酸L-Lys 0.34
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met 0.22
预混料Premix1) 1.00
合计Total 100.00
营养水平Nutrient levels2)
代谢能ME/(MJ/kg) 12.11
粗蛋白质CP 13.14
粗纤维CF 5.20
赖氨酸Lys 0.82
蛋氨酸Met 0.27
钙Ca 0.63
总磷TP 0.62

1)预混料为每千克饲粮提供The premix provided the following per kg of the diet:VA 6 000 IU,VB1 1 mg,VB2 6.4 mg,VB6 2.4 mg,VB12 0.02 mg,VD3 400 IU,VE 10 IU,VK3 2 mg,VC 20 mg,生物素 biotin 0.2 mg,叶酸 folic acid 0.2 mg,D-泛酸 D-pantothenic acid 10 mg,烟酸 nicotinic acid 14 mg,Fe (as ferrous sulfate) 60 mg,Cu (as copper sulfate) 6 mg,Zn (as zinc sulfate) 60 mg,Mn (as manganese sulfate) 10 mg,I (as potassium iodide) 0.3 mg,Se (as sodium selenite) 0.3 mg。

2)代谢能为计算值[参照NRC(2012)],粗蛋白质(GB/T 6432—2018)、粗纤维(GB/T 6434—2006)、钙(GB/T 6436—2018)、总磷(GB/T 6437—2018)和氨基酸(GB/T 18246—2019)为实测值。ME was a calculated value according to NRC (2012), while CP (GB/T 6432—2018), CF (GB/T 6434—2006), Ca (GB/T 6436—2018), TP (GB/T 6437—2018) and amino acids (GB/T 18246—2019) were measured values.

1.2 检测指标及检测方法

1.2.1 生长性能指标测定

正试期开始和结束时,试验猪在清晨空腹称活重,计算各组的平均日增重(ADG)。记录每天的饲喂量和余料量,统计正试期内的饲粮消耗,计算各组的平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)。生长性能指标的计算公式如下:
ADG=(终末体重-初始体重)/试验天数;
总采食量=饲喂饲粮的总量-余料的总量;
ADFI=总采食量/(试验天数×试验猪只数);
F/G=ADFI/ADG。

1.2.2 屠宰性能及胴体与肉质性状的测定

当试验结束时,从每个重复里随机选择2头试验猪,每组6头,进行屠宰试验。试验猪屠宰前禁食24 h,屠宰后的胴体沿背中线分开,左半部胴体用于胴体和肉质性状的测定。瘦肉率、眼肌面积、背膘厚等胴体性状的测定方法参照《瘦肉型猪胴体性状测定技术规范》(NY/T 825—2004)[19],肌内脂肪(IMF)含量、大理石纹评分、眼肌面积等肉质性状的测定方法参照《猪肉品质测定技术规程》(NY/T 821—2019)[20]。

1.2.3 血清生化指标及激素含量的测定

试验猪屠宰前,前腔静脉采集全血,1 000×g离心分离血清,-20 ℃冰箱保存备用。采用AU-2700全自动生化分析仪进行血清总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、球蛋白(GLO)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)含量的测定。采用酶联免疫吸附检测(ELISA)试剂盒(购于上海岚派生物科技有限公司)进行血清生长激素(TG)、生长抑素(SS)、甲状腺素(T4)、胃泌素(GAS)、胰岛素(INS)含量的测定。

1.2.4 脂质代谢相关基因表达的测定

试验猪屠宰后,无菌采取背膘和肝脏组织,-70 ℃冰箱保存备用。样品总RNA的提取按照天根DP431 RNAprep Pure动物组织总RNA提取试剂盒说明书操作,采用Nanodrop-2000核酸蛋白分析仪检测样品总RNA的质量浓度和纯度。根据NCBI数据库中的基因序列设计引物(表2)。在LightCycler-480荧光定量PCR仪上进行荧光定量PCR,测定基因的转录水平,每个样品设3个重复,以猪3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)为内参基因,使用2-ΔΔCt方法计算目的基因的mRNA相对表达量。
表2 引物序列

Table 2 Primer sequences

基因
Genes		 引物序列
Primer sequences (5'—3')		 产物大小
Product size/bp
3-磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶
GAPDH		 F:CCTGGAGAAACCTGCAAAATA
R:AACCTGGTCCTCAGTGTAGCC		 100
乙酰辅酶A羧化酶
ACC		 F:AAGCATACCTCCCACCGC
R:GACGCTCTGAGAAATAGCACATC		 253
脂肪酸合成酶
FASN		 F:CCACTCCAAGCAGGCGAA
R:GCTCACACCCACCCAGACA		 136
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α
PPARα		 F: GCTGGACGACAGTGACCTTT
R:AGTTTGAGCACATGCACGATAC		 123
脂肪酸转运蛋白1
FATP1		 F:CCTCTGCGTCGCTTTGAT
R:CCCAGTTCGTCCATCACC		 148
甘油三酯脂酶
ATGL		 F:ATGTCATCATAACCCACTTCGC
R:CGCAGTACACGGGAATGAAG		 81

1.3 数据统计与分析

试验数据以平均值±标准差表示,采用SPSS 19.0软件的ANOVA程序进行单因素方差分析,Duncan氏法进行多重比较,P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。

2 结果

2.1 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪生长性能的影响

如表3所示,在相同饲养条件下,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet对苏姜猪的ADG、ADFI、F/G均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
表3 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪生长性能的影响

Table 3 Effects of dietary supplementation with CCS and CBet on growth performance of Sujiang pigs

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 CCS组
CCS group		 CBet组
CBet group		 P值
P-value
初始体重Initial BW/kg 60.67±2.59 60.89±2.91 60.72±2.42 0.966
终末体重Final BW/kg 90.89±5.71 91.78±5.44 91.67±4.73 0.861
平均日增重ADG/g 671.60±95.98 686.42±78.43 687.65±77.91 0.819
平均日采食量ADFI/kg 2.19±0.11 2.18±0.06 2.20±0.06 0.914
料重比F/G 3.27±0.21 3.17±0.08 3.21±0.06 0.725

同行数据肩标无字母或相同小写字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05),不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05),不同大写字母表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。下表同。

In the same row, values with no letter or the same small letter superscripts mean no significant difference (P>0.05), while with different small letter superscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05), and with different capital letter superscripts mean extremely significant difference (P<0.01). The same as below.

2.2 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪屠宰性能及胴体和肉质性状的影响

如表4所示,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet对苏姜猪的屠宰率、眼肌面积、大理石纹评分无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,CCS组和CBet组的背膘厚显著降低(P<0.05),瘦肉率显著提高(P<0.05),板油重显著减少(P<0.05);CBet组的IMF含量显著高于CCS组和对照组(P<0.05)。
表4 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪屠宰性能及胴体和肉质性状的影响

Table 4 Effects of dietary supplementation with CCS and CBet on slaughter performance, carcass and meat quality traits of Sujiang pigs

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 CCS组
CCS group		 CBet组
CBet group		 P值
P-value
宰前重Weight before slaughter/kg 92.17±6.25 92.33±6.08 93.75±5.46 0.880
胴体重Weight of carcass/kg 33.28±2.56 33.56±2.88 33.93±2.53 0.915
屠宰率Dressing percentage/% 72.18±1.70 72.64±2.70 72.33±2.05 0.935
背膘厚Backfat thickness/mm 27.80±2.28a 24.82±1.59b 25.03±1.44b 0.036
瘦肉率Lean meat rate/% 56.02±0.72b 57.35±1.21a 57.28±1.14a 0.046
眼肌面积Loin eye area/cm2 25.45±1.38 26.71±0.88 26.80±1.43 0.146
大理石纹评分Marbling score 2.83±0.61 2.58±0.86 2.67±0.93 0.863
肌内脂肪含量IMF content/% 3.80±1.27b 4.00±0.91b 4.94±0.45a 0.048
板油重Leaf-fat weight/kg 1.22±0.14a 1.01±0.16b 1.06±0.11b 0.035

2.3 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪血清生化指标的影响

如表5所示,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet对苏姜猪血清中ALB和GLO含量无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,CCS组和CBet组血清中TP含量显著提高(P<0.05),TG和TC含量显著降低(P<0.05)。
表5 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪血清生化指标的影响

Table 5 Effects of dietary supplementation with CCS and CBet on serum biochemical indices of Sujiang pigs

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 CCS组
CCS group		 CBet组
CBet group		 P值
P-value
总蛋白TP/(g/L) 63.35±3.12b 67.15±2.54a 66.92±2.10a 0.041
白蛋白ALB/(g/L) 43.84±3.64 44.98±2.49 46.05±1.35 0.365
球蛋白GLO/(g/L) 19.58±4.78 21.44±3.63 20.87±2.14 0.857
总胆固醇TC/(mmol/L) 3.87±0.39a 3.46±0.21b 3.16±0.56b 0.029
甘油三酯TG/(mmol/L) 0.69±0.16a 0.52±0.11b 0.55±0.15b 0.048

2.4 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪血清激素含量的影响

如表6所示,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet对苏姜猪血清中GH、SS、T4、GAS含量无显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,CCS组血清中INS含量极显著下降(P<0.01),CBet组血清中INS含量显著下降(P<0.05)。
表6 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪血清激素含量的影响

Table 6 Effects of dietary supplementation with CCS and CBet on serum hormone contents of Sujiang pigs

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 CCS组
CCS group		 CBet组
CBet group		 P值
P-value
生长激素GH/(ng/mL) 17.07±3.77 18.13±5.27 18.52±3.69 0.696
生长抑素SS/(pg/mL) 27.79±5.85 26.27±4.32 26.70±6.09 0.784
甲状腺素T4/(pmol/L) 27.46±6.13 25.44±5.97 27.34±7.79 0.711
胃泌素GAS/(pg/mL) 56.03±15.24 55.94±14.31 56.24±10.93 0.998
胰岛素INS/(mIU/L) 41.43±9.74Aa 26.59±9.98Bb 33.29±7.84ABb 0.002

2.5 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪背膘和肝脏组织中脂质代谢相关基因表达的影响

如表7和表8所示,与对照组相比,CCS组和CBet组背膘和肝脏组织中ACC及FASN的mRNA相对表达量显著下调(P<0.05),PPARα的mRNA相对表达量显著上调(P<0.05);CBet组背膘组织中FABP1的mRNA相对表达量显著高于CCS组和对照组(P<0.05);CBet组背膘组织中ATGL的mRNA相对表达量显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
表7 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪背膘组织中脂质代谢相关基因表达的影响

Table 7 Effects of dietary supplementation with CCS and CBet on expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in backfat tissue of Sujiang pigs

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 CCS组
CCS group		 CBet组
CBet group		 P值
P-value
乙酰辅酶A羧化酶ACC 1.00±0.06a 0.56±0.16b 0.45±0.23b 0.016
脂肪酸合成酶FASN 1.00±0.16a 0.62±0.11b 0.51±0.18b 0.016
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α PPARα 1.00±0.18b 5.58±2.38a 6.51±2.61a 0.034
脂肪酸转运蛋白1 FATP1 1.00±0.06b 1.41±0.26b 2.21±0.54a 0.014
甘油三酯脂酶ATGL 1.00±0.12a 0.77±0.16ab 0.46±0.29b 0.044
表8 饲粮中添加CCS和CBet对苏姜猪肝脏组织中脂质代谢相关基因表达的影响

Table 8 Effects of dietary supplementation with CCS and CBet on expression of lipid metabolism-related genes in liver tissue of Sujiang pigs

项目
Items		 对照组
Control group		 CCS组
CCS group		 CBet组
CBet group		 P值
P-value
乙酰辅酶A羧化酶ACC 1.00±0.11a 0.51±0.19b 0.42±0.21b 0.014
脂肪酸合成酶FASN 1.00±0.03a 0.42±0.25b 0.45±0.26b 0.025
过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α PPARα 1.00±0.11b 1.49±0.22a 1.74±0.41a 0.043
脂肪酸转运蛋白1 FATP1 1.00±0.12 0.85±0.13 0.71±0.18 0.121
甘油三酯脂酶ATGL 1.00±0.11 0.76±0.21 0.78±0.22 0.279

3 讨论

半胱胺和甜菜碱作为功能性饲料添加剂,具有提高生猪生产效率及改善胴体品质的作用,但也有不同的试验报道,其促生长的效果还存在一些争议。Tao等[7]研究发现,在饲粮中添加200 mg/kg CCS可显著提高杜长大杂交育肥猪的ADG和降低F/G。Miller等[21]研究显示,在饲粮中添加70 mg/kg半胱胺对长大杂交育肥猪的生长性能无显著影响。Wray-Cahen等[22]在长大杂交育肥猪的饲粮中分别添加1 250和5 000 mg/kg甜菜碱,均可显著提高育肥猪的ADG和降低F/G。另有报道,在宁乡猪育肥期的饲粮中添加2 000 mg/kg甜菜碱对育肥猪的生长性能无显著影响[23]。本研究中,饲粮中添加200 mg/kg CCS或1 250 mg/kg CBet均未能显著影响苏姜猪的生长性能。因此,关于饲粮中添加CCS和CBet是否影响猪的生长性能可能与猪的品种及添加量有关,具体机理还有待于进一步研究。
现有研究已经证实饲粮中添加半胱胺或甜菜碱可调节猪体内脂质代谢、减少脂肪沉积、改善胴体品质[17,24]。胴体瘦肉率、背膘厚和IMF含量是评估脂肪沉积的重要指标。本研究中,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet均能显著降低苏姜猪的背膘厚,显著提高胴体瘦肉率,且饲粮中添加CBet还能显著提高IMF含量。板油重是评估腹腔脂肪沉积的重要指标,本研究结果显示,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet均能显著减少苏姜猪的板油重。以上试验结果表明,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet能通过降低背膘厚和板油重来减少体内脂肪沉积,从而改善猪的胴体品质,而且饲粮中添加CBet还能提高IMF含量,改善猪肉品质。
血液生化指标是反映动物体内新陈代谢和营养成分沉积的重要指标[25],血清中TG、TC和TP含量是反映血液中营养成分代谢的关键指标[26]。现有研究报道,饲粮中添加2 500 mg/kg的甜菜碱能够显著降低育肥猪血清TC和TG含量[27],饲粮添加100 mg/kg半胱胺也能够显著降低育肥猪血清TC和TG含量[18]。本研究结果显示,在饲粮中添加CCS或CBet均能显著降低苏姜猪血清TG和TC的含量,表明饲粮中添加CCS或CBet能有效提高猪体内脂质代谢能力。INS是调节机体血糖及脂质代谢的关键激素,当血液中INS含量不足时,机体的脂质代谢会受到影响,导致体内脂肪合成减少和脂质代谢增强[28]。本研究结果显示,在饲粮中添加CCS或CBet均能减少苏姜猪血清INS含量,表明CCS或CBet可通过调节血液INS分泌从而影响猪体内脂质代谢。TP是动物机体蛋白质的主要来源,血液中TP的含量与动物机体蛋白质的合成代谢呈正相关,血液中TP含量越高,表明其机体蛋白质的合成代谢越强[29]。本研究发现,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet均能显著提高苏姜猪血清TP含量,这说明饲粮中CCS或CBet的添加能够增强猪机体蛋白质的合成代谢能力。以上试验结果表明,饲粮中添加CCS或CBet能影响猪体内脂质代谢和蛋白质代谢,从而影响胴体脂肪沉积和蛋白质合成。
脂肪的主要成分为甘油三酯,脂肪沉积是甘油三酯合成及降解的平衡决定的[30]。ACC和FASN是调节脂肪沉积的关键转录因子,FASN是脂肪酸合成的限速酶[31],ACC是脂质合成的限速酶,ACC催化脂肪酸合成甘油三酯,促进脂肪沉积[32]。本研究结果显示,在饲粮中添加CCS或CBet均能显著下调苏姜猪背膘和肝脏组织中ACC及FASN的mRNA表达,表明CCS和CBet均可以抑制脂质合成相关酶的表达,从而减少机体脂肪的合成。PPARα是脂肪降解关键酶,在调节脂肪降解方面发挥着重要作用。脂肪中的甘油三酯在PPARα调节下降解生成游离甘油、脂肪酸等[33]。本研究结果显示,在饲粮中添加CCS或CBet均可以促进猪皮下脂肪中PPARα的表达,从而促进脂肪组织中脂肪的分解。
本研究还发现,饲粮中添加CBet促进了背膘组织中FATP1的表达,减少了ATGL的表达。ATGL是脂肪酸水解作用的关键限速酶[34],当背膘脂肪降解增强时,游离脂肪酸含量上升,而ATGL表达的下调减少脂肪酸的水解,大量的脂肪酸可能通过脂肪酸转运蛋白(FATP)在不同组织中转运[35]。因此,饲粮中添加CBet可能通过下调背部脂肪中脂肪酸水解酶ATGL的表达,减少脂肪酸的水解,游离脂肪酸在脂肪酸转运蛋白FATP1的作用下在不同组织中转运,从而导致脂肪再分配,提高背最长肌中IMF含量。

4 结论

① 饲粮中添加CCS或CBet可降低苏姜猪的胴体背膘厚和板油重,提高胴体瘦肉率,从而改善胴体品质;此外,饲粮中添加CBet还可提高苏姜猪的IMF含量,改善猪肉品质。
② 饲粮中添加CCS或CBet可通过减少血液中INS分泌,下调背膘和肝脏组织中脂质合成调控因子ACC、FASN的表达,上调脂质降解调控因子PPARα的表达,以减少体内脂肪合成及沉积,改善苏姜猪的胴体品质。
③ 饲粮中添加CBet可通过下调苏姜猪背膘组织中ATGL的表达,减少脂肪酸的水解,在FATP1作用下,游离脂肪酸转运至附近组织,起到脂肪再分配的作用。

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